不同种植密度对新疆啤酒大麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为确定新疆啤酒大麦优质高产栽培的适宜种植密度,选用甘啤4号、垦啤7号、新啤4号、新啤8号作为试验材料,设置225万、300万、375万、450万、525万粒/hm~2共5个种植密度,研究其对4个啤酒大麦品种农艺性状和品质指标的影响。结果表明:随着种植密度的增加,4个品种的出苗期没有明显影响,抽穗期、成熟期均提前,生育期时间逐渐缩短;基本苗和最高总茎蘖数逐渐增加,有效穗数先增加后减少,分蘖成穗率逐渐下降;株高先升高后降低,穗长、主穗粒数、千粒质量逐渐降低,其中穗长受到的影响最大;产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,蛋白质含量却相反,呈先降低后升高的趋势。为了提高啤酒大麦产量,播种密度应该控制在375万～450万粒/hm~2为宜,其具体播种密度还要依据当地地力条件和种植品种而定。     

不同大麦品种生育特性及产量要素分析

试验研究了在江苏大丰地区进行比较种植试验的几个啤酒大麦新品种的生育特性及产量性状。结果表明:大麦品种间生育特性存在一定的差异,申川0989冬前苗比对照多23.6%,冬前分蘖性较强,苏啤5号的高峰苗比对照多72.6%,春季分蘖性较强;各品种产量要素间也存在较大的差异,扬农啤7号穗数较多,但穗粒数较少,苏啤3号和申川0989的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重三要素协调平衡,产量水平稳定。     

种植密度对不同小麦品种产量构成及抗倒伏性的影响

为了探索雨养农业区不同小麦品种对种植密度的响应特点,以黄淮南部大面积种植品种济麦22、安农0711和烟农19为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,设置4个密度处理(225×104株·hm-2、375×104株·hm-2、525×104株·hm-2和675×10 4株·hm-2),对其分蘖特性、产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、茎秆...     

氮肥对耐盐啤酒大麦产量、品质及光合功能的影响

为了提高沿海地区啤酒大麦的产量和品质,研究了施氮量、氮肥运筹对耐盐啤酒大麦泰兴9425籽粒产量、品质与光合功能的影响.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,啤酒大麦籽粒产量、干物质积累量、叶面积、SPAD值、光合速率、籽粒蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势,籽粒淀粉含量呈下降趋势;同一施氮量水平下不同氮肥运筹(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥)间的产量、干物质积累量、叶面积均表现为B2(7∶1∶2)＞B3(5∶3∶2)＞B1(9∶1∶0),SPAD值、光合速率、蛋白质含量表现为B3＞B2＞B1,淀粉含量高低表现为B1＞B2＞B3.在本试验条件下,耐盐啤酒大麦泰兴9425每盆施纯氮3.92g(折合180 kg·hm-2),基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥施氮比例为B2(7∶1∶2),可实现高产与优质协调发展.     

拔节期追施氮肥对宁麦16产量和品质的影响

为了研究拔节期追施氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响,以中筋小麦品种宁麦16为试验材料,通过在拔节期追施不同量的氮肥,研究追施氮肥对其籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明,拔节期追施氮肥对宁麦16有极显著的增产作用,追施氮肥处理的平均单产比对照增产29.4%,其中以施纯氮225 kg·hm-2理的增产效果最为显著,较对照增产2281.0 kg·hm-2,增幅达40.56%,但施氮量继续增加,籽粒产量则有所下降.拔节期追施氮肥对产量构成因素的影响主要表现在提高成穗数和穗粒数上,平均比对照分别提高14.0%和19.0%.拔节期追施氮肥能显著提高宁麦16籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和延伸性.综合产量和品质分析结果,在本试验条件下,拔节期追施225 kg·hm-2氮素可实现宁麦16高产与优质的协调.     

啤酒大麦优质高产栽培措施及收藏要领

啤酒大麦作为我国啤酒工业的重要原料,不仅要求有较好的外观色泽、较高的内在品质、较低的蛋白质含量、较高的千粒重,还需保持较高的发芽率。所以,熟练掌握啤酒大麦的优质高产栽培措施和其安全贮藏技术,是提高啤酒大麦生产效益和使用价值的关键所在。啤酒大麦的优质高产栽培必须以主攻穗数、稳定粒数、提高粒重为目标,确保每公顷成穗数达750万～825万、每穗20～22粒、千粒重40g以上,确保每公顷产量突破6000～6750kg;而其安全贮藏则必须做到适时收获、及时摊晒、科学堆放、科学防治病虫等四点。     

