用地高辛标记的核酸探针检测猪伪狂犬病毒野毒感染的研究

利用PCR技术从带有伪狂犬病毒（PRV）gE基因的重组质粒pMD18-T-gE中扩增回收约304bp大小的片段,并制备出地高辛标记的gE基因核酸探针。特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与重组质粒DNA发生特异性杂交,而与对照的PRVBartha-k61株疫苗毒DNA、猪细小病毒（PPV）DNA、猪圆环病毒（PCV）DNA、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRsV）cDNA、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）cDNA的杂交反应均为阴性;敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对PRV野毒的最低检出量为4pg。应用该探针对11份繁殖障碍病料进行了杂交检测,共检出4份阳性病料,该结果与PCR检测结果一致,表明该核酸探针可用于猪伪狂犬病野毒感染的临床诊断。     

用地高辛标记核酸探针检测鹅细小病毒的研究

从带有鹅细小病毒(GPV)NSI基因的重组质粒pMD18T-NS1用限制性内切酶EcoRI和BamH1双酶切回收1880bp大小片段,并制备出地高辛标记的GPV核酸探针。其标记效率达到0．01pg／μl。特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与GPV不同毒株核酸发生特异性杂交,而与对照的DPV、GPPV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性;敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对GPV的最低检出量为0．0224pg。该探针对不同方法处理的GPV感染病料进行检测,均出现杂交阳性。表明所研制的标记探针用于GPV的检测足可行的。     

鸭细小病毒地高辛标记探针的制备与应用

根据GenBank发表的1株鸭细小病毒全基因组序列设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR扩增得到大小为301bp的片段,回收纯化后用地高辛进行标记,制备鸭细小病毒地高辛标记探针。特异性试验表明,该探针仅与鸭细小病毒发生特异性杂交反应,与GPV、MDPV、DcuV、DEV、DHAV-I、H9N2亚型AIV、N-DRV、NDV、TMUV杂交反应均为阴性。敏感性试验表明,该探针对鸭细小病毒核酸的最低检测量为25pg。应用制备的探针对山东、江苏和安徽等地采集的61份患病鸭和30份健康鸭组织进行检测,阳性率分别为97%和0%,与病毒分离结果符合率为98%。上述结果显示,本研究制备的探针特异性强、敏感性高,为该病的诊断和流行病学调查提供可靠的方法。     

用地高辛标记核酸探针检测猪细小病毒的研究

根据猪细小病毒(PPV)基因组序列,设计引物克隆了PPV YK株保守序列NS1基因,将NS1基因纯化,利用地高辛标记制备了NS1基因PCR产物探针和克隆NS1探针,两种核酸探针的标记都达到了0.1 pg/μL。特异性试验结果表明,这两种探针都能与PPV DNA发生特异的阳性杂交,而与对照的PRV、PCV、PRRSV和HCV的核酸杂交呈阴性。敏感性试验结果表明,克隆NS1探针敏感度为0.5 pg/μL,NS1基因PCR产物探针敏感度为1 pg/μL。综上所述,这两种DIG标记探针特异性强,敏感性高,可用于PPV的检测。     

鹅细小病毒VP1-VP3非重叠序列地高辛探针的制备和应用

根据GPV H1株核苷酸序列，设计了扩增VP1-VP3基因非重叠序列的1对引物，对其结构蛋白VP1与VP3非重叠核苷酸序列进行PCR扩增，将PCR产物纯化、回收后制备出GPV VP1-VP3基因DIG标记核酸探针，其标记效率达到0．1pg／μl。特异性检测结果表明，该探针能与GPV不同毒株核酸发生特异性杂交，而与对照的DPV、GPMV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性；敏感性检测结果表明该探针对GPV的最低检出量为0．032ng。上述试验结果表明该探针可以用于GPV感染临床病料的检测。     

核酸探针检测犬瘟热病毒方法的建立和初步应用

根据犬瘟热病毒（CDV）基因序列的结构特点,在其编码核衣壳蛋白的高度保守基因区内,设计合成一对特异性引物.以RT-PCR技术从CDV基因中扩增出了一段长度为430 bp的核苷酸cDNA,并制备出地高辛标记的CDV核酸探针.特异性检测结果表明,该探针能与CDV标准株和地方分离株核酸发生特异性杂交,而与对照的NDV、MV等病毒的核酸杂交反应均为阴性.敏感性检测结果表明,该探针对CDV的检出量可达到0.1 pg.用所制备的核酸探针对某宠物诊所疑似犬瘟热病例进行临床诊断初步应用试验,表明该标记探针完全可用于CDV的临床检测.     

鹅副黏病毒核酸探针检测方法的建立与应用

根据GenBank中已发表的鹅副黏病毒F基因序列,设计合成1对引物,利用RT-PCR扩增出1条与目的片段大小一致,约856bp的基因片段,回收并纯化此PCR产物。用随机引物法合成cDNA,地高辛标记,建立了地高辛标记探针检测鹅副黏病毒的方法。该探针能与鹅副黏病毒核酸发生特异性杂交,最低检出限量为3ng/L;而与H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、鹅细小病毒、大肠杆菌等核酸杂交均为阴性。对疑似鹅副黏病毒感染病变组织检测结果表明,气管、肺脏、脾脏、肝脏均可检测出鹅副黏病毒,以气管的检出率为最高。该研究为鹅副黏病毒的诊断和流行病学调查提供了一种可靠的方法。     

鸡网状内皮细胞增生病的诊断试验

本试验将PCR扩增与核酸探针斑点分子杂交特异性诊断检测技术相结合,对部分疑似REV感染患病鸡群进行了外源性核酸特异性交叉检测诊断试验,提高了REV感染诊断的准确性。应用鸡REV地高辛核酸探针斑点分子杂交特异性诊断检测方法,对860余份血液DNA样本进行了REV感染特异性检测试验。结果表明,贵州地区鸡REV阳性感染率为:高产蛋鸡40.05%(164/390)、杂交肉鸡42.91%(106/247)、绿壳蛋鸡34.97%(57/163)、地方土鸡11.7%(7/60)。     

核酸探针检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒方法的建立及应用

以地高辛(DIG)标记鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)pol基因的保守片段制成核酸探针,与IBV参考株、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、禽流感病毒、正常鸡胚尿囊液及正常鸡肾组织等的RT-PCR产物进行斑点杂交,以检测探针的特异性,结果该探针仅与IBV毒株的RT-PCR产物杂交呈阳性,与对照病毒和组织的RT-PCR产物杂交呈阴性.敏感性试验显示,探针最低能检出约3.4pg的IBV RT-PCR产物.用该方法检测了38份疑似IBV临床病料,31份阳性;而用RT-PCR法扩增IBV S2基因确诊为阳性的只有29份.对人工接种IBV H52弱毒苗鸡咽喉和肛门拭子32份进行检测,检出15份阳性.结果表明,利用DIG探针检测IBV的RT-PCR产物,特异性和敏感性强,可重复,能克服RT-PCR非特异性反应和探针Northern杂交的不稳定性.     

1株B亚型禽偏肺病毒的分离与鉴定

从山东省多个地区的商品肉鸡养殖场采集64份疑似病料,通过RT—PCR方法检测出37份禽偏肺病毒阳性病料,以此作为病毒分离材料接种SPF鸡胚,盲传至第7代时鸡胚生长明显迟滞。取阳性尿囊液在CEF中培养,呈现禽偏肺病毒典型细胞病变（CPE）：细胞变圆、悬浮,有合胞体形成。将分离株接种于Veto细胞及DF-1细胞均出现类似病变。对分离株F基因进行测序,并与GenBank中发表的部分代表序列比较。结果显示,与B亚型禽偏肺病毒的核苷酸同源性最高,为97．4％～99．3％;与A亚型禽偏肺病毒核苷酸同源性较低,为77．4％～78．1％;而与C亚型禽偏肺病毒核苷酸同源性最低,为69．5％～69．7％。基因分型显示分离株为B亚型禽偏肺病毒,将该毒株命名为禽偏肺病毒SDWF株。     

禽偏肺病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

根据GenBank中已经发表的B亚型禽偏肺病毒（aMPV）F基因的保守序列设计并合成1对引物,利用RT—PCR可以扩增出1条725bp的片段,进行特异性试验和敏感性试验,建立了禽偏肺病毒病的RT—PCR检测方法。特异性试验表明,建立的RT—PCR检测方法能够从禽偏肺病毒疫苗毒株VIR115-B中扩增到725bp的特异性片段,而对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒的扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性试验表明,该方法最低检出量的cDNA质量浓度为1．45μg／L;对山东省492份病料进行检测,阳性检出率为43．09％（212／492）,随机挑取11份进行克隆测序及序列分析,结果显示所扩增到的阳性产物均为B亚型的禽偏肺病毒。建立的禽偏肺病毒的RT—PCR检测方法具有快速、准确、特异性强、敏感性高的特点。     

Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine expressing either the F or N gene of avian metapneumovirus

In this study we compared protection by DNA vaccination with the F (pCMV-F) or N (pCMV-N) gene from avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults received two intramuscular injections 2 wk apart. Birds were challenged with a turkey-embryo-adapted aMPV at 5 wk of age. Birds vaccinated with pCMV-F had decreased clinical signs of disease as well as significantly reduced virus load in tracheal swabs compared with birds vaccinated with pCMV-N or unvaccinated control birds. Serum neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher in birds receiving pCMV-F compared with all other groups. These results indicate that DNA vaccination with the F, but not N, gene of aMPV can induce significant protection against aMPV infection.     

