大豆育苗移栽技术要点及其效果

大豆对温度、雨水等生态因子反应较敏感,采用育苗移栽后,大豆根系发达,肥水吸收功能增强,叶片变小,叶面积指数稳定在4.5左右,有利于通风透光,生殖生长提前,荚粒数增加,大豆株型矮化,生育期缩短3～5 d,产量增加24.1%,而且达到省工、省种,提高密度和便于茬口调节的效果.     

THE YIELD, CANOPY STRUCTURE AND LIGHT INTERCEPTION OF TWO RYEGRASS VARIETIES IN MIXED CULTURE AND MONOCULTURE

Two experiments were carried out to measure the yield, canopy structure and light interception of S23 and Ba 6280 perennial ryegrass in monoculture and mixed culture. The mixed culture outyielded both monocultures only under frequent cutting and a high fertilizer regime. Measurements of canopy structure and light profiles within the canopies under these latter treatments indicated that the greater residual leaf area after defoliation in S23 and in the mixture may have resulted in their superior production compared with Ba 6280. The fact that a greater percentage of the intercepted light energy was distributed over the most photosynthetically efficient tissue may explain the higher production of the mixture when compared with S23 in monoculture.     

冬小麦冠层降水截留性能研究

为定量分析冬小麦冠层降水截留量,采用"简易吸水法"分别研究了冬小麦单茎和群体的冠层截留性能,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,在冬小麦抽穗前,叶数对单茎截留量影响显著(P<0.05),而对截留率影响不明显。在叶数相同条件下,单茎截留量在不同生育期间差异显著(P<0.01)。冬小麦单茎截留量随叶面积的增大而增大,而叶面积对截留率影响不显著。冬小麦单茎截留量与株高、鲜重呈线性正相关,相应截留率则与株高、鲜重呈线性负相关;群体截留量与叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部生物量呈线性正相关,相应截留率则与LAI、地上部生物量呈线性负相关。从拔节至成熟,冬小麦冠层截留量先增加后减少,最大冠层截留量出现在抽穗期(1.28mm),且不同生育期截留量差异极显著(P<0.01);相应截留率在不同生育期的变化无规律,各生育期间差异不显著。     

Changes in contribution of white clover to canopy structure in perennial ryegrass/white clover swards in response to N fertilizer

Twelve plots were laid down on an existing perennial ryegrass/white clover sward, one plot in each of six replicated blocks receiving 100 kg  N ha⁻¹ (100N) and one plot receiving no N (0N). Biomass, canopy development (stratified cuts and point quadrat records at 2–4-week intervals) and changes in stolon population density were recorded during one 8-week regrowth period (25 July–23 September) to investigate the likely causes of N effects on white clover in mixed swards.
Over the period, N fertilizer resulted in an increase of 74% in perennial ryegrass biomass and a reduction of 24% in white clover biomass. There was also a reduction of 44% in stolon growing point density, mainly due to lower density of younger stolon branches. White clover's contribution to the upper three leaf area index (LAI) units (taken as an estimate of the proportion of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted) was, on average, 70% at 0N producing 74% of the sward biomass, compared with 46% contribution to interception and 37% contribution to biomass at 100N.
While there was no evidence of overtopping, it is concluded that N fertilizer application increased the LAI of perennial ryegrass in the upper layers of the canopy thereby reducing the share of available PAR to white clover. This, coupled with a lower radiation use efficiency at high N and lower population density, results in white clover's reduced performance in mixed swards receiving N fertilizer.     

An application of digital imagery analysis to understand the effect of N application on light interception,radiation use efficiency,and grain yield of maize under various agro-environments in Northern Mozambique

Light-based analysis is a fundamental approach to quantify the effects of factors determining crop growth in a given environment. The objectives of this study are to confirm the applicability of a digital imagery technique to extract green leaf areas for estimating light interception (LI) of maize canopy and to understand the effect of fertilizer application on the LI and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of maize under various agro-environments in Northern Mozambique. A locally recommended variety, Matuba, was grown in a single season with three different N application rates (0, 30, and 80 kgN ha^?1) at one hot/dry low-elevation site, two hot/humid mid-elevation sites, and one cool/humid high-elevation site. Repeated measurements with quantum sensors revealed that the digital imagery is applicable to estimate the LI of maize except for leaf-senescing period close to maturity. The N application demonstrated profitable yield increases with agronomic nitrogen use efficiencies (kg grain yield per kg N input) of 20.6–35.3 kg kg^?1 except for the low-elevation site with severe drought stress. In the mid-elevation sites, the yield increases were mostly explained by the improvement of RUE while the effect on LI was small because the vegetative growth was naturally vigorous under high temperatures irrespective of N inputs. At the high-elevation site, the N application improved its stagnant initial canopy development and increased both RUE and LI. The simple and inexpensive imagery technique should be useful to identify physiological basis of maize responses to fertilizer application and its interaction with regional environment even under poorly equipped regions in the tropics.     

