稻田养鱼模式下减量施氮对杂交中稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

以大穗型杂交中稻蓉18优1015和多穗型杂交中稻内6优103为材料,于2018年在四川泸县开展试验,研究稻鱼共生模式下不同施氮量(N0,不施氮;N1,减氮66.6%;N2,减氮33.3%;CK,常规施氮,施氮量135 kg/hm^2)对杂交中稻产量、产量构成因子、干物质、收获指数、氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,大穗型杂交中稻产量以N2处理最高,较CK增加2.8%;多穗型杂交中稻产量以CK最高,较N2、N1处理分别增加5.3%、20.4%;随施氮量的增加,杂交中稻有效穗数、干物质量呈显著增加的趋势,结实率、收获指数则呈下降趋势,减量施氮对杂交中稻每穗粒数和千粒重影响不显著;大穗型杂交中稻的氮肥农学利用率N2、N1处理较CK分别增加63.2%、45.6%,多穗型杂交中稻氮肥农学利用率N2处理较CK增加了27.4%;随施氮量的增加,杂交中稻氮肥偏生产力呈显著下降趋势,与CK相比,N2、N1处理的氮肥偏生产力分别增加了74.6%和48.2%。可见,在稻田养鱼模式下,综合考虑产量和氮肥利用率,杂交中稻的适宜减氮量为33.3%。     

成都平原不同茬口直播对水稻产量的影响

2015年在四川省德阳市进行大田水稻直播试验,以早稻、早熟中稻、中熟中稻、迟熟中稻等4种类型水稻品种为材料,设置3个播期茬口(前茬作物分别为蔬菜、油菜和小麦),研究不同茬口和品种类型对直播稻产量形成的影响,为茬口及品种类型的科学搭配提供依据。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,水稻播种至齐穗、齐穗至成熟的生育期缩短;早稻、早熟中稻、中熟中稻的产量先增加后下降,迟熟中稻的产量显著降低。蔬菜茬口和油菜茬口以中熟中稻的产量最高,分别为8.47 t/hm~2和9.30 t/hm~2,小麦茬口则以早熟中稻的产量最高,为7.99 t/hm~2。随着播期的推迟,早熟中稻、中熟中稻的干物质积累量呈先增加后降低的趋势,而早稻、迟熟中稻的干物质积累量呈降低趋势。由此可见,成都平原蔬菜茬口和油菜茬口水稻直播以选用中熟中稻品种较为适宜,小麦茬口水稻直播则选用早熟中稻较好。     

水稻生产系统固碳能力与碳足迹研究——以湖南省为例

运用生态经济学原理,对湖南省典型水稻生产系统的固碳能力与碳足迹进行系统分析和比较。结果表明:早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统固碳能力分别为3 901.7、5 375.2、4 852.3 kg C/hm2,3个水稻生产系统每生产1 kg的经济产量相当于固定0.61、0.67、0.65 kg C。早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统的生产资料碳足迹分别为0.172、0.133、0.139 kg CO2equi./kg。早稻、中稻和晚稻生产系统的生产资料碳足迹以化肥最大,其次是电力和柴油的碳足迹。     

水稻新品种中稻1号的选育、特征特性及栽培技术

阐述了中稻1号的选育过程及特征特性,介绍了近年来区试及高产示范情况,总结了中稻1号高产栽培技术措施。     

AGROTAIN氮稳定剂在中稻上的应用效果

采取田间小区试验,研究美国Koch公司AGROTAIN氮稳定剂对中稻产量以及氮肥利用效果的影响。结果表明:施用AGROTAIN氮稳定剂可缩短中稻全生育期,提前1～2 d成熟;可有效降低中稻的株高,降低倒伏风险;超级杂交中稻增产2. 74%～10. 63%,常规优质稻增产3. 84%～7. 26%;施用AGROTAIN氮稳定剂可提高中稻氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥表观利用率。     

