巴西橡胶树树皮环氧树脂组织切片及染色技术

介绍以环氧树脂为包埋介质,不需要碘溴染色、用于光学显微镜的巴西橡胶树半薄切片技术,详述固定、脱水、渗透、包埋、聚合、切片、染色及封片各程序。利用3种不同的染料能充分区分橡胶乳管细胞、木质部、形成层、导管、次生韧皮射线、初生韧皮纤维、皮层和表皮等,还能观察到许多在石蜡切片上不容易区分的细胞及其内部结构,如树皮表皮细胞下富含的丹宁细胞和叶绿体等。该技术是对巴西橡胶树石蜡包埋切片技术的改进和扩展。     

糜子的受精过程和胚的发育

本文应用光学显微镜和石蜡制片法,对糜子的受精过程与胚的发育进行研究,结论如下:开花2h 后后,精核进入卵细胞;开花4h 后,精核的染色质逐渐分散,并出现核仁,受精卵内有一大而明显的雌性核仁和一较小的雄性核仁,此时合子形成,开花10h 后,合子进行1次分裂,糜子合子静止期长达4h 左右。2细胞原胚时,胚乳处于6个游离核时期。糜子的胚胎发育为紫菀型。合子无极性,第1次分裂为横分裂。胚发育经过原胚、椭圆形胚再经胚分化期和成熟期发育为成熟胚。受精前,两极核紧贴,不合并,位于卵细胞的合点端。受粉2h 后,精子进入一个极核,精核与极核融合过程同精核与卵核的融合过程相同;开花4h 后,形成初生胚乳核;开花5h 后初生胚乳核进行第1次分裂;胚乳发育为核型,游离核分裂为有丝分裂,球形胚期胚乳开始细胞化。     

韭菜时内乳汁器和叶肉细胞的超微结构

用电镜观察了若是韭菜叶内乳汁器与叶肉细胞的超微结构，韭叶乳汁器是一无节不分枝的长管状结构，其壁上有许多初生纹孔场，在纹孔场中有密集的胞间联丝分布，在胞间联丝两侧有些囊泡存在，并有内存与外排现象，这在结构上说明乳汁器与相邻叶肉细胞间存在活跃的物质交换。并观察到叶肉细胞内叶绿体的不同增殖方式。     

The secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree is induced by trichostatin A,an inhibitor of histone acetylation

The secondary laticifer, a specific tissue in the secondary phloem of rubber tree, is differentiated from the vascular cambia. The number of the secondary laticifer in the trunk bark of rubber tree is positively correlated with rubber yield. Although jasmonates have been demonstrated to be crucial in the regulation of secondary laticifer differentiation, the mechanism for the jasmonate-induced secondary laticifer differentiation remains to be elucidated. By using an experimental morphological technique, the present study revealed that trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylation, could induce the secondary laticifer differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggest that histone acetylation is essential for the secondary laticifer differentiation in rubber tree.     

核桃无融合生殖的细胞胚胎学研究

以40%～70%饱和度硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAESepharoseiCL-6B、SephadexG-100、羟基磷灰石、PhenylSepharoseCL-4B和制备电泳分离纯化了小麦的尿卟啉原合酶(UROS)。酶的亚基分子质量为54ku,全酶分子质量为66ku,酶的等电点6.3,在pH8.2时比活为257μmol/(mg·min),最适反应温度40℃,5mmol/L的巯基乙醇和Mg2+促进酶活,纯化的小麦UROS在-20℃下0.1mol/L,pH8.5的Tris-HCl,内含质量分数为50%的甘油,5mmol/L的巯基乙醇和MgCl2中贮藏7d酶活损失90%。     

Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells harbor Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) episomes and express a KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). In PEL cells, LANA and KSHV DNA colocalized in dots in interphase nuclei and along mitotic chromosomes. In the absence of KSHV DNA, LANA was diffusely distributed in the nucleus or on mitotic chromosomes. In lymphoblasts, LANA was necessary and sufficient for the persistence of episomes containing a specific KSHV DNA fragment. Furthermore, LANA colocalized with the artificial KSHV DNA episomes in nuclei and along mitotic chromosomes. These results support a model in which LANA tethers KSHV DNA to chromosomes during mitosis to enable the efficient segregation of KSHV episomes to progeny cells.     