Comparison of light- and temperature-based index models for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and development

Robust and simple methods of normalizing for the weather of particular growing seasons enable improved in-season decisions, such as supplemental fertilizer timing. Common methods involve expressing the progress of the season in terms of degree-days or cumulative incident solar radiation, in contrast to days after planting or emergence. This study compared a newly introduced temperature-derived variable, “relative thermal index” (RTI) based on a modified beta distribution model, with growing degree day (GDD), physiological day (Pday), and cumulative photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), for their ability in normalizing for seasonal differences in growth and development of well-managed commercial potato fields of cvs Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah in humid, temperate central Wisconsin. The proposed RTI was superior to all other investigated variables in reducing the standard deviation of crop mass among field-years through full canopy development, after which PAR became the more powerful normalization. Values of 15, 27, and 30 RTI corresponded to tuber initiation onset, canopy full interception of light, and tuber-bulking onset, respectively, for both varieties; RTI values were more consistent across the two varieties for these stages than were other variables. Presumably RTI was superior to other thermal time indices because it more appropriately reflected the dependence of potato growth rate on relatively cool temperatures.     

THE USE OF LIGHT INTERCEPTION, GROSS MORPHOLOGY AND TIME AS CRITERIA FOR THE HARVESTING OF TIMOTHY, SMOOTH BROME AND COCKSFOOT

An experiment was designed to compare morphological development, light interception and time interval as possible criteria for the defoliation of timothy, brome-grass and cocksfoot. The morphological criterion included: (a) a first harvest before stem elongation and a second harvest after initiation of axillary bud development at the base of each tiller (b) a harvest immediately after stem elongation. Light was compared on the basis of 95 % and 80 % interception of the incident radiation by the foliage. Two-, 4- and 6-week intervals were used in the time series. Increased yields of up to 2600 lb DM/ac were obtained in timothy and bromegrass fertilized at 275 lb N/ac/yr when morphological treatment (a) was used in preference to (b); cocksfoot yields were not influenced. The greater the time interval between harvests or the greater the light interception before harvest, the greater was the yield. Advantages and disadvantages of the 3 criteria are discussed.     

Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting: photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton

Cotton produces more biomass and economic yield when cluster planting pattern (three plants per hole) than in a traditional planting pattern (one plant per hole), even at similar plant densities, indicating that individual plant growth is promoted by cluster planting. The causal factors for this improved growth induced by cluster planting pattern, the light interception, canopy microclimate and photosynthetic rate of cotton were investigated in an arid region of China. The results indicated that the leaf area index and light interception were higher in cluster planting, and significantly different from those in traditional planting during the middle and late growth stages. Cotton canopy humidity at different growth stages was increased but canopy temperatures were reduced by cluster planting. In the later growth stage of cluster planting, the leaf chlorophyll content was higher and the leaf net photosynthetic rate and canopy photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in comparing with traditional planting pattern. We concluded that differences in canopy light interception and photosynthetic rate were the primary factors responsible for increased biomass production and economic yield in cluster planting compared with the traditional planting of cotton.     

旱地油用亚麻优化施肥的研究

通过５年多点氮磷肥料田间试验,对内蒙古自治区干旱、半干旱区旱地油用亚麻合理施肥进行了研究。提出了根据基础产量进行土壤肥力分级的氮磷肥料效应回归模式及最佳施肥量。在此基础上进一步探讨了不同年度降水量与肥料效应的关系,结果表明,年度降水量是影响产量和施肥肥效的主要因素,是确定旱地施肥配方的重要依据。为此,提出了以基础产量划分土壤肥力等级,同时考虑年度降水量的旱地油用亚麻氮磷肥料推荐施肥量,为无灌溉旱作地区油用亚麻合理施肥提供了科学依据。     

Simulation on Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Canopy and Optimum Leaf Rolling Index in Rice with Rolling Leaves

