贵州地方水牛群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用11个微卫星标记分析了贵州6个地方水牛群体的遗传多样性。结果表明:6个水牛群体的平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量均高,其范围分别为0.7450~0.7922和0.7021~0.7605。以黔南水牛和毕节水牛之间的遗传距离最远为0.3084。由UPGMA聚类法得到系统聚类图,读图能清晰、客观地反映6个水牛群体的地理分布、遗传分化特点和亲缘关系远近程度,这些研究为贵州地方水牛的遗传资源评估、保护与开发利用提供了分子水平的遗传学依据。     

四川三个藏猪群体的微卫星遗传多样性分析

本研究利用已开发的18对微卫星引物,分析了四川境内阿坝、稻城和德格三个藏猪群体共143个个体18条常染色体上的微卫星遗传多样性。结果表明:阿坝藏猪群体多态信息含量和观测杂合度比其他两群低,群体遗传变异较小;三个群体Nei氏标准遗传距离均在0.6以上,平均基因流值大于1,表明三个群体各有特点,群内基因交流频繁。     

利用微卫星标记分析乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性

利用微卫星标记分析了乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性和遗传结构,筛选了鸡基因组7条染色体上的7个微卫星标记位点,随机选取24羽乌骨大骨鸡个体,进行多态性检测,共检测到23个等位基因,每个座位等位基因数目从2个到5个不等,平均等位基因数为3.3个。该群体平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0.660 3和0.717 6。结果表明乌骨大骨鸡属多态性较丰富的群体。     

兴国灰鹅微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

为了解兴国灰鹅的遗传多样性,揭示其群体遗传结构,利用10个微卫星标记对兴国灰鹅进行哈代-温伯格平衡(HW)检验,统计群体基因频率、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)、等位基因(Na)和有效等位基因(Ne)等。结果显示:10个微卫星标记位点共检测到30个Na,其中Ne为20.549个;Ho、He及PIC值最高的标记为CKW21,分别为0.700、0.734 5、0.679 5;群体平均Ho为0.384、He为0.477 5,平均PIC为0.411 1,表明兴国灰鹅遗传多样性丰富;经HW检验,兴国灰鹅在10个标记位点中存在3个不平衡点,表明群体的遗传结构处于一个逐渐不平衡的状态。     

Genetic diversity of Forest and Savannah chicken populations of Ghana as estimated by microsatellite markers

The characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources is a requisite step in providing needed information for the conservation of useful genotypes against future needs. Thus, in this study, 22 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 114 local chickens from the Forest (n = 59) and Savannah (n = 55) eco‐zones of Ghana and the results compared to those of the ancestral red junglefowl (n = 15) and two European commercial chicken populations – a broiler (n = 25) and white leghorn (n = 25). A total of 171 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. The local Ghanaian chickens showed higher diversity in terms of the observed number of alleles per locus (6.6) and observed heterozygosity (0.568) compared with the combined control populations (6.0 and 0.458, respectively). However, Wright's F‐statistics revealed negligible genetic differentiation (F_ST) in local Ghanaian chicken populations. In addition, 65% of the Savannah chickens were inferred to be more likely from the Forest, suggesting a south‐north dispersal of chickens from their probable original location in the Forest zone to the Savannah areas. It is concluded that the Forest and Savannah chickens of Ghana are a single, randomly mating unselected population, characterized by high genetic diversity and constitute a valuable resource for conservation and improvement.     