安徽省部分地区鸡群禽偏肺病毒感染的血清学调查

为掌握禽偏肺病毒(aMPV)在安徽省鸡群中的感染状况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对安徽省合肥、亳州、定远、舒城等地区的9个鸡场、7个不同品种(系)鸡群的296份血液样本进行了aMPV血清抗体检测。结果表明,所有被检鸡场均有aMPV感染,鸡场阳性率最高达100%,最低为20%;各品种(系)鸡均有感染,感染率最高的是青脚麻肉鸡,其次分别为科宝肉鸡、海兰蛋鸡、禽粤黄蛋鸡、淮南麻黄鸡、黄羽土鸡和新广麻肉鸡;其中蛋用型鸡血清样本总体阳性率为88.7%,明显高于肉用和兼用型鸡;公鸡和母鸡血清抗体阳性率均较高。研究结果表明,安徽省鸡群aMPV的感染已广泛存在,且不同地区、品种(系)、用途和性别的鸡群均较严重,应根据感染状况尽早制定相应的防控对策。     

Drop of egg production in chickens by experimental infection with an avian metapneumovirus strain PLE8T1 derived from swollen head syndrome and the application to evaluate vaccine

Decreases in egg production and increased incidence of abnormal eggs due to malformation of egg shells were observed in specific pathogen free (SPF) 173-day-old laying hens inoculated intravenously with an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) strain PLE8T1. This strain was derived from an isolate from broiler birds exhibiting swollen head syndrome (SHS). Some SPF birds inoculated with the virus showed, slight diarrhea without any respiratory symptoms. Thus, the PLE8T1 strain was used as a challenge virus to evaluate efficacy of aMPV vaccines. SPF chickens which received a live attenuated aMPV vaccine (NEMOVAC; Merial) at 7 or 77 days old and an inactivated aMPV vaccine (OVO-4; Merial) at 105 days old were protected against poor egg production caused by the challenge with the PLE8T1 strain. Thus, aMPV, the PLE8T1 strain passaged 22 times after isolation, from birds exhibiting SHS, could induce a drop in egg production in laying hens accompanied by malformation of egg shells. It was suggested that this challenge system could be applied to evaluate the efficacy of aMPV vaccine.     

Emergence of a virulent type C avian metapneumovirus in turkeys in Minnesota

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the pathogenesis of a recent isolate of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in turkeys and to evaluate the quantitative distribution of the virus in various tissues during the course of infection. Seventy 2-week-old turkey poults were divided equally into two groups. One group was inoculated with aMPV (MN 19) with a titer of 10(5.5) TCID50 oculonasally. Birds in the second group were maintained as sham-inoculated controls. Birds showed severe clinical signs in the form of copious nasal discharge, swollen sinus, conjunctivitis, and depression from 4 days postinoculation (PI) to 12 days PI. Samples from nasal turbinates, trachea, conjunctiva, Harderian gland, infraorbital sinus, lungs, liver, and spleen were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 days PI. Histopathologic lesions such as a multifocal loss of cilia were prominent in nasal turbinate and were seen from 3 to 11 days PI. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of aMPV from 3 to 9 days PI in nasal turbinate and trachea. Viral RNA could be detected for 14 days PI from nasal turbinate and for 9 days from trachea. In situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of aMPV from 1 to 11 days PI in nasal turbinates and from 3 to 9 days PI in the trachea. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data showed the presence of a maximum amount of virus at 3 days PI in nasal turbinate and trachea. Clinically and histopathologically, the new isolate appears to be more virulent compared to the early isolates of aMPV in the United States.     

Efficacy of disinfectants and hand sanitizers against avian respiratory viruses

Disinfectants play a major role in the control of animal diseases by decontaminating the farm environment. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of nine commonly used disinfectants on a nonporous surface contaminated experimentally with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), avian influenza virus, or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Phenolic compounds and glutaraldehyde were found to be the most effective against all three viruses. Quaternary ammonium compounds were effective against aMPV but not against the other two viruses. In addition, efficacy of commercially available hand sanitizers was evaluated on human fingers contaminated with aMPV and NDV. All three hand sanitizers tested were found to be effective against both viruses within 1 min of application on fingers.     