葡萄双受精过程的形态学观察

观察了葡萄双受精过程中雌雄性核的融合。结果表明:花粉管通过珠孔穿入退化助细胞,释放出二精子;精子核接近并贴附在卵核和次生核上,二者核膜融合,精核沉入卵核及次生核,染色质松解,并与雌性核染色质融合,出现雄性核仁,两性核仁融合,形成合子及初生胚乳核。卵核完成受精较次生核晚。受精属有丝分裂前型。精核进入卵核前看到了它的核仁。少数胚囊具有两套卵器。     

Two gap genes mediate maternal terminal pattern information in Drosophila

In Drosophila three maternal pattern organizing activities, the anterior, the posterior, and the terminal, establish the anterior-posterior body pattern of the embryo by initiating the spatially restricted activities of the gap class of zygotic segmentation genes. The activities of tailless (tll) and the newly identified gap gene huckebein (hkb) are specifically involved in mediating the maternal terminal information at the posterior end of the blastoderm embryo.     

More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century

A global coupled climate model shows that there is a distinct geographic pattern to future changes in heat waves. Model results for areas of Europe and North America, associated with the severe heat waves in Chicago in 1995 and Paris in 2003, show that future heat waves in these areas will become more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting in the second half of the 21st century. Observations and the model show that present-day heat waves over Europe and North America coincide with a specific atmospheric circulation pattern that is intensified by ongoing increases in greenhouse gases, indicating that it will produce more severe heat waves in those regions in the future.     

石蒜小孢子发生与雄配子体形成

报道了石蒜(Lycoris radiataHerb.)小孢子和雄配子体的发生发育。花药由4个花粉囊组成,花粉囊壁包括表皮、药室内壁、中层与绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂为连续型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程存在滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体片段和微核等现象。成熟花粉粒具有二核、三核和营养细胞中存在二核等异常现象。减数分裂异常和绒毡层细胞延迟退化是导致花粉败育的主要因素。     

龙须草成熟胚囊结构和类型的观察

采用常规石蜡切片法,观察了龙须草成熟胚囊的结构和类型。结果表明,龙须草的成熟胚囊通常;是由靠近珠孔的１个４核胚囊分化而来;发育类型为体细胞无孢子生殖的大黍型;成熟胚囊由１个卵细胞,２个助细胞和含１个极核的中央细胞组成。     

龙须草成熟胚囊结构和类型的观察

采用常规石蜡切片法, 观察了龙须草成熟胚囊的结构和类型。结果表明龙须 草的成熟胚囊通常是由靠近珠孔端的1个4核胚囊分化而来;发育类型为体细胞无孢子生殖的大黍型;成熟胚囊由1个卵细胞、2个助细胞和含1个极核的中央细胞组成。     

小胡杨小孢子发生及微管骨架变化

利用间接免疫荧光结合DAPI(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)染色方法,进行了小胡杨小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中微管骨架变化和染色体行为的研究。结果表明:①小胡杨小孢子发生过程中细胞内微管骨架呈动态变化过程,中期Ⅱ形成平行纺锤体和垂直纺锤体;末期Ⅱ未观察到典型的成膜体结构,同时型胞质分裂由子核间微管系统的相对界面发生,胞质分裂后形成四边形和四面体型四分体。②小胡杨小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中还存在各种异常细胞学现象,中期Ⅰ和中期Ⅱ存在落后染色体;中期Ⅱ相互平行纺锤体发生联合;中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅱ孢母细胞两个纺锤体间的胞质会出现裂沟;四分体时期存在三分体和二分体等,说明由于远缘杂交而造成小胡杨染色体的异质性,并在减数分裂过程中得到体现。      

黑麦花粉诱导小麦孤雌生殖的细胞学研究

观察ＡＲ７７黑麦花粉诱导［８４Ｇ６×７９（ｌＢ）８－８］Ｆ１植株的假受精行为，结果表明：①大量花粉管物质及精子停留在卵细胞外，不能诱发卵细胞单性分裂；②较大的精子进入卵核，靠近或接触核仁且不与核仁融合，对卵细胞单性分裂有明显的诱发作用；③当卵核被诱发启动分裂，其极核中的精子可能与其融合形成初生胚乳核并继续分裂，也可能以雄性核仁的状态继续停留在极核中。     

转基因棉上非靶标害虫棉蚜取食行为的EPG研究

应用EPG技术记录了棉蚜在单价转基因棉保铃棉32B、双价转基因棉国抗22以及常规棉泗棉3号上连续生活10代前后的取食行为。结果表明,棉蚜在3个棉花品种上刺吸的各种特征波型基本相同,但各波型所占比例、重复出现的频次及平均周期表现不尽一致。棉蚜在单价转Bt棉上取食时,反映被动取食行为也即主要取食行为的E波所占比例和平均周期均显著高于在常规棉上,表示未取食状态的np波所占比例和平均周期均显著低于在常规棉上;双价转基因棉上与常规棉上无差异;而反映蚜虫刺探食物行为的C波在转基因棉和常规棉间均无差异。     

硬粒小麦×普通小麦杂种发育的胚胎学观察

观察了硬粒小麦×普通小麦的受精和杂种发育情况,并与已报道的同一杂交组合而以普通小麦为母本时的观察结果进行了比较。发现普通小麦与硬粒小麦在正交或反交情况下,均具有良好的可交配性,多数情况下双受精过程是正常的。杂种胚的发育进程在正交或反交时基本上也是一致的,即一般在人工授粉后24小时,可发育成为具有2个细胞的原胚。此后,原胚的发育和胚分化进程较亲本自交时胚的发育进程有所延缓。另外发现,当硬粒小麦×普通小麦时,在人工授粉后第3天,杂种胚乳核的行为表现较为异常。因此,在远缘杂交中对杂种胚乳核的活动和发育情况进行分析时,应将母本中央细胞极核所具有的特定染色体组和染色体数目加以考虑。     

板栗(Castanea mollissima B1.)的胚胎学研究——(Ⅰ)胚珠、胚囊发育、受精和胚发生

报导了板栗胚囊发育、受精及胚发生的全过程。板栗子房6—9室,每室两个倒生胚珠着生于中轴胎座上。胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子四分体线形排列,通常合点端的大孢子发育。蓼型胚囊。胚珠具宿存珠心柱。珠孔受精,受精后的胚囊产生侧向盲囊,初生胚乳核在盲囊底部形成,并很快在其中分裂产生核型胚乳。精卵融合为有丝分裂前型。合子斜向分裂产生基细胞和顶细胞,顶细胞经一次垂直分裂形成三细胞原胚,之后基细胞横分裂一次形成二细胞胚柄,该胚柄不久退化,胚发育应归属于柳叶莱型。成熟种子无胚乳。文中总结了板栗胚胎学过程的时间进程与外部形态相关特征的资料,并对山毛榉科植物胚胎学问题进行了讨论。     

Relationship between the number of tapping-induced secondary laticifer lines and rubber yield among Hevea germplasm

The lack of suitable early selection parameters means that traditional rubber breeding for yield is time-consuming and inefficient. Laticifer is a tissue specific for natural rubber biosynthesis and storage in rubber tree. The number of the secondary laticifers in the trunk bark tissues is positively correlated with rubber yield in the matured rubber trees that are regularly tapped. In the present study, the rubber yield from 280 of 4–5 year-old virgin trees from 7 cross combinations was compared with the number of newly differentiated secondary laticifers caused by tapping. Results showed that the number of tapping-induced lines of secondary laticifers varied in different germplasm and was positively related to the rubber yield, indicating this could be used as a suitable parameter for early evaluation of yield potential of rubber trees.