By replacing leaf area index (LAI) with effective leaf area index (ELAI) through introduction of leaf rolling index (LRI), the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopies of three hybrid rice combinations, Liangyou E32 with high LRI, Liangyoupeijiu with moderate LRI and Shanyou 63 with non-rolling leaves (normal), were simulated. The model based on ELAI could predict more accurately than that based on LAI. The PAR interception, conversion and utilization efficiency in the three combinations were studied to evaluate their optimal LRI and LAI. The PAR utilization efficiency of Liangyou E32 was lower due to excessive rolling leaves and less ELAI, and that of Shanyou 63 was also lower because of the faulty PAR interception and lower photosynthetic rate and saturation point at lower layer in canopy. Compared with the above two combinations, Liangyoupeijiu showed more appropriate distribution of PAR interception and conversion efficiency in canopy, and higher PAR utilization efficiency. The optimal LRI and LAI for Liangyoupeijiu were 0.11 and 7.6, respectively, which were close to the observed value, 0.11 and 7.9, respectively. However, the optimum LAI was 9.8 for Liangyou E32 and 6.2 for Shanyou 63, larger or smaller than those under the current plant density, which led to lower efficiency of PAR utilization. Besides, the optimum LRI for Liangyou E32 and Shanyou 63 were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively, which were close to the actual LRI for Liangyoupeijiu (0.11).     

有机肥部分替代化肥对甘蓝生长、品质及土壤状况的影响

为探明化肥的减施并增施有机肥对甘蓝生长的影响,改善因施用过量化肥导致的蔬菜品质下降、肥料利用率降低和土地盐碱化等问题.本试验在冬闲田种植条件下,以鸡心甘蓝'探春'为试验材料,采用田间小区(100％化肥、75％化肥+25％有机肥、50％化肥+50％有机肥)试验方法研究化肥减量及有机肥增施对甘蓝生长、品质以及土壤状况的影响...     

行距对大豆竞争有限资源的影响

不同行距引起大豆生长竞争.当某一因子的直接供应不能满足群体生长的需要而成为限制因子时,竞争便开始.本文主要从基因型、光、水、养分和杂草等5方面综述过去40年行距变化对大豆竞争资源的影响.研究表明,不同品种对行距变化的反映不同,其依赖于季节降雨和灌溉.有限结荚习性类型可获得较高产量,抗倒伏的大豆品种适于窄行种植.无限结荚习性大豆在一定的行距条件下也可获得最佳产量.与宽行大豆种植相比,窄行大豆栽培增加光截获(LI),其原因在于LAI、消光系数的增加及分枝类型品种的选择.水分利用效率和蒸发蒸腾作用不受行距影响,但在灌溉条件下产量增加.行距变化对养分吸收影响较大,随着行距的减小,植株产量和N、P、K的吸收均增加,且增加幅度受施肥水平制约.行距不影响N素的固定.行距不影响杂草密度、萌发高峰及持续时期,但在窄行栽培条件下可减少杂草的数量及干重,再配以适量的除草剂可获得良好的除草效果.不同行距条件下的大豆生理反应、养分和水分的吸收及转运,不同冠层的光能利用以及土壤环境的变化仍需进一步深入研究.     

Light use efficiencies of potato cultivars with late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Summary Potato cultivars of different maturity classes and levels of resistance toPhytophthora infestans were grown under several disease intensities in three field trials. Seasonal courses of ground cover by green foliage and final tuber yields were determined. Light use efficiencies (LUE) were calculated from regression analyses of yield on cumulative light interception. Late blight reduced tuber yields by decreasing cumulative light interception without affecting LUE. No differences in LUE between cultivars or cultivar classes were detected. Therefore, the maintenance of green leaf area is important when breeding potatoes for optimal performance in the presence of late blight. The results support the hypothesis that the correlation between lateness and reported resistance of potato cultivars is due to the vigorous foliage growth of late cultivars.     

宽幅带播对大穗型冬小麦冠层特征及产量的影响

为了解宽幅带播在小麦种植上的应用效果,在大田条件下,以兰考矮早八为材料,研究了宽幅带播种植对大穗型冬小麦冠层特征及产量的影响.结果表明,与常规条播比较,宽幅带播的小麦群体叶面积指数、冠层光截获量和相对湿度较高,而冠层温度较低,穗数显著增加,产量提高0.47％～13.70％.宽幅带播下随着行距增大,叶面积指数、光截获量和湿度降低,而冠层温度升高,穗数和穗粒数减少,千粒重增加,最终产量降低.宽幅带播下15 cm行距可作为大穗型冬小麦品种的适宜行距配置.     

