甘草倾斜移栽开沟器的设计与试验

为解决机械化倾斜移栽甘草苗,设计甘草倾斜移栽机,融合甘草移栽的农艺要求,提出一种针对甘草秧苗倾斜移栽开沟器。建立了开沟器结构参数、工作参数与倾斜V型断面沟倾斜角度、沟底长度间的数学模型,通过改变开沟器切角、开沟器翼板间距、土壤休止角、开沟器速度、开沟器作业深度等因素对所设计的开沟器进行多因素正交设计。试验结果表明:所建数学模型可用于实现特定要求的倾斜V型断面沟的开沟器参数设计,理论和试验结果误差小于4%。在倾斜移栽角度30°农艺条件下,当滞后投苗系数小于1时,甘草秧苗的角度随滞后投苗系数的减小而减小,随开沟器速度的增大而减小;当滞后投苗系数大于等于1时,甘草秧苗的倾斜角度在28°~31°之间波动,开沟器具有稳定的工作性能。该研究可为甘草倾斜移栽机的设计提供参考。     

Increasing seed protein content enhances seedling emergence and vigor in wheat

Deep seeding of wheat, a common practice when soil moisture is deficient, causes poor seedling emergence and stand establishment. We investigated whether increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parental plants might increase emergence rate and vigor of winter wheat seedlings from deep‐planted seeds. Four seeding depths, three cultivars, and three seed protein contents were compared in different soil mixtures and fertility regimes. Under all treatments, emergence rate and dry weight of seedlings markedly decreased as seeding depth was increased. Increasing protein content of seeds sometimes, but not always, increased seedling emergence rate and commonly increased seedling dry weight regardless of soil mixture or fertility regime. Differences were greatest at 4.8‐ and 12‐cm seeding depths; seedlings failed to emerge from 16‐cm depth under any treatments. We concluded that increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parent plants is an economic and efficacious method of enhancing wheat establishment when seed must be deeply planted.     

小麦免耕播种机开沟器的设计

针对西南丘陵地区保护性耕作模式下小麦免耕播种机尖角型开沟器易缠草,堵塞,使用寿命短等问题,设计了圆弧刃口型开沟器。该文建立了圆弧刃口型开沟器的几何模型,采用离散元法对圆弧刃口型开沟器的工作阻力进行了分析。试验结果表明：平均开沟宽度为40 mm,开沟深度偏差为5 mm,玉米根茬的切断率超过86%,土壤扰动为18%～22%。圆弧刃口型开沟器提高了播种机的通过性,开沟破茬效果好,能够满足西南丘陵地区小麦免耕播种的开沟要求。     

Effect of tillage below the seed on emergence of wheat seedlings in a hardsetting soil

Two field experiments investigated the effect of tilled and untilled soil below the seed and the effect of a press wheel on the emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings on a hardsetting soil at Tatura, Victoria, Australia. Soil physical properties of the seedbed including penetrometer resistance, temperature and water content were recorded. The fate of seeds and seedlings and the length of roots were determined. In the experiments, germination was high (over 90%) and was not affected by the depth of tillage, the press wheel or by temporary waterlogging, but several physical conditions of the soil restricted emergence. In the first experiment, the rate and final emergence (at Day 10) was increased by tillage below the seed (e.g. at 46–90 mm depth) in spite of the penetrometer resistance of soil at 0–20 mm depth being 50% greater than that in the treatment untilled below the seed. The roots of the seedlings in the treatments untilled below the seed were temporarily waterlogged (at Days 0–1) and grew in soil that was drier (at Days 3–9) and harder than in treatments tilled below the seed. In the second experiment, the press wheel increased the rate of emergence by decreasing the sowing depth by 10 mm. Tillage below the seed increased the rate of emergence by decreasing the penetrometer resistance of the soil to less than 2.0 MPa.     

开沟深度定压电液仿形控制系统设计与试验

为克服机械被动仿形中弹簧形变量变化导致开沟深度不一致的问题,该文采用主动仿形方法设计开沟深度定压电液仿形控制系统,该系统基于PLC控制单元,以压力传感器检测的开沟器入土压力与设定值的偏差作为控制信号,控制电液比例减压阀输出压力,保证开沟器入土压力恒定,主要由机械系统、液压系统、控制系统组成。基于理想土壤条件下一定开沟深度对应的仿形压力输出要求,确定了系统液压回路结构、液压元件型号与参数以及控制元件类型与参数、硬件连接方式等,并开发了相应的软件程序。分别建立电液比例减压阀、液压缸、平行四杆机构等系统组成环节的传递函数,得到系统闭环传递函数,利用MATLAB对系统进行稳定性判别与单位阶跃响应分析。仿真结果表明,控制系统运行稳定,超调量为5.02%,响应时间为0.25 s,稳态误差为0.79%。搭建液压试验台,采用液压缸模拟地表起伏状况进行仿形系统试验,结果表明,在20~200 N的开沟力、10~80 mm 的开沟深度时,系统的平均响应时间为0.27~0.36 s,最大响应时间为0.4 s;平均稳态误差为1.4~1.8 N,最大稳态误差为2.7 N,标准偏差为0.78%~6.94%。试验值与仿真结果相比,平均响应时间高出4%~44%,最小标准偏差与稳态误差相差0.01%,验证了系统模型的可靠性与准确性。本文设计的控制系统降低了基于压力传感器的电液仿形控制系统的响应时间与稳态误差,可为电液仿形控制系统参数设定与理论分析提供借鉴。     

侧深施肥直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器设计与试验

采用侧深施肥技术,施肥铲作业后播种带两侧土壤高度不一致,易加剧播种机横向偏摆,进而导致播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性较差。为解决上述问题,该研究设计了一种直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器。该开沟器主要由切土斜刃、挡土定位板、偏置推土板等组成,作业时滑切土壤并将其推移至肥沟一侧拓宽种沟,避免种子落至肥沟后位置过深,提高播种质量。通过离散元仿真试验,以前进阻力、肥沟回土深度、种沟回土深度为试验指标进行二因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,得到斜刃滑切角为37°、偏置角为15°时开沟器作业性能最好。在最优参数下与双圆盘式、尖角式开沟器进行田间作业性能对比试验,相对于双圆盘式和尖角式开沟器,直斜偏置式开沟器播种深度变异系数分别降低41.12%、19.41%;播种横向变异系数分别降低39.00%、28.41%;前进阻力分别降低7.26%、28.20%;作业后肥沟与种沟回土深度分别提高9.47%、13.68%和33.33%、7.14%。试验结果表明,该开沟器可以减小前进阻力,增加肥沟与种沟回土,提高播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性,可为播种开沟器的设计提供参考。     

