麋鹿对紫花苜蓿消化率的初步测定

为了给人工饲养麋鹿提供科学依据,用全收粪法测定麋鹿对鲜紫花苜蓿的消化率。结果表明,麋鹿对苜蓿干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、能量、粗纤维等主要营养成分的表观消化率分别为(63.37±9.42)%、(63.77±8.90)%、(37.33±12.44)%、(26.32±11.61)%、(75.89±6.02)%、(26.05±1.73)%。     

差量法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的研究

为了考察差量法测定氨基酸真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量的可行性,用平均体重(3.0±0.1)kg、7周龄的天府肉公鸭(樱桃谷×建昌鸭)96只进行试验,设计6个试验日粮,蛋白质水平分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%。采用Sibbald的强饲法测定氨基酸的消化率,并同时用无氮日粮法、梯度回归法及饥饿法测定内源氨基酸的排泄量,计算各蛋白质水平日粮氨基酸的真消化率。试验结果表明,差量法测得各蛋白质水平段日粮氨基酸真消化率为(90.54±2.70)%、(90.62±1.88)%、(92.52±1.73)%、(92.73±1.77)%、(93.44±1.59)%和(92.37±1.09)%,在10%～20%的日粮蛋白质水平范围基本稳定。差量法、无氮日粮法、回归法和饥饿法测得日粮氨基酸真消化率平均值分别为(92.37±1.09)%、(92.65±0.56)%、(92.53±0.48)%和(89.15±2.02)%,其内源氨基酸排泄总量分别为0.233±0.015(6个蛋白质水平日粮平均值)、0.228、0.230和0.184g/(4只.h)。由此得知,差量法可用于测定饲料氨基酸的真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量。     

上海动物园猩猩部分指标的表观消化率

2013年-2014年,上海动物园猩猩馆分别对"庆庆"和"宾宾"2头猩猩使用全粪采样法分析并且计算部分指标的表观消化率。研究结果显示:①庆庆对几种营养物质的表观消化率均大于宾宾,证明庆庆正处于生长期。②两个个体在冬季对各营养物质的表观消化率均大于夏季的表观消化率,考虑冬季需要储备更多的营养物质。③夏季的干物质,粗蛋白,粗脂肪及粗纤维的表观消化率分别为90.15%±2.51%、85.90%±3.62%、76.61%±6.46%和74.98%±10.18%;而冬季的干物质,粗蛋白,粗脂肪及粗纤维的表观消化率分别为93.77%±2.87%、90.30%±5.20%、85.64%±6.92%和86.97%±5.95%。④猩猩在不同季节对粗蛋白的表观消化率差异显著(P<0.05);对干物质、粗脂肪、粗纤维的表观消化率差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

瘤胃投饲不同形式蛋氨酸对肉牛小肠氨基酸流量和消化率的影响

选择安装瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管的健康肉牛4头,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究瘤胃投饲不同形式蛋氨酸对肉牛小肠氨基酸消化率的影响。投饲蛋氨酸添加剂分别为0(Ⅰ组)、DL-Met(Ⅱ组)、动物油包被Met(Ⅲ组)和吸附MHA(Ⅳ组)。结果表明:试牛总氨基酸在小肠的表观消化率平均为69.88%±0.83%,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)为74.61%±1.23%,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)为64.25%±0.51%。Lys和His在小肠的表观消化率最高,分别为80.14%±1.11%和80.15%±1.23%,Gly和Pro在小肠的表观消化率最低,分别为53.52%±0.30%和55.53%±2.03%。Ⅲ组ThrI、le、Tyr、Phe、Pro、Cys在小肠的表观消化率显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),而Ala则相反。Ⅳ组ThrI、le、Phe、Cys在小肠的表观消化率显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组只显著增加了Phe在小肠的表观消化率(P<0.05)。     

金钱豹与美洲虎对颗粒犬粮消化率的测定

分别将市售某品牌颗粒型大型犬粮(下简称颗粒犬粮)添加到2只金钱豹和2只美洲虎的纯肉日粮中,并测定其营养成分的表观消化率.结果,2种食肉动物对颗粒犬粮中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、干物质、灰分和能量的表观消化率分别为67%±3.3%、91%±1.2%、62%±2.6%、16%±2.6%和97%±3.8%.     