Biodiversity in Mediterranean buffalo using two microsatellite multiplexes

The present study was carried out to investigate genetic diversity in Nile-Delta and Southern-Egypt buffalo populations in comparison with the Italian buffalo utilizing two microsatellite multiplexes. A total of 104 animals classified into three groups were used, 28, 38 and 38 representing the Nile-Delta, Southern-Egypt and Italian buffalo, respectively. The 15 studied microsatellites were CSSM38, CSSM70, CYP21, CSSM42, CSSM60, MAF65, BM0922, CSSM19, INRA006, ETH02, BM1706, BMC1013, CSSM47, INRA026 and CA004. All studied microsatellites showed allelic polymorphism. Number of polymorphic alleles ranged between 4 alleles (CSSM38, CSSM70 and CYP21) and 11 alleles (CA004). Pairwise Chi-square test for Nile Delta and Southern Egypt showed significant differences in allelic distribution at five loci, CSSM70, CSSM38, BM0922, ETH02 and BM1706. Italian buffalo showed the lowest percentage of observed heterozygotes (65%), while the Southern Egypt showed the highest (71%). Both the Italian and the Delta populations deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from HW equilibrium. Italian buffalo is relatively the most inbred population while the Southern-Egypt buffalo is the only outbred population. High level of genetic differentiation (F_ST estimates) between the Italian group and each of the Delta and Southern-Egypt group (0.083 and 0.076, respectively) was observed while Southern-Egypt group showed a lower level of genetic differentiation with the Delta group (0.014). Italian buffalo had the greatest genetic distance values with the two Egyptian groups (0.25 and 0.23) while much lower values between the Southern-Egypt and the Delta groups (0.06) was observed. Genetic variation between the Italian buffalo and the Egyptian buffalo was detected in 14 (out of 15) microsatellite loci. While a lower level (than that between Egyptian and Italian) of genetic variation between Southern-Egypt and Delta buffalo populations was expressed by 5 loci. It was concluded that the Southern-Egypt buffalo could be considered as distinct population from the Delta buffalo. In addition, Southern-Egypt group, being the only group with non-significant global deviation from HW equilibrium, the most heterozygous, and the only outbred population as well, is expected to respond more favorably to selection.     

Sheep genetic diversity in Bhutan using microsatellite markers

Genotype data from eight microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and relationships among five indigenous Bhutanese sheep populations, Sakten, Jakar, Sarpang, Sipsu and Tsirang. Estimates of mean observed and expected heterozygosities, mean number of alleles per locus/population were obtained. The highest observed heterozygosities were found in Jakar (0.657) and Sakten (0.647), while the lowest one was found in Tsirang (0.539). Genetic distances, pairwise proportion of different alleles, UPGMA tree, and principal component analysis indicate close relationship among Tsirang, Sipsu and Sarpang populations, while Jakar and Sakten populations are located in one cluster. These two clusters are separated geographically, and show distinct phenotypic as well as molecular characters. We therefore recommend that the Bhutanese native sheep populations be classified into at least two distinct breeds, Jakar‐Sakten sheep and Sipsu sheep. Since Jakar and Sakten sheep have different morphological phenotypes, further analyses will be required to understand the genetic differences between these two sheep populations.     

Genetic characterization of Barbari goats using microsatellite markers

Genetic variation in Barbari goats, a highly prolific breed distributed widely in the northern part of India, known for better milk and meat quality, was studied as a part of genetic characterization and conservation. The genomic DNA from 50 unrelated Barbari goats were amplified via PCR with a panel of 21 microsatellite markers, and resolved through 6 per cent denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining. The number of alleles ranged from 4 to 11, with allele sizes ranging from 88 to 220 bp. The distribution of allele frequencies was between 0.0104 and 0.5208. Polymorphism information content varied from 0.5563 to 0.8348. The population was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all except two microsatellite loci (ILSTS044 and ILSTS060). The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.8478 to 1.0000 while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.6208 to 0.8509. Based on the results of the present study, there is a good scope for exploiting the genetic variability in the Barbari goats for further improvement of performance.     

Genetic analysis of Ankamali pigs of India using microsatellite markers and their comparison with other domesticated Indian pig types

Ankamali pigs, the domesticated native pigs of Kerala province of India were genetically characterized using 23 FAO recommended microsatellite markers and were compared with other native Indian pig types and Large White pigs. Twenty‐six blood samples were collected from genetically unrelated animals from their breeding tract and DNA was isolated by standard procedure of phenol/chloroform. The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at these 23 microsatellite loci, which were also used earlier to characterize Desi (North Indian) and Gahuri (North‐East Indian) pigs, the other two native domesticated pig types of India. The PCR products were resolved by denaturing urea‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and alleles were visualized after silver nitrate staining. The data were analysed for allele size range, number of alleles, allelic frequencies, heterozygosity and polymorphism information content for each locus. The allele size range varied between 92–108 bp at locus S0026 and 280–296 bp at locus IGF‐1. The total number of alleles varied between five (S0178 and S0386) and 11 (S0355). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were found to be 0.74 ± 0.09 and 0.83 ± 0.03 respectively. In the neighbour‐joining dendrogram based on D_A genetic distances developed after 1000 bootstraps, the Ankamali pigs did not show genetic closeness either with other native Indian pig types or exotic Large White pigs with high bootstrap values indicating genetic distinctness of Ankamali pigs.     