滑刀开沟-气力引射式液肥雾化侧深施肥装置设计与试验

为提高肥料利用率,降低肥料对水田的污染,该研究结合侧深施肥技术与液肥优点,研制一种水田滑刀开沟-气力引射式液肥雾化侧深施肥装置。该装置采用滑刀式开沟器开沟,利用气力引射式雾化施肥器雾化和引射液肥,将液肥侧深施于水稻根区附近土壤。设计了气液同轴气力引射式雾化施肥器内腔结构,以喉嘴距、混合室（喉部）直径、气体压力为因素进行全因子土槽试验,分析各因素对排肥量（液肥质量流率）和耗气量（气体流量）的影响。结果表明,影响液肥质量流率的主次因素顺序为混合室（喉部）直径、气体压力、喉嘴距;影响气体流量的主次因素顺序为气体压力、喉嘴距、混合室（喉部）直径。采用EDEM离散元仿真软件进行仿真优化,利用加权评分法综合评判仿真试验结果,结果表明,在不同工作速度下,滑切角为32.5°、刃口角为45°时,滑刀式开沟器可获得较优的工作性能。开展土槽试验验证仿真结果,滑刀式开沟器入土深度为30 mm、前进速度为1.2 m/s时,牵引阻力实测值为8.5 N,仿真结果为6.9 N,相对误差为18%,土壤扰动面积仿真结果为 1965.6 cm²;入土深度为50 mm、前进速度为0.6 m/s时,牵引阻力实测值为14.4 N,仿真结果为12.2 N,相对误差为15%,土壤扰动面积仿真结果为2137.2 cm²。土槽性能试验结果表明,该装置在入土深度为30 mm,前进速度为1.2 m/s时,排肥量标准差为0.2427 g/s,与最大排肥量的相对误差为1.42%,施肥深度与入土深度的相对误差为4.4%;在入土深度为50 mm,前进速度为0.6 m/s时,排肥量标准差为0.4796 g/s,与最大排肥量的相对误差为2.13%,施肥深度与入土深度的相对误差为2.1%。研究结果可为水田液肥侧深施技术的应用提供参考。     

滴灌与沟灌马铃薯覆膜效应研究

田间对照试验研究薄膜覆盖对滴灌土壤水分分布与消散过程及滴灌和沟灌马铃薯生长的影响结果表明 ,马铃薯生长前期覆膜能明显减少表层土壤蒸发 ,并使表层土壤维持较高的含水量。马铃薯生长中后期蒸腾作用占主导地位 ,覆膜对减少表层土壤蒸发作用较小。气温较高时覆膜对马铃薯生长产生明显抑制作用     

沙埋和种子处理对樟子松贮藏种子萌发出苗的影响

樟子松是我国北方荒漠化地区生态环境建设的重要树种,近年来樟子松人工林出现不同程度的衰退问题,自然更新障碍则是限制樟子松人工林发展演替的关键因子.为探究樟子松人工林自然更新的限制因子,通过不同沙埋深度及不同种子处理方法等室内发芽试验,对樟子松种子萌发出苗的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)在沙埋深度为0 ～3.00 cm范围内,无沙埋时樟子松种子萌发出苗能力最强,随着沙埋深度的增加,种子萌发出苗能力不断降低,沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗;2)4℃低温冷藏保存的种子比常温保存和-18℃低温冷冻保存的种子,在萌发出苗上更具优势;3)种子经25～30℃温水浸种24 h处理后,在出苗率和出苗时间等方面优于55 ～ 60℃热水浸种和不浸种处理,表现为樟子松种子较为适宜的处理方式.其研究可为解决樟子松人工林自然更新障碍问题提供参考和借鉴,并为樟子松人工育苗提供技术支撑.     

小麦播种机开沟器双向平行四杆仿形机构的设计及运动仿真

寒地冬小麦一般在秋季作物的垄沟两侧进行播种,为了保证冬小麦开沟器不到垄台上伤害正在生长的农作物,该文设计了双向仿形平行四杆机构。该文对仿形机构进行受力分析,确定了影响仿形性能的各参数;根据初始工作角和最大下仿形量,设计出仿形杆的长度为386.37 mm,最大上仿形量为98.35 mm;在左右达到最大仿形量时,确定左右仿形角为15°。最后应用CATIA软件进行运动仿真分析,通过运动仿真表明,仿形机构可实现上下、左右仿形,上下仿形量可达到170 mm,左右仿形量可达到100 mm,满足理论设计的双向仿形量。该机构为研制冬小麦免耕播种机提供了依据。     