味精菌体蛋白粉在肉仔鸡中的能量和回肠氨基酸表观消化率的研究

通过两个试验测定了味精菌体蛋白粉在肉仔鸡中的能量和回肠氨基酸的表现消化率.试验1选用体重相近的22日龄健康肉仔鸡64只,随机分成2个组,每组8个重复,其中一组饲喂基础日粮,另一组饲喂供试日粮.选用二氧化钛(TiO2)为外源指示剂进行代谢试验.以评定肉仔鸡对味精蛋白粉的能量利用率.结果表明:味精菌体蛋白粉对内仔鸡的氮校正能量的表观利用率为(36.07±2.76)%.试验2选用体重相近的26日龄健康肉仔鸡32只,随机分为8组,选用TiO2为外源指示剂,采用回肠末端法进行代谢试验,对味精菌体蛋白粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表现消化率进行评定.结果表明:肉仔鸡时味精菌体蛋白粉中4种限制性氨基酸的回肠末端表现消化率分别为:赖氨酸(44.45±0.04)%、蛋氨酸(64.66±0.11)%、苏氨酸(45.16±0.04)%、胱氨酸(90.12±0.03)%;肉仔鸡对味精菌体蛋白粉中17种氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率平均值为(48.23±0.62)%.表明内仔鸡对味精菌体蛋白粉中能量和氨基酸的利用率均较低.     

基于数据库的肉羊饲粮营养物质表观消化率预测模型及影响因素分析

本研究旨在通过检索文献构建数据库,建立肉羊饲粮营养物质表观消化率预测模型并解析其影响因素。通过检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网等文献数据库,搜集包含肉羊饲粮营养物质表观消化率的文献,提取相关数据构建数据库,采用多元回归法分别构建干物质表观消化率(DMD)、总能表观消化率(GED)、粗蛋白质表观消化率(CPD)、中性洗涤纤维表观消化率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率(ADFD)预测模型并进行模型准确性评估,使用方差分解法对肉羊饲粮营养物质表观消化率的影响因素进行解析。结果显示：本研究纳入文献99篇,数据4 179条,成功构建包含肉羊DMD、GED、CPD、NDFD和ADFD及其潜在影响因素的数据库;DMD、GED、CPD、NDFD和ADFD分别为(66.13±8.63)%、(63.81±10.23)%、(64.18±9.31)%、(52.57±12.13)%和(46.11±12.14)%;相关性分析表明肉羊代谢体重(MBW)、相对体成熟度(RM)、平均日增重(ADG)和干物质采食量(DMI)以及饲粮干物质(DM)、代谢能(ME)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维...     

不同营养水平对保育期美系长白猪养分利用的研究

试验以美系长白猪(20±1)kg为试验动物,采用4因素3水平的L9(34)正交试验设计,研究不同营养水平对20～40 kg美系长白猪养分消化率的影响.结果表明:1)能量水平对干物质、粗蛋白、磷和粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响,对粗纤维和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对能量表观消化率差异不显著;2)不同粗蛋白水平对粗蛋白表观消化率有显著影响,对粗脂肪表观消化率有极显著影响;3)不同钙水平对粗蛋白和钙表观消化率有显著影响,对其他养分表观消化率影响不显著;4)不同磷水平对干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪表观消化率有显著影响,对粗灰分、钙和磷表观消化率有极显著影响.从各养分消化率分析看, 养分消化方面最佳的营养水平为,能量14.23 MJ/kg、粗蛋白19.50 %、钙0.80 %和磷0.60 %.     

季节对海西州四季牧场放牧绵羊采食量与消化率的影响

为了解牧草成分与绵羊消化率之间的关系,并为放牧绵羊的科学饲养管理提供依据,试验采用模拟采集牧草标样法、全收粪法和两级离体消化相结合的方法,测定放牧绵羊的牧草采食量和消化率。结果表明:冬春季、夏季和秋季绵羊的放牧采食量分别为(487.58±62.90)、(1713.28±254.87)、(782.09±98.41)g/d,三季间差异极显著(P0.01);牧草干物质消化率分别为(45.96±7.25)%、(55.84±0.74)%、(51.13±2.43)%,三季间差异显著(P0.05)。     

基于Illumina MiSeq的麋鹿粪样菌群多样性分析

为探究麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)肠道菌群的结构和组成,为麋鹿消化道疾病防治提供有价值的基础数据,应用Illumina MiSeq对4个麋鹿栖息地32只麋鹿粪便样本的16S rRNA的V3—V4可变区进行扩增,结合样本的OTU种类及丰度,用R软件进行聚类和主成分分析(PCA),并计算多样性指数。结果表明:共获得1 438 677条有效序列,平均每个样品有(44 959±12 153)条有效序列;将序列拼接优化,在97%相似度条件下获得31 459个物种分类的OTUs,平均每个样品为(983±240)个OTUs;平均读长为426 bp。对测序数据注释后共获得11个门和74个属,在门水平上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌群;优势菌属(相对丰度大于1%)一共有15种,占89%。Alpha多样性物种指数范围区间较大,香农指数为2.42～5.83,辛普森指数为0.007 3～0.148 6,表明不同麋鹿的细菌多样性存在差异。运用主成分分析,将4地的麋鹿粪便样品聚为3个群落,其中石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区、大部分辽宁辽阳千山鹿场样...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -