花生根瘤菌的选育、菌剂生产和增产效果

本文将我所多年来选育花生根瘤菌优良菌株,菌剂生产和应用效果作综述.菌株选育采用自然选育和混合杂交的方法,选育出4个新的优良花生根瘤菌菌株,007、009、01和9 7—1,经106次试验。平均接菌比不接菌的增产19.0％,每亩增产花生34.4公斤,全国推广应用面积达600多万亩。研究成功水培植物结瘤方法,此法简便,省工省能,不需通气换水,并可在同一盆内同时种植花生和大豆,观察菌株的混交性。改良了草炭菌剂的生产方法.研究了液体菌剂的生产技术,可用液体菌剂代替草炭菌剂.根瘤菌的接种效果的青沙土和麦套花生最好,拌种后用石膏球化及增施磷肥效果最佳.     

“根瘤菌+Mo”菌剂和AM菌剂对花生生长和产量的影响

针对四川花生主产区酸性紫色土缺氮、磷、钼的现状,并依据“高效花生根瘤菌+Mo”显著的增产效果和丛枝菌根（AM）真菌高效吸磷特性,分别将R（高效花生根瘤菌）+Mo、AM菌剂（Glomus mosseae）、AM +R+Mo对盆栽花生进行处理。试验结果如下： （1）单接种G. mosseae 能显著提高土著根瘤菌的结瘤能力,极显著提高盛花期植株含磷量。植株盛花期干重、叶绿素、总氮、总钾量高于单接种花生根瘤菌Spr4-5（R）和CK,且与CK达到显著或极显著水平。单接种根瘤菌Spr4-5比单接种G. mosseae增产10.1%,差异不显著;分别比CK增产52.5%、38.5%,差异均达极显著水平。Spr4-5和G. mosseae均是高效菌株。（2）Spr4-5和G. mosseae双接种比单接种Spr4-5或G. mosseae分别增产3.8%、14.3%,差异不显著;比CK增产58.3%,达极显著水平。（3）“AM+Spr4-5+钼酸铵”菌剂处理比等钼量的“Spr4-5+钼酸铵”菌剂的产量低,且达到极显著水平; G. mosseae 对钼敏感;与供试根瘤菌正协同效果最佳的钼酸铵浓度为2‰。     

花生根瘤菌数量效应与种床接种效果

本文报告了土壤中花生根瘤菌的群体数量与适宜接种量及接种方法。指出,在土壤中土著根瘤菌数每克干土>1G~4的情况下,每粒种子接种量不少于10~6活菌数和采用种床接种法是花生增产的有效技术。     

花生根瘤菌高效菌剂的研究

我国在豆科作物上应用根瘤菌接种措施至今已近40年。实践证明,花生在播种时,人工接种根瘤菌,一般能增产10％左右。但这一优势在花生生长期,从外观上难以察看出来,这直接影响着花生根瘤菌剂大面积推广应用。考虑到稀土元素和石油助长剂等所具有的生理活性特点以及与根瘤菌剂配合施用的效果,特开展了本项研究,以便提高菌剂的应用效果。     

花生根瘤菌剂适宜施用方法的研究

根瘤菌在农业生产上的应用,由菌种、菌剂和应用方法三个环节构成。优良的菌种、优质的菌剂和适宜施用方法三者的密切配合,是充分发挥根瘤菌共生固氮作用的根本保障。有了优良的菌种和优质的菌剂之后,应用方法又显得格外重要。为了探索花生根瘤菌的适宜施用方法,我们对几种施用方法进行了比较研究,现将结果报道如下。 一、材料与方法 1、根瘤菌接种剂的制备:将花生根瘤菌(Rhizobium arachis)斜面菌种分别接种到甘油、葡萄糖、酵母汁固体(GGYA)培养基上和液体培养基(GGY)里,待菌苔布满克氏瓶斜面,     

水稻施用硅酸盐菌剂效果初报

水稻移栽前基施硅酸盐菌剂3750ml/hm2(兑适量水均匀喷雾)。结果,植株生长旺盛,抗病抗倒,生育进程比对照提前1～3d;结实率提高1.2%;增产作用明显,单位面积增产10.26%。硅酸盐菌剂基施操作方便,对环境无污染,对人畜安全,应用前景广阔。     

水稻施用硅酸盐菌剂效果初报

水稻移栽前基施硅酸盐菌剂3750ml／hm2(兑适量水均匀喷雾)。结果，植株生长旺盛，抗病抗倒，生育进程比对照提前1～3d；结实率提高1．2％；增产作用明显，单位面积增产10．26％。硅酸盐菌剂基施操作方便，对环境无污染，对人畜安全，应用前景广阔。     

花生根瘤菌接种效果试验示范总结

花生根瘤菌接种技术,在我市曾经应用4—5万亩,起到了一定的增产作用。但后来由于菌剂生产中的问题没有很好地解决,因而停止使用。1983年4月,我局在新沂县北沟乡承包大田花生3640亩,应用根瘤菌接种技术,并在不同土质、茬口上设置38个试验点,以验证增产效果,其中十二处作为观察点,对根瘤发育、植株生长状况、土壤养分等进行测定。与此同时,我们还分别在丰县、沛县、铜山、邳     

花生新品种桂花30的选育

花生新品种桂花30系广西农科院经济作物研究所油料室1988年利用贺粤1号×A.monticola(四倍体野生种)F5代品系作母本,粤油92(栽培种)作父本进行复交,经多年选育而成的花生优良品种。该品种具有优质、高产、果型美观等优良性状,在2000~2002年广西花生品种区域试验中,三年荚果平均产量3711.90 kg/hm2,比对照桂花17(3286.35 kg/hm2)增产425.55 kg,增产率12.95%;2007年通过广西农作物品种委员会审定。     

花生白绢病温室接种技术的建立和苗期抗病性鉴定

为探索温室条件下适宜花生白绢病人工接种的技术体系,对花生白绢病人工接种技术进行了系统的研究。通过比较5种接种技术,发现带菌燕麦粒贴茎法和撒表土法的发病效果较好,可以作为花生白绢病温室抗性鉴定的接种方法,其中带菌燕麦粒撒表土法比贴茎法更易操作;不同量(1~5粒)的带菌燕麦粒撒表土法接种花生幼苗的病情指数差异不显著,但以接种4粒燕麦粒病害发展速度最快;15~35d苗龄的花生幼苗接种带菌燕麦粒后,病情指数差异不显著。本研究建立的接种技术白绢病发病快,发病率达到100%,最大病情指数为89.2。利用该技术在温室内对19个花生品种/系进行了苗期白绢病抗病性鉴定,大部分材料中感或高感,仅中花16表现相对抗性。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.