氮钾配施对扬农啤7号籽粒产量与麦芽品质的影响

为了解氮、钾肥施用量及配比对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响,以啤酒大麦品种扬农啤7号为材料,测定并分析了氮、钾肥配施对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,扬农啤7号的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状在氮肥施用量间的差异均显著(P0.05);随着氮肥施用量的增加,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和麦芽α-氨基氮含量、糖化力呈增加趋势,麦芽脆度、浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈降低趋势;在相同氮水平下,钾肥施用量对扬农啤7号籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状有一定影响,但无规律。除2017—2018年度的籽粒蛋白质含量与千粒重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关外,籽粒蛋白质含量与产量及其构成要素间均呈显著或极显著正相关;穗粒数、穗数及籽粒产量与麦芽α-氨基氮含量及糖化力呈极显著正相关,与麦芽浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈极显著负相关。氮肥水平太高导致扬农啤7号品质下降,兼顾高产与优质,扬农啤7号高产优质的氮、钾肥配施技术为:氮肥150 kg·hm~(-2),基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=4∶4∶2;钾肥150kg·hm~(-2),作基肥一次性施用。     

雨养和灌溉条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响

为给冀东地区小麦高产栽培提供技术参考,以高蛋白质品种京冬8号和低蛋白质品种宝麦38为材料,设置0、120、240和360kg·hm-2三个施氮水平,研究了在灌溉和雨养条件下氮素营养对冬小麦干物质积累和产量形成的调控效应。结果表明,适量施氮提高了小麦干物质积累量、结实小穗数和穗粒数,促进了叶片、茎和鞘的花前贮存干物质在花后向籽粒中的转移,但过量施氮则抑制灌溉条件下营养器官花前贮存干物质在花后向籽粒的转移。施氮量对千粒重的影响因基因型和土壤水分状况不同而差异。随施氮量的增加,在雨养和灌溉条件下京冬8号千粒重分别呈降低和增加趋势,宝麦38千粒重均呈下降趋势。适当施氮可促进分蘖和分蘖成穗。与雨养栽培相比,灌溉可促进小麦干物质积累,增加穗数和延长灌浆时间,提高籽粒产量。随着施氮量的增加,两品种的氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学效率均降低。宝麦38和京冬8号籽粒产量达到最高的施氮量在雨养条件下均为120kg·hm-2,在灌溉条件下分别为120和240kg·hm-2。从产量和氮肥利用效率综合来看,宝麦38的适宜施氮量为120kg·hm-2,京冬8号的适宜施氮量为120~240kg·hm-2。     

四川省近年育成小麦品种农艺性状和品质性状分析

为给四川小麦新品种培育和生产提供参考,统计了2008-2018年四川省审定的100个小麦品种的6个农艺性状和8个品质性状,并对其性状变化规律及相关性进行了分析。结果表明,2008-2018年四川省审定小麦品种的产量水平呈逐年上升趋势,平均每年提高22.0kg·hm^-2;产量三要素中,穗数和粒重呈下降趋势,穗粒数呈上升趋势。生育期平均每年缩短0.36d,株高呈上升趋势,但变化不明显。高产品种的穗数较多,千粒重较高,增加穗粒数可能是进一步提高产量潜力的关键。近年审定品种的粗蛋白含量和沉降值相对较高,但湿面筋含量、稳定时间等指标相对较低;同一品种多个品质指标间强、中、弱筋层次交错。总体来看,四川省小麦高产优质育种仍有较大提升空间,穗数接近350×10^4·hm^-2、穗粒数44粒、千粒重45g以上的多穗型品种可能更适合四川气候和生产条件;相同品种的多个品质指标间不协调,总体较差,品质遗传改良研究亟需加强。     

高产味优粳稻分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系

以高产优质粳稻品种南粳5718和中产优质粳稻品种常农粳10号为参试材料,比较研究不同基因型品种分蘖发生与成穗特性的蘖位差异,明确高产味优基因型品种的优势叶位。结果表明,高产味优基因型与中产味优基因型在水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性上存在明显差异。与中产味优基因型相比,高产味优基因型一次和二次分蘖发生率与成穗率高,单株与群体成穗数多,花后各蘖位光合特性好,促进了库容充实,最终产量较高,南粳5718产量较常农粳10号显著提高7.7%,较多的有效穗数是其产量优势形成的重要基础。与常农粳10号相比,南粳5718拔节期群体穗数较低,但抽穗期和成熟期则较高。南粳5718和常农粳10号分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位较为一致,一次分蘖中以4/0、5/0和6/0为主,二次分蘖则以1/4和1/5为主。南粳5718单株成穗数、一次和二次分蘖成穗个数显著高于常农粳10号。不同蘖位对单株成穗数和群体产量的贡献率均表现为一次分蘖>主茎>二次分蘖。南粳5718和常农粳10号产量差异主要体现在一次分蘖和二次分蘖上,南粳5718在花后30 d一次分蘖和二次分蘖剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量均显著高于常农粳10号。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.