卷叶水稻的光分布模拟及适宜叶面卷曲度分析

 以叶面高度卷曲的水稻组合两优E32、中等卷曲组合两优培九和不卷曲组合汕优63为材料,引入叶面卷曲度因子,用有效叶面积指数代替传统的叶面积指数（LAI）,模拟水稻冠层内的辐射传输,比较了不同叶面卷曲度因子材料的光合有效辐射截获率、转化率和利用率,探讨了不同材料的最适叶面卷曲度及最佳群体密度。结果表明,有效叶面积指数比传统的叶面积指数能更准确地预测冠层内光合有效辐射的分布。两优E32叶片过度卷曲,有效叶面积指数偏小,光合有效辐射利用率不高;而汕优63叶片平展且披散,下层叶片长期受光条件不良,光合能力弱,光合有效辐射利用率也不高。相比之下,两优培九的光合有效辐射截获率、转换率分布较为合理,光合有效辐射的利用率也较高,最适LAI为7.6,与常规栽培条件下的群体密度（LAI=7.9）接近。两优E32和汕优63的最适LAI分别为9.8和6.2,而常规栽培条件下的群体密度过小或过大,导致光合有效辐射利用率不高。利用孕穗期至齐穗期有效辐射利用率的实测值,通过输入不同的叶面卷曲度因子,得到两优E32、两优培九和汕优63的最佳叶面卷曲度因子分别为0.12、0.11和0.08,均非常接近两优培九的实际叶面卷曲度因子（0.11）。     

Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment II. Radiation interception and biomass accumulation

Differences in biomass accumulation due to variable nitrogen supply in maize and sorghum grown under irrigation in the semi-arid tropics were associated with differences in both radiation interception and the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was used to produce dry matter. Radiation-use efficiency was more responsive to N supply than was radiation interception. Radiation-use efficiency increased with higher rates of applied N; maximum radiation-use efficiency was greater in maize than in sorghum; and radiation-use efficiency declined during grain filling in maize more than in sorghum. These differences were explained in terms of specific leaf N. A linear relationship, which was similar for both species, was fitted between radiation-use efficiency and specific leaf N. It is concluded that radiation-use efficiency may not be as stable across environments as was previously thought, but rather depends on the balance of leaf growth, N uptake and allocation to leaves, and N mobilization from leaves to grain.     

喷灌不同施肥量对‘宝岛’香蕉生产效果影响

为给‘宝岛’香蕉生产提供适宜的施肥方式，试验采用低压微喷灌研究不同施肥量对香蕉生长发育的影响，以传统施肥(干撒肥料，CK)为对照，设置3个低压微喷灌施肥量处理，依次为传统施肥量的100%(T1)、80%(T2)和60%(T3)。试验结果表明：较CK相比，T1 和T2表现为生长势强，抽蕾期提前约30 d，产量分别提高8.80%和6.87%以上，每公顷经济效益分别提高11.84万和12.03万元。因此，T2是为生产中较好的施肥模式。     

氮磷钾底肥对大豆蛋白质含量的效应

采用正交回归旋转设计方法,建立了氮、磷、钾肥对大豆蛋白质含量的综合作用模型.依据该模型探讨氮、磷、钾肥对大豆蛋白质含量影响的规律.氮、磷、钾肥对大豆蛋白质含量的单因素效应、二因素互作效应受到其它因素水平的影响.氮肥对蛋白质含量的影响均为负效应,降低速度随着氮肥编码值增高而加快.磷肥对蛋白质含量的作用有正有负.钾肥对蛋白质含量的作用为负效应,其降低幅度随钾的增加而提高.施尿素量为1.93～4.70g/盆,施重过磷酸钙量为8.13～20.59g/盆,施硫酸钾量为1.27～3.37g/盆,采用这个比例施肥有95%的可能使蛋白质含量高于43.5%.     

滴灌大豆氮素积累与分配的肥效差异

利用节水滴灌技术,通过设置不同的肥料用量和施肥时期处理,研究其对滴灌大豆氮素积累、分配、利用及产量的影响,以形成节水灌溉与施肥相结合的栽培技术。其中种肥为尿素75kg/hm2、磷酸二铵150kg/hm2、硫酸钾90kg/hm2;滴肥为尿素127.5 kg/hm2、磷酸二氢钾为133.5 kg/hm2。结果表明,在滴灌条件下前期种肥的供给对大豆氮素积累及产量的形成非常重要,T1（1/2种肥）、T2（种肥）、T4（1/2种肥+花期1/2滴肥）、T5（1/2种肥+结荚期1/2滴肥）处理的滴灌大豆氮素积累量大,转移率和吸收利用率较高。综合产量因素,在施用种肥,结荚期再施用滴肥(即T5处理下),施肥方式效果最佳。