新疆海岛棉XH16体细胞胚发生体系的优化和细胞学观察

体胚发生率低是制约海岛棉体细胞胚发生体系应用的瓶颈之一。为提高体细胞胚胎发生率,本研究以新疆海岛棉品种XH16胚性愈伤为实验材料,从植物凝胶、培养基pH值、氨基酸含量、光照强度4个方面进行海岛棉体细胞胚胎发生诱导条件的优化。结果表明,当植物凝胶的工作浓度为2.0 g/L,培养基pH值为6.5,天门冬酰胺为0.5 g/L,谷氨酰胺为1 g/L,光照强度为3000 lx时,XH16体胚诱导率最高。此外,本研究通过显微镜技术观察体胚发生不同阶段细胞组织的形态结构,初步探讨了海岛棉体胚发生机制。本研究结果为后期借助体胚发生体系进行海岛棉分子育种工作奠定了基础。     

毛白杨PtAUX1超表达诱导体状胚发生

体状胚的发生由一个生长素信号级联系统控制,其发生过程需要大量的生长素,随后在去除生长素或降低生长素浓度的条件下,体状胚趋于成熟。除植物激素外,环境胁迫也是体状胚发生所必须的,激素和环境胁迫协同诱导细胞的脱分化、再分化和体状胚的发生。目前发现的参与体状胚发生的主要基因有SERK、PKL和BBM等,它们作用于体状胚的不同发育阶段。本研究中,在毛白杨35S::PtAUX1超表达植株中发现叶片表面产生大量体状胚,体状胚分散在叶片主脉及侧脉两侧或聚集在叶片边缘,其中部分体状胚可发育成成熟体状胚。将成熟体状胚取下,置于MS0培养基上进行培养,体状胚发芽并缓慢产生根。研究结果表明,PtAUX1通过建立新的生长素浓度梯度,诱导体细胞转化成胚性细胞,从而使叶片产生出体状胚。除上述基因外,PtAUX1也参与体状胚的发生,这一研究发现现尚未见报道。     

不同处理诱导新海16号体细胞胚胎同步化发生

【目的】旨在探索诱导海岛棉体细胞胚胎同步化发生的有效方法。【方法】以海岛棉品种新海16号的胚性愈伤组织为材料,研究了低温、饥饿和渗透处理诱导体细胞胚胎同步化发生的效果。【结果】在低温处理组中,4℃诱导时体细胞胚胎发生的数量随着低温诱导时间的延长而显著增加;10℃诱导时,不同诱导时间下各处理体细胞胚胎发生的数量差异不显著,但都显著高于对照(28℃);缺磷、缺氮、缺肌醇3种饥饿处理的体细胞胚胎的数量都随着处理时间的延长而减少;渗透处理组中,在含40 g·L-1葡萄糖的培养基上诱导7 d的效果最佳。【结论】4℃处理3 d、缺磷处理5 d、缺氮处理5 d以及40 g·L-1葡萄糖诱导7 d可以显著促进新海16号的体细胞胚胎同步化发生,其中4℃处理3 d的诱导效果最佳。     

龙眼体胚发生中期发育同步化的初步调控

本研究以龙眼“红核子”胚性愈伤组织为材料,对龙眼体细胞胚胎发生进行同步化调控,获得了心形胚、鱼雷形胚和高度同步化的子叶形胚。研究表明,通过培养基中2,4-D浓度的微量调整, 基本能够控制控制龙眼体胚发育中期心型、鱼雷形胚的发育同步化。     

Secondary somatic embryogenesis and applications in plant breeding

Summary Secondary somatic embryogenesis is the phenomenon whereby new somatic embryos are initiated from somatic embryos. Such cultures have been described in at least 80 Gymnosperm and Angiosperm species. In the initial step (primary somatic embryogenesis) such cultures have to be started from plant explants. In general, primary somatic embryogenesis from vegetative plant explants is, indirect and mostly driven by auxin (AUX) or auxin and cytokinin (AUX/CYT) supplemented media, whereas, from zygotic embryos it is direct and driven, to a larger extent, by CYT or growth regulator free media. Primary somatic embryogenesis from floral plant explants is between these two extremes. Indirect and direct somatic embryogenesis should be seen as two extremes of one continuum: in indirect somatic embryogenesis the embryos develop up to the (pre)-globular stage and in direct somatic embryogenesis to mature stages before they are subjected to secondary embryogenesis. In general, secondary embryogenesis requires no growth regulators in species with CYT driven primary embryogenesis. Whereas, continuous exposure to growth regulators is needed in species with CYT/AUX or AUX driven primary embryogenesis.In most species somatic embryos can be converted into shoots, although the frequencies are mostly low. In general, somatic embryos induced by growth regulator free or CYT supplemented media meet more difficulties in shoot development than embryos induced by AUX supplemented media. Applications of secondary somatic embryogenesis for plant breeding are discussed.     