小麦免耕播种机开沟器对作物生长的试验研究

为了研究具有不同开沟器的免耕播种机对动力消耗以及作物生长的影响,该文利用3种典型开沟器即短翼尖角、单圆盘和旋耕刀式在一年两熟区玉米收获地的壤土中进行了田间免耕播种试验研究,分别从土壤扰动量、返青期小麦根系状况以及单株干重和产量等方面进行了测定与分析。结果表明,3种开沟器对小麦产量影响不大,但对土壤扰动和耗油量以及返青期的小麦生长影响较大。旋耕刀开沟器土壤扰动较大,高达40%～60％,动力消耗多,返青期小麦的次生根数也最多;单圆盘开沟器播种后土壤扰动较小,仅为10%～15％,动力消耗较小,返青期小麦的次生根数和单株干重也最小;尖角开沟器土壤扰动、耗油量以及小麦根系情况居于其间。因此,可以看出不同的开沟器适应于不同的地区和需要,在保护性耕作实施过程中,可根据当地的气候环境等实际情况来设计或选用。     

Rotation and tillage effects on available soil water for winter wheat in a semi-arid environment

The recent adoption of conservation farming systems in the semi-arid Canadian prairies opens up the possibility of replacing the traditional fallow period with non-cereal crops (oilseeds, legumes). However, information on changes to soil water regimes by inclusion of these crops, especially in combination with zero tillage, is sparse. A study was initiated in 1984 on a sandy clay loam soil at Lethbridge, Alberta, to investigate the performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under conventional, minimum and zero tillage in monoculture and in 2-year rotations with fallow, canola (Brassica campestris L.) or lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.)/flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Conventional tillage in the Lethbridge region is shallow cultivation (10 cm) with a wide-blade (sweep) cultivator. Continuous cropping greatly depleted soil water reserves, resulting in some crop failures. Averaged over 10 years, available water for establishment of winter wheat in fall was least after canola (45 mm), followed by continuous winter wheat (59 mm), lentils/flax (74 mm) and fallow (137 mm). In this semi-arid region, the effect of rotation on soil water was much greater than that of tillage. Zero tillage had relatively little impact on available water to 1.5 m depth. However, once the experiment had been established for 6–7 years, available water in the 0–15 cm depth under winter wheat in spring was greatest under zero tillage. Precipitation storage efficiency during the fallow year was generally unaffected by tillage system.     

Grain legume effects on soil nitrogen mineralization potential and wheat productivity in a Mediterranean environment

The objective of this work was to provide evidence on the effects of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) on the dynamics of soil N availability and yield parameters of wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in a legume–wheat rotation in comparison with the effects of the more extensively studied common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Soil samples were taken from field plots just before wheat sowing and incubated in the laboratory to assess N mineralization potential, soil respiration and N immobilization after incorporation of legume residues. Soil after vetch cultivation showed the highest residual N and mineralization potential (120 mg N kg^?1 soil), the greatest CO₂ release and the smallest N immobilization. Smaller mineral N release (80 mg N kg^?1 soil) was shown by soil after faba bean cultivation, which, however, would be capable to support an average wheat production without fertilization. Soil after chickpea and wheat cultivation manifested no differences in residual N and mineralization or immobilization potential. Laboratory results were well correlated with grain yield and N uptake during the second season of rotation in the field. All legumes resulted in significant yield surpluses and provided N credit to the following unfertilized wheat.     

种层厚度对油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的影响

为研究种层厚度对油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的影响,该文运用EDEM(engineering discrete element method)软件和高速摄像技术,对不同种层调节板倾角和种层厚度的种群运动与供种性能进行了仿真与试验研究。EDEM仿真分析了种层厚度与转速对种群压力、种群与供种机构切向力和充种数量的影响;台架试验研究了种层厚度对充填角和供种性能的影响。结果表明:倾角为60°种层调节板的种群压力较大,充填角和充种性能均较优;种群压力和切向力随纵向距离增加而增加,随横向距离增加而降低;随转速增加,种群压力趋于稳定,切向力随之增加,单个型孔充种数量降低5%。转速为10~50 r/min时,初始充填角、充填角和供种速率均随纵向距离增加和横向距离降低而增加,但充种数量变异系数呈先降后升的趋势。种群压力、切向力、初始充填角、充填角与供种速率均呈极显著正相关,种群压力和切向力与初始充填角和充填角均呈极显著正相关,种层厚度和转速影响充填角分别源于种群压力和切向力。在纵向距离分别为15和20 mm,横向距离为46 mm条件下,油菜、小麦供种速率变异系数和破损率分别均低于1.0%和0.1%。田间试验表明该优化种层厚度条件下的集排器油菜种植密度满足农艺种植要求。该研究明确了种层厚度影响油麦兼用集排器供种装置充种性能的原因,为油麦兼用集排器供种装置种层厚度调节和结构改进提供了参考。     