稻虾共作对稻田土壤耕作层养分的影响——基于益阳市南县的实证分析

为探明稻虾共作模式对土壤耕作层养分的影响,选择湖南省南县稻虾共作模式实施1年、2年、3年及以上的稻田,以一季中稻单作为对照,分析其纵向变化趋势和横向变化差异.结果表明,相对于中稻单作,稻虾共作模式1年、2年、3年及以上的土壤pH提高了8.95%~11.42%;全氮、全磷分别提高了18.33%~35.05%、3.13%~25.71%;碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别提高了3.32%~22.22%、29.94%~34.12%、8.74%~15.02%;稻虾共作模式土壤有机质含量呈先降后升趋势,较中稻单作模式第1年降低12.28%,第2年、3年及以上分别提高了29.39%、38.87%.稻虾共作模式提高了土壤耕作层养分含量,促进了土壤中氮、磷、钾元素的固定和转化吸收,改善了中稻单作模式养分流失的问题.     

优质常规稻新品种桂育8号生态适应性研究

为充分发挥高产优质常规稻品种桂育8号的应用价值,在广西桂北及高寒山区稻作区对其生态适应性进行试验,为扩大其种植区域提供参考依据。结果表明,桂育8号生态适应性好,在桂北稻作区作双季晚稻、中稻种植以及在高寒山区稻作区作中稻种植平均生育期与产量分别为123d和7.32t/hm^2、121d和7.70t/hm^2、131d和7.53t/hm^2,产量较高,作中稻生育期适中,但作双季晚稻生育期稍微偏长;结实率与实际产量呈显著正相关(r=0.76**);田间农艺性状及综合抗性较好,未见有稻瘟病、白叶枯病和纹枯病发生;米质优。因此,桂育8号适宜在广西桂北稻作区作中稻和一季稻种植、在高寒山区稻作区作中稻种植。     

超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治新技术研究

2004～2005年，在稻曲病防治新药剂筛选及药剂防治适期研究的基础上，针对超级杂交中稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻飞虱和螟虫等主要病虫发生量大及危害严重的特点，开展了药剂防治试验．形成了一套适合超级杂交中稻主要病虫药剂防治的专用技术。该技术对超级杂交中稻主要病害防效达80％左右，对虫害防效达90％以上。与常规病虫防治技术相比，该技术成本相当，增产增效非常明显，同时可减少对环境及稻谷的污染，实现超级杂交中稻无公害生产的目的。     

不同生物农药对杂交中稻齐穗期螟虫的防治效果及产量的影响

2018年在四川省德阳市进行大田试验,比较了5种生物农药对杂交中稻齐穗期螟虫的防治效果和产量的影响。结果表明,绿僵菌对杂交中稻齐穗期螟虫的防治效果最好,其白穗率最低,较化学农药康宽降低了27.5%;白僵菌、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、藜芦碱处理齐穗期的白穗率均高于康宽处理,但差异不显著。与康宽处理相比,绿僵菌处理的杂交中稻产量增加了3.0%,增产不显著;白僵菌、苏云金杆菌、藜芦碱处理的杂交中稻产量与康宽处理相当。综合产量和白穗率来考虑,用绿僵菌对杂交中稻齐穗期螟虫(二代螟虫)进行防治较为适宜。     

杂交水稻新组合在中稻地区种植的稳产性与适应性的初步分析

我区中稻面积110多万亩,占全区水稻播种面积的一半以上,为全省中稻总面积的26.0％。在粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位。近年来,随着汕优63组合推广年限的延长,中稻区杂交稻推广组合的后继问题日趋突出。为此,我们今年从省内外引进10个具有苗头的新组合,在五个中稻区进行了丰产性、稳产性、适应性和抗病性的系统鉴定,经筛选获等了几个能适应我区中稻生态条件的杂交稻新组合。一、试验设计与方法: 参加试验鉴定的有特优63等10个组合(见表1),并以本地当家组合汕优63为对照。试验点五个,试验统一采用随机区组法设三个重复,小区实插面积为0.02亩,四周设置保护行。栽培管理及农事操作均按当地习惯,试点内各组合基本一致,试验田治虫未治病。在试验汇总的基础上,对每个组合     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。