两种常用激素组合下棉花体细胞胚胎发生过程的组织学观察

 MSB培养基添加两种常用植物激素组合，Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + kinetin (KT)和2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) + KT，分别命名为IK和DK处理用来诱导陆地棉体细胞胚胎发生。陆地棉品系YZ1下胚轴切段作为外植体在诱导培养基上培养4周后，继代到分化培养基上促进体细胞胚胎发生。结果表明，两种处理均有体细胞胚胎发生，其中IK处理上外植体嫁接33 d后就可见体细胞胚出现，分化率高达97.6%，大多数外植体表现为体细胞胚较胚性愈伤早出现。DK处理中体细胞胚胎发生慢，体细胞胚都是经过明显的胚性愈伤发育而来，胚性愈伤分化率明显低于IK处理，仅为28.6%。此外，IK处理中的外植体在培养过程中大部分都出现了须根，而DK处理中则没有。两种处理中出现了两种不同的体细胞胚胎发生过程，组织学观察结果表明DK和IK处理中的体细胞胚分别主要起源于初生形成层和皮层。     

In vitro somatic embryogenesis in turf-type bermudagrass: roles of abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, and occurrence of secondary somatic embryogenesis

Bermudagrass is an important warm‐season turfgrass species that is recalcitrant in regeneration in tissue culture. In a previous report, we observed that somatic embryogenesis of immature inflorescence culture was substantially improved when low levels of 2,4‐dichloro‐phenoxy acetic acid (1 mg/l) and 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP, 0.01 mg/l) were included in the callus induction medium. The object of this study was to further improve the culture conditions to enhance somatic embryo formation and plantlet regeneration. It was shown that the abscisic acid supplement (2 or 5 mg/l) to the above callus induction medium further enhanced somatic embryogenesis in hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon×Cynodon transvaalensis) cv. ‘Tifgreen’. The addition of gibberellic acid (0. 2 mg/l) to the BAP (1 mg/l)‐containing regeneration medium accelerated germination/regeneration of the somatic embryos. Secondary and repetitive somatic embryogenesis, which is rarely reported in monocots, was observed in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon, cv. ‘Savannah’), and a full course of such a development was captured by a periodical microphotography. Scanning electron microscopy further confirmed the observation.     

棉花优良品种中棉所19高频体细胞胚胎发生细胞系筛选与植株再生

选用我国优良棉花品种中棉所19进行组织培养, 研究了该品种的体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生能力。 中棉所19的体细胞胚胎发生有两种情况： 一是由外植体直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织和体细胞胚; 二是先诱导获得愈伤组织, 再经继代培养获得胚胎发生。 单独使用ZT可在早期诱导胚胎发生, 在该情况下, 对子叶的诱导能力最强, 胚根     

悬浮培养条件下体细胞胚发育的同步化控制

利用液体悬浮培养体系进行体细胞胚的大规模生产,被认为是21世纪最具发展潜力的生物技术之一.但是,大多数体胚发生系统都存在发生频率低、同步化程度不高等问题,这在很大程度上限制了体胚发生和人工种子技术在生产上的应用.本文论述了体胚发生不同步的原因,重点介绍了悬浮细胞培养过程中同步化控制的方法和检测手段,提出了利用液体悬浮培养体系进行同步化控制的研究方向.     

Direct as well as indirect somatic embryogenesis from immature (unemerged) inflorescence of a minor millet Paspalum scrobiculatum L.

Somatic embryos differentiated directly on the rachis of immature inflorescences of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. cv. PSC 1 on culture to MS or N₆ medium supplemented with different concentrations (4.5–22.5 μM) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Direct embryogenesis on the rachis of inflorescence explants forms the first instance in graminaceous plants. Highest frequency of direct embryogenesis (34%and 30% cultures, respectively) was possible on N₆ medium supplemented with 4.5 μM of 2,4-D and MS medium fortified with9.0 μM of 2,4-D. Other tissues of the explant, floral-primordia, only after an initial phase of callusing differentiated into somatic embryos; indirect embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis, direct as well as indirect, was resolved by scanning electron microscopy. The somatic embryos germinated and developed into plantlets on regeneration medium. Interestingly, one week incubation of somatic embryos on activated charcoal (0.5%) fortified basal medium, supported high potential for ‘germination’ on transfer to charcoal-free basal medium. This beneficial effect of activated charcoal on regeneration of somatic embryos into plantlets is the first record in the Gramineae. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花高效体细胞胚发生及同步控制培养体系研究