Effect of salicylic acid and salt on wheat seed germination

Abstract

The effects of pretreatment with salicylic acid on wheat seed germination (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Roshan), lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase activity were studied under conditions of salt stress. Seeds treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid were used for measuring germination traits. Salt stress was induced by sodium chloride solution. Seeds were soaked in salicylic acid solution for 24 h, dried with sterile paper, transferred to sterile Petri dishes, and treated with 10 ml NaCl solution at different concentrations. After 1 week, the number of germinated seeds, root length, seedling length, and dry weight were recorded. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation were also assayed. Salinity decreased seed germination. Thus, a high concentration of NaCl (200 mM) decreased germination by 17.6% compared with control treatment. Salicylic acid significantly increased germination in stressed and control seeds. Salicylic acid increased the level of cell division of seedlings and roots, which increased plant growth. Salt stress significantly increased the activity of the antioxidative enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in wheat seedlings, and salicylic acid reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes as stress signal molecules. Our results indicated that scavenging of reactive oxygen species was effective, especially by salicylic acid, and that membrane damage was limited. The aim of the present work was to study the character of changes in enzymatic systems induced by NaCl and salicylic acid in wheat seedlings under conditions of salt stress. In brief, salicylic acid treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on embryo growth and accelerated a restoration of growth processes; thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of seed germination in arid and semi-arid regions.     

Emergence of irrigated cotton in flatland planting in relation to furrow opener type and crust-breaking treatments for Cambisols in central Iran

Emergence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under flatland mechanized planting system with crust-forming soil and saline soil and irrigation water can be suboptimal in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted to determine furrow opener type and crust-breaking method effects on cotton emergence on a silty clay soil (Calcic Cambisols). The effects of five planters (equipped with runner, single- and double-disk type openers) and five crust-breaking methods (using rolling cultivator, rolling-type crust breaker, spike-tooth, chain-type harrows and no crust-breaking) on the seedling emergence were studied. The results showed that planter type significantly affected cotton seedling emergence. In non-crust-breaking method, the best emergence was produced with the double-disk opener planter that created crack lines along the seed rows. This phenomenon was not observed with the runner-type opener planter. However, some crack lines were observed on the outside edges of its smooth-crown zero-pressure press wheels tires, which resulted in large clod formation after crust-breaking and had therefore negative effect on seedling emergence. Crust-breaking had negative effect on final emergence for double-disk planter due to filling the crack lines with loosened soil. Crust-breaking improved emergence percentages for runner opener planters, when the depth of penetration of the crust breaker teeth was shallow. The conclusion is that irrigated cotton emergence on crust-forming soils in a flatland planting system might significantly be improved by selecting a double-disk planter with zero-pressure press wheel tires without any crust-breaking operation under the soil and climate of central Iran.     