利用微卫星标记分析4个食蟹猴群体的遗传多样性

利用7个恒河猴源微卫星标记和4个人源微卫星标记共11个标记,分析了来源于束埔寨(Pop1)、老挝(Pop2)、越南1(Pop3)和越南2(Pop4)共4个群体食蟹猴的遗传多样性.研究结果显示,所选择的11个微卫星位点表现出很高的多态性,群体内的多态性较低,存在较严重的近亲交配.Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测说明4个群体在这11个位点上均处于不平衡状态,可能存在较严重的人工选择繁育.亚群体内的固定指数平均为0.526 2,说明群体内存在近亲交配;亚种群间的固定指数均值为0.016 6,说明各群体间的遗传分化很小;各位点上的基因流均值为14.814 2,说明其交流很活跃,可有效地防止因遗传漂移而产生的遗传分化.从基于Nei氏标准遗传距离的UPGMS聚类图看出,先是Pop3和Pop4聚为一类,再和Pop1聚在一起,最后和Pop2聚在一起,其结果和其地理分布所表现的遗传差异一致.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese indigenous goat breeds based on microsatellite markers

Eighteen microsatellites were used to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of eight Chinese indigenous goat breeds. The results indicated that there is a significant difference of genetic diversity between different loci. Chinese indigenous goat breeds have similar genetic diversity to other Asian goats, but with lower Fst. The clustering of individuals and populations showed that Chinese indigenous goat breeds might have originated from two ancestral populations. The genetic differentiation between populations is consistent with the results of archaeology, mtDNA and RAPD.     

荣昌猪和两种小型猪遗传背景的微卫星分析

荣昌猪是我国优良地方品种,巴马香猪和贵州小型香猪为我国独特小型猪品系。本研究采用美国猪基因组协作计划推荐的19个微卫星标记对荣昌猪、荣昌猪B系、巴马香猪、贵州小型香猪及外来猪种大白猪进行了遗传学检测和分析。结果表明:19个微卫星位点在群体中均表现为多态,每位点等位基因数10~23个。5个猪种中荣昌猪B系的遗传多样性最高,荣昌猪次之;2种小型猪的遗传多样性较低,其中巴马香猪的等位基因数(121个)略大于贵州小型香猪(114个),但其遗传多样性指数(平均期望杂合度0.6535±0.0347)小于贵州小型香猪(0.6919±0.0227),反映了巴马香猪较低的基因杂合度和较小的遗传变异;大白猪的遗传多样性最低。从品系的共有等位基因来看,荣昌猪B系基因背景组成中其亲本品系荣昌猪所占比例(30.22%)要大于大白猪(24.37%);大白猪和其他4个猪群体的共享等位基因数均较低(21.24%~25.12%);巴马香猪和贵州小型香猪之间共有等位基因数最高(45.06%)。采用基于遗传距离的NJ法和基于基因频率的最大似然法进行系统聚类,除了大白猪明显为独立分支及荣昌猪B系表现出较远的聚类关系外,其他3个猪种间的聚类有所不同。     

十个歪头菜居群遗传多样性分析

采用ISSR分子标记对10个歪头菜自然居群的104个样本进行遗传多样性分析,筛选的10条ISSR引物共扩增出115个位点,其中多态性位点110个。在物种水平上多态性比率(PPB)为95.65%,在居群内多态位点比率为24.35%~49.70%。POPGENE分析结果显示,物种水平上Nei’s 基因多样性(H)为0.2632,Shannon’s遗传多样性信息指数(I)为0.4046,基因流(Nm)为0.4553,基因分化度(Gst)为0.5283,AMOVA分析居群间遗传分化程度为50.51%。研究表明,10个采样点的歪头菜在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性,但在居群之间已经出现了一定程度的遗传分化,且居群间的遗传分化程度高于居群内的分化程度。同时,证明了环境压力大小对于遗传多样性的高低具有选择作用,环境压力小的烟台和环境压力大的合作地区具有较高的遗传多样性,但环境压力介于二者之间的地区遗传多样性水平相对较低。本研究结果不仅对于了解歪头菜遗传进化和其生长地的环境的关系具有重要的参考价值,对合理利用歪头菜遗传资源及育种还具有非常重要的作用。     