棉花体细胞胚胎发生的频率低, 且体细胞胚的发育存在着不同步性, 给体细胞胚胎发生发育过程的生理学、生物化学和分子生物学的研究带来许多困难。本研究以陆地棉品种Coker201为材料, 建立了一种简单有效的棉花体细胞胚高频率发生和同步发育的培养体系。经过多次继代获得的胚性愈伤, 首先在液体培养基中振荡培养2 d使其分散, 然后过30目筛去除大的颗粒, 重新悬浮于同样的液体培养基中。悬浮培养14 d后, 过50目筛, 将筛上的胚性愈伤重悬浮于新鲜的培养基中, 并用吸管吸取悬浮液, 将其均匀地接种在表面垫有滤纸的同成分固体培养基(附加2.46 mmol L^-1 IBA和0.70 mmol L^-1 kinetin)上。培养21 d后, 用垫有滤纸的相同的固体培养基继代培养。利用这种培养体系, 获得的体细胞胚数量分别是单纯悬浮培养和固体培养(不垫滤纸)的16.5倍和4.0倍。其中, 球形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶胚的同步发生率分别为70.2%、52.3%和73.0%。     

The Influence of Dicamba on Somatic Embryogenesis and Frequency of Plant Regeneration from Cultured Immature Embryos of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

An investigation was made to discover the influence of dicamba on the somatic embryogenesis of winter wheat cultivars-. Immature embryos of Triticum aestivum cv, ‘Sage’, ‘Caribo’ and ‘Kanzler’ were cultured, on modified N6-medium with the addition of 1 mg/13,6 dichlor-2-methoxy benzoe acid (dicamba). The young embryos were placed with the embryo axis on to the medium. Under this condition the scutella of the embryos at different stage of development produced compact calli and embryoids which regenerated plants with a high frequency (70 %) four to: six weeks later. The results suggest that dicamba could be of value in the induction of somatic embryogenesis.     

掌叶半夏悬浮培养下的体细胞胚胎发生的研究

掌叶半夏种子在附加２，４－Ｄ２．０，ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上形成浅黄色或白色颗粒状胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织在附加２，４－Ｄ１．０，ＢＡ０．５，ＣＨ３００ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ液体培养其中振荡培养，可产生大量的体细胞胚。２，４－Ｄ对体胚诱导效果显著并促进其早期发育，但抑制其进一步发育成熟。ＮＡＡ对体胚诱导效果不如２，４－Ｄ，但可使体胚正常发育。水解酷蛋白明显提高体胚诱导频率。显微观察表明：体胚起源     

Genetic analysis of in vitro wheat somatic embryogenesis

Summary A spring wheat genotype which produces somatic embryos in vitro, after short and long-term culture, was tested for its ability to sexually transmit this embryogenic trait. Reciprocal crosses were performed between a embryogenic line and a nonembryogenic variety.Immature embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium plus 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, gelled with 5.5 g/l agarose. Somatic embryogenesis was not expressed in the F₁'s. In contrast, from several hundred immature embryos of the F₂ generation of one cross, 10.7% and 1.6% expressed somatic embryogenesis in short and long-term cultures respectively. These percentages of embryogenic: non-embryogenic fits a model of a few complementary genes. The embryogenic capacity of the F₂ genotypes depends on the presence of recessive alleles at these gene loci. The long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis capacity requires a more complex mechanism than the short-term one.Abbreviations CS Chinese Spring - Aq Aquila - E Embryogenic - NE Nonembryogenic - SC Subculture     

Regeneration and transformation of cassava

A prerequisite for the development of a successful transformation system is the availability of efficient regeneration systems. Up to 1995 the only available regeneration system in cassava was an organized type of somatic embryogenesis. Transformation of these organized somatic embryogenic cultures with particle bombardment or Agrobacterium tumefaciens resulted in chimeric transformed embryos. However, the transformed sector was lost after repeated cycles of secondary somatic embryogenesis. After 1995 a less organized system of somatic embryogenesis was developed, so called friable embryogenic callus (FEC) and a system of adventitious shoot regeneration. The FEC regeneration system was combined successfully with particle bombardment. Selection of transgenic plants was based on either luciferase activity, or resistance to the aminoglycoside paromomycin or the herbicide phosphinothricin. Furthermore, protoplasts of FEC are able to regenerate into plants and can be transformed by electroporation. The adventitious shoot regeneration system was combined successfully with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For this mature somatic embryos were cocultivated with Agrobacterium and cultured for adventitious shoot development. After selection based on the aminoglycoside geneticin or on hygromycin transgenic plants were formed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The HMW Glutenin Subunit and Gliadin Compositions of German-Grown Wheat Varieties and their Relationship with Bread-Making Quality