Isolation and characterization of a subtype C avian metapneumovirus circulating in Muscovy ducks in China

Subtype C avian metapneumovirus (aMPV-C), is an important pathogen that can cause egg-drop and acute respiratory diseases in poultry. To date, aMPV-C infection has not been documented in Muscovy ducks in China. Here, we isolated and characterized an aMPV-C, designated S-01, which has caused severe respiratory disease and noticeable egg drop in Muscovy duck flocks in south China since 2010. Electron microscopy showed that the isolate was an enveloped virus exhibiting multiple morphologies with a diameter of 20–500 nm. The S-01 strain was able to produce a typical cytopathic effect (CPE) on Vero cells and cause death in 10- to 11-day-old Muscovy duck embryos. In vivo infection of layer Muscovy ducks with the isolate resulted in typical clinical signs and pathological lesions similar to those seen in the original infected cases. We report the first complete genomic sequence of aMPV-C from Muscovy ducks. A phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that the S-01 virus belongs to the aMPV-C family, sharing 92.3%-94.3% of nucleotide identity with that of aMPV-C, and was most closely related to the aMPV-C strains isolated from Muscovy ducks in France. The deduced eight main proteins (N, P, M, F, M2, SH, G and L) of the novel isolate shared higher identity with hMPV than with other aMPV (subtypes A, B and D). S-01 could bind a monoclonal antibody against the F protein of hMPV. Together, our results indicate that subtype-C aMPV has been circulating in Muscovy duck flocks in South China, and it is urgent for companies to develop new vaccines to control the spread of the virus in China.     

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that react to the nucleocapsid protein of avian metapneumovirus subtype C

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C (aMPV/ Minnesota/turkey/1a/97). Six MAbs were selected based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay activities and characterized by isotyping, neutralization test, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry assay. The results showed that three MAbs (3E, 9D, and 12C) belonged to the IgG1 subclass, whereas the other three (5D, 8E, and 16E) were of the IgG2a subclass. None of the six MAbs neutralized aMPV infectivity at a detectable level, but all reacted with both denatured and nondenatured forms of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of aMPV, suggesting that these MAbs may recognize structurally independent epitopes of the N protein. These MAbs provide new tools and methods for investigating aMPV infection and pathogenesis, as well as diagnosis of aMPV disease.     

B亚型禽偏肺病毒的分离鉴定及致病性研究

旨在确定我国部分养鸡场的鸡出现甩头、精神萎靡和肿头综合征是否由禽偏肺病毒（aMPV）引起,本研究从山东、福建、黑龙江等地的发病蛋鸡和肉鸡场采集鼻甲骨、气管和肺等样品,首先利用aMPV特异性的RT-PCR方法对临床样品进行初步检测,将RT-PCR检测阳性样品接种Vero细胞进行病毒分离,然后利用G/F基因序列分析及间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）等鉴定病毒的亚型,最后将分离株感染SPF鸡进行致病性分析。结果显示：在采集的220份样品中,RT-PCR检测结果显示,有3份鼻甲骨样品在228 bp左右出现特异性条带,将阳性病料接种Vero细胞盲传5代后,细胞出现变圆、聚集和融合等aMPV特征性细胞病变（CPE）,表明成功分离到3株aMPV,将其分别命名为SD2001、SD2002和HLJ2101。G和F基因同源性分析显示,来自蛋鸡的SD2001、SD2002和来自肉鸡的HLJ2101分离株的G和F基因与其他B亚型aMPV毒株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性均较高,核苷酸的相似性分别为93.4%～98.6%和95.6%～100.0%,氨基酸的相似性分别为88.7%～97.8%和97.6%～100.0%;而与A、C和D亚型的G和F基因同源性较低,核苷酸的相似性分别为27.1%～61.8%和66.8%～74.8%,氨基酸的相似性分别为16.1%～36.7%和72.5%～86.5%,这些结果表明,SD2001、SD2002和HLJ2101分离株属于B亚型aMPV。进一步利用B亚型aMPV特异性的阳性血清进行IFA检测,接种SD2001、SD2002和HLJ2101的Vero细胞均可以观察到特异性的绿色荧光信号,进一步证实3个分离株属于B亚型aMPV。选择SD2001感染3周龄SPF鸡进行了致病性研究,结果发现SPF鸡感染后3～6 d出现精神萎靡、甩头和流鼻涕等症状,鼻甲骨、气管和肺也出现病理性损伤,其发病率为90%（18/20）。3株B亚型aMPV的分离不仅有助于明确我国部分养鸡场出现肿头综合征的发病原因,同时也证实B亚型aMPV流行毒株对鸡有明显的致病性,这些结果为我国家禽疫病的诊断和有效防控提供了重要理论依据。