Comparison of vertical and lateral seed distribution of furrow openers using a new criterion

For a furrow opener of a seeder, the ability to place seed at a given sowing depth in the soil is an important factor in evaluating its performance. Furrow openers directly affect sowing depth and lateral seed scatter of seeds. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of furrow openers by characterizing the spatial distribution of seeds within the seedbed. A newly developed criterion, distribution area of seeds, characterized both sowing depth and lateral seed scatter (standard deviation from row centre) of seeds. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of furrow opener type (shoe, hoe, single disc and double disc) on sowing uniformity according to conventional and developed evaluation criteria.Distribution area of seeds was calculated by ellipse and integral criteria. Ellipse criterion gave detailed information about the effectiveness of lateral seed scatter and variation in sowing depth on seed distribution area. Sowing uniformity was affected by furrow openers according to both conventional and newly developed evaluation criteria.The newly developed seed distribution evaluation procedures will better describe seed distribution in a two-dimensional way in a vertical plane. Therefore, these procedures will help improve furrow openers for effective seed placement.     

Fusarium seedling blight of wheat and oats: effects of infection level and fungicide seed treatments on agronomic characters

The effects of seed-borne Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale infection in spring wheat, winter wheat, and oats in Sweden was investigated in field trials for the agronomic characters yield, thousand kernel weight, grain volume weight, gluten, protein, starch, straw strength, and plant density. Seed with high and low levels of infection was mixed to obtain six infection levels in the proportions of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100 percent. The seed was untreated or treated with Celest Extra Formula M (CEFM, difenoconazole + fludioxonil) or Celest Formula M (CFM, fludioxonil). In the field trials using untreated seed, there were significant differences between infection levels only for some agronomic characters and levels. Fungicide seed treatment with CEFM in spring wheat had no significant effect on most agronomic characters including yield. In winter wheat and oats, seed treatment with CFM increased yield by 7–11% and plant density by up to 33% while having no effect on other characters. The percentage discoloration of crown roots and stem bases due to Fusarium/Microdochium spp. was also investigated visually in winter wheat and oats and found to increase with higher infection level. Fungicide seed treatment thus mainly increased plant emergence in seed lots with low-to-moderate Fusarium/Microdochium spp. infection and had little or no effects on other agronomic characters.     

开沟器铲尖表面等离子熔覆Mo2FeB2涂层制备及其磨损性能

为了解决开沟器铲尖耕作过程中耐磨性差、易失效的问题,利用等离子熔覆技术在开沟器铲尖表面制备Mo₂FeB₂金属陶瓷涂层,并对其微观组织结构、物相组成、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行研究。通过正交试验得到熔覆层制备的最优工艺参数组合为：熔覆电流80 A,熔覆距离10 mm,熔覆速度20 cm/min,并以此来制备耐磨熔覆层。结果表明,熔覆层与基体呈现良好冶金结合,其组织主要由方形、蝶状、十字镖形、树形以及不规则长条状的硬质相、网状共晶组织和铁基粘结相组成,其主要物相组成为Mo₂FeB₂、M₃B₂(M: Mo, Fe, Cr)、(Cr, Fe)₇C₃、MoB、CrB、Fe₂B以及Fe-Cr固溶体。熔覆层的平均显微硬度为9618 MPa,为开沟器铲尖基体的2.79倍。相同工况下的磨损试验表明熔覆层的平均磨损量（19.20 mg）和平均摩擦系数（0.294）与基体相比分别降低了52.9%和42.4%;不同载荷下的磨损试验表明,随着载荷的增加,熔覆层与基体的摩擦系数呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但熔覆层的整体摩擦系数均低于基体,且其磨损形貌较基体轻微。土槽试验结果表明,熔覆层开沟器铲尖的平均磨损量（4.60 g）比常规开沟器铲尖（15.54 g）降低了70.4%;田间试验结果表明,在实际土壤环境中,开沟器铲尖熔覆层的平均磨损量（34.34 g）仅为常规开沟器铲尖（79.06 g）的43.4%,通过对比磨损形貌发现,熔覆层的存在可以有效抵御土壤磨损,使开沟器铲尖在经过长时间的磨损后能最大程度的保持原貌,从而使其表现出优异的耐磨性能。该研究结果可为提高农机触土部件的耐磨性提供理论参考和可行技术方案。