An in vitro system for the initiation of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of spring- and winter-type rye has been developed. The optimal developmental stage of immature embryos to be used as explants is the late stage of spherical coleoptile when the tissue turns milky in colour and the coleoptile is enlarged but spherical. The type and concentration of auxin in the induction medium is of importance for obtaining high efficiency of somatic embryogenesis. CC-medium high 30 μM Dicamba resulted in well developed somatic embryos in large umbers. Positive effects on the efficiency, intensity and speed of development of somatic embryos have been observed by the addition of coconut water to CC-medium, replacing agar by agarose and culturing the explants in low light intensity. Following a “step by step” optimization, culture conditions have been defined giving rise to a 90—100% efficiency of somatic embryogenesis and a high number of regenerated plants.     

甜樱桃体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的研究

以甜樱桃红灯为材料,幼果用0.1%HgCl2进行消毒,在无菌条件下取出未成熟胚子叶进行诱导,在胚成苗后进行继代和生根培养。培养结果表明,以MS为基本培养基,在2,4-D为2.0 mg/L时培养基上胚性愈伤组织诱导率较高,为53.7%;愈伤组织经过数次继代后转移至MS附加6-BA 1.0 mg/L和NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基上可诱导体细胞胚的形成,诱导率可达81.0%.体细胞胚在合适的培养基上可继续生长和增殖。     

Somatic embryogenesis from floral tissue of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The aim of this study was to examine the embryogenic potential of floral material of the cassava cultivar MCOL 1505. Macerated immature inflorescences were found to be highly embryogenic, with almost 78% of the explants producing somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were also produced from whole male florets and half florets although at much lower rates. No regeneration was obtained from anther, microspore or floret wall tissue. Somatic embryos derived from immature inflorescences were regenerated via organogenesis and the plants derived from this process were assessed in terms of phenotype and ploidy level. If haploid plants could be produced by this method, this would have significant implications in assisting traditional cassava breeding, as this would allow homozygosity to be reached more rapidly. In a crop such as cassava, which is highly heterozygous in nature, the use of haploids in a breeding programme could considerably shorten the time taken to produce new desirable cultivars. This is the first report on plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from floral tissue of cassava. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生研究

为了建立花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为花生分子育种提供技术支撑,以花生品种‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’为材料,采用预培养3天的种子胚小叶、下胚轴、子叶节为外植体,在添加外源激素的MS培养基中使体细胞脱分化形成体细胞胚,再分化成植株。结果表明,在所设定2,4-D浓度（3,5,10,15,20 mg/L）范围内,胚小叶最容易诱导形成体细胞胚,2,4-D的适宜浓度为10 mg/L,经过约30天培养,可产生大量体细胞胚,‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’的平均诱导率分别为55.37%和36.72%。平均每个外植体产胚量分别为5.68个和4.27个。将诱导形成的体细胞胚转接到6-BA浓度由5 mg/L逐渐降低到1.5 mg/L的MS培养基中,体细胞胚萌发再生成无根小苗,正常植株再生率‘桂花30’为32.6%,‘桂花771’为23.5%。将无根苗转接到生根培养基中可获得完整植株。花生是较难诱导体细胞胚形成的作物之一,筛选合适的基因型、外植体和激素浓度是获得较高体细胞胚发生率和植株再生率的关键技术。     

马尾松体细胞胚胎发生相关基因PmSERKl的克隆与表达分析

体细胞胚胎发生不仅是植物微繁、种质保存的有效手段，同时也是研究高等植物胚胎发育和遗传转化的模式系统之一。本研究从马尾松未成熟合子胚诱导的胚性细胞团中成功克隆了体胚发生受体激酶基因PmSERK1。该基因全长2303bp，包含完整的开放阅读框，编码626个氨基酸，其蛋白分子量约为69kD。序列分析发现PmSERK1与其它植物的SERK基因高度同源。系统进化树重建表明，PmSERK1与已知参与体胚发生的关键SERK基因聚为一类，如MtSERK1、CuSERK1、AtSERK，和DcSERK。表达分析显示：PmSERK1在主要的组织器官（根、茎、针叶等）略有表达；但在诱导培养的非胚性愈伤中没有检测到表达，而在经继代培养的胚性愈伤中表达很高且逐渐增加，且在培养20d时达到最高。另外，在再生的子叶胚中，PmSERK1的表达量也很高。综上所述表明，PmSERK1是与体胚发生相关的关键SERK基因的直系同源基因，可以作为愈伤组织胚性的标记基因。