四川常羽乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性分析

利用选自家禽基因组的10个微卫星标记,对四川常羽乌骨鸡5个群体(四川山地乌骨鸡白羽系、黑羽系;黄忠山地乌骨鸡;黄忠山地乌骨鸡绿壳蛋系;草科乌骨鸡)的遗传多样性进行了检测,计算了各群体的群体杂合度、群体间遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明所选择的微卫星标记在各群体中表现出较高的多态性;四川5个乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性比较丰富,群体平均杂合度为0.5383到0.6659;各群体间的遗传距离有一定的差异;聚类分析将5个群体聚为三类。     

Genetic closeness of Zanskari and Spiti ponies of India inferred through microsatellite markers

The Zanskari and Spiti ponies were characterized for genetic variation using a set of 25 equine microsatellite markers. The DNA was isolated from the 42 blood samples of Zanskari and 32 blood samples of Spiti ponies collected from their respective breeding tracts. The DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction at the studied microsatellite loci and amplified product was resolved for alleles by denaturing urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The allelic frequency data so obtained was statistically analyzed using POPGENE computer program. The PCR product size-range varied from 84 to 102 at locus HTG6 to 238 to 244 at locus UCDEQ425. The observed number of alleles ranged from four to nine with a mean (± standard deviation) of 5.80 ± 1.32 alleles per locus in Zanskari and 5.40 ± 1.04 alleles per locus in Spiti ponies. The mean observed heterozygosity was found to be 0.61 ± 0.06 and 0.56 ± 0.09 for Zanskari and Spiti ponies, respectively. The Nei's standard and unbiased genetic distance were found to be 0.11 and 0.09, respectively, indicating close genetic relatedness of Zanskari and Spiti ponies.     

利用微卫星标记分析泸水中华蜜蜂遗传多样性

利用21对微卫星标记对云南泸水中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析,共检测到121个等位基因,等位基因数目从2-12不等。平均等位基因数为5.76;所有位点的平均期望杂合度（He）和平均多态信息含量（PIC）值分别为0.6752和0.6192。表明泸水中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性较为丰富。     

利用微卫星标记进行猪亲子鉴定

以杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪3个品种的48头系谱清楚的猪为样本,使用PAGE法从55个微卫星位点中筛选出扩增效果好、多态性丰富且便于进行多重PCR扩增的位点,对试验样本逐一进行基因分型,并据此进行亲权确认,建立一种高效的亲子鉴定方法。结果显示,试验选取的14个微卫星位点在48个样本中进行排父率分析,在双亲未知、只知单亲和双亲已知的情况下计算的累积排父率分别为0.978 5,0.998 4,0.999 99;利用建立的亲子鉴定体系对样本中8个家系进行检测,结果累积排父率均大于99.99%。结果表明,试验构建的微卫星标记体系,为亲本信息不明的个体进行亲子关系的验证,纠正潜在的错误系谱,建立完整、准确的系谱体系,保证育种值估计的准确性,保障猪育种工作的正常开展具有非常重要的意义。     

Genetic characterization of the Blonde d'Aquitaine cattle breed using microsatellite markers and relationship with three other French cattle populations

This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of Blonde d'Aquitaine, a well-muscled native French beef breed, and to understand the relationships between Blonde d'Aquitaine, Limousin and Salers. We also compared these three beef breeds to the Holstein dairy breed. For this purpose, a set of 16 microsatellite markers were investigated. The obtained results show that Blonde d'Aquitaine has a high level of genetic diversity. Our study shows also that the French beef breeds have genetic differentiation among them, with approximately 9% of the total variation owing to breed differences. Our results show also that Blonde d'Aquitaine and Salers populations are genetically more similar to each other than to the Limousin.