猴头菌锰过氧化物酶1基因在构巢曲霉的异源转化与表达

为提高猴头菌菌株CB1锰过氧化物酶(MnP)基因的表达产量,采用PEG/CaCl2介导的原生质体转化方法,将携带有He-mnp1的重组质粒pLB01/He-mnp1转入到构巢曲霉尿嘧啶尿苷营养缺陷菌株TN02A7的原生质体中,获得了转化子菌株TN02A7-He-mnp1,并在乙醇脱氢酶启动子alcA(p)控制下实现了异源表达。将TN02A7-He-mnp1、TN02A7、构巢曲霉野生型菌株WJA01、猴头菌菌株CB1在相同的木质素环境下进行培养并检测MnP酶活性,结果表明:转化子菌株TN02A7-He-mnp1在0.05 g.L-1血红素的情况下、诱导96 h后酶活性最高为38.31 U.L-1,比不添加血红素的酶活力高8.64倍,但比猴头菌菌株CB1的酶活力低,而TN02A7与WJA01始终无MnP酶活性,说明基因He-mnp1已经成功地被转化到TN02A7-He-mnp1中,并在木质素环境下得到表达,血红素是重组MnP基因异源表达的限制性因素之一。本文为生产MnP和提高MnP产量提供了新的途径。     

灰树花的系统发育分析和主要木质素降解酶的测定

对灰树花菌株迁西二号进行了ITS序列扩增与测序(GenBank登录号为GU584099),并对灰树花及相关白腐菌进行了基于ITS序列的系统发育分析,结果表明灰树花与Grifola sordulenta (Mont.) Singer等白腐菌的亲缘关系较近。采用LNAS(低氮天冬酰胺-琥珀酸)培养基添加4种不同底物,对菌株迁西二号在25 ℃恒温下静置培养,得到了不同时间内的培养液,用紫外可见分光光度计分别检测了在470 、420 、310 nm处对于2,6-二甲氧基苯酚 (2,6-DMP)、2,2’-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)、3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醇/藜芦醇(VA)的氧化作用后光密度值的变化情况,作为锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、漆酶(Laccase)和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)产生和活性大小的依据,从而获得了灰树花木质素降解酶系统的主要酶系及其与培养基的成分和酶作用底物的基本关系。结果表明,灰树花可产生MnP和漆酶,但不产生LiP;对比4种成分不同的培养液酶活力测定结果,未添加底物的培养液MnP最大酶活仅为2.96 U·L^-1,漆酶最大酶活仅为4.49 U·L^-1。添加底物木屑和2,6-DMP后MnP最大酶活为8.06 U·L^-1,漆酶最大酶活为9.85 U·L^-1,表明在培养液内添加酶的底物木屑后能轻微地提高两种酶的分泌量。     

偏肿栓菌产锰过氧化物酶条件优化

采用LNAS(低氮天冬酰胺-琥珀酸)培养基用4种不同的底物处理方式,对白腐菌偏肿栓菌在28℃下进行静止培养,得到不同时间内的培养液,用紫外可见分光光度计分别检测在470,420,310nm处对于2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)、2,2’-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)、藜芦醇(VA)的氧化作用后光密度值的变化情况,作为其木质素降解酶系统锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)产生的依据。结果表明:偏肿栓菌可产生MnP(必须在Mn2+存在的条件下)和漆酶(不依赖于Mn2+),但不产生LiP;在培养液内添加底物木屑和2,6-DMP后可显著提高2种酶的分泌量。在此基础上,用含Mn2+和青杨木屑的LNAS培养基对偏肿栓菌在30℃下静止培养作为初始培养条件,然后采用2次正交试验和多种单因素试验对偏肿栓菌产MnP的培养基组分和培养条件进行优化。结果表明:在试验设定的因素和水平范围内的最优组合是培养液果糖浓度为5g.L-1、酒石酸铵浓度为15mmol.L-1、锰离子浓度是200μmol.L-1、吐温-80浓度为0.25mL.L-1,MgSO4.7H2O浓度为0.35g.L-1、矿质...     

自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1的鉴定及其木质素降解特性

菌株自带介质可提高其漆酶降解木质素能力,因此自带介质高产漆酶菌株的筛选、鉴定对漆酶的商业应用将起到促进作用。从南京山林地区分离出两株血红密孔菌NFZH-1和NFZH-2,并以杂色云芝为对照,研究了两株血红密孔菌发酵产漆酶和木质素降解特性。首先通过形态学特性鉴定了NFZH-1为自带介质血红密孔菌。其次以愈创木酚为反应底物,平板接种菌株,培养5天,NFZH-1颜色圈较菌丝圈大,且颜色最深;经10天固态发酵,NFZH-1所产漆酶酶活高达23600 U/g,且未检测出木质素过氧化物酶( LiP)和锰过氧化物酶( MnP)。平板显色和固态发酵产酶结果表明自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1为漆酶高产菌株。麦草粉经菌株 NFZH-130天降解,木质素降解率、综纤维素降解率分别达56.7%和36.6%,表明血红密孔菌NFZH-1为选择性高木质素降解活性菌株。     

自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1的鉴定及其木质素降解特性（英文）

菌株自带介质可提高其漆酶降解木质素能力,因此自带介质高产漆酶菌株的筛选、鉴定对漆酶的商业应用将起到促进作用。从南京山林地区分离出两株血红密孔菌NFZH-1和NFZH-2,并以杂色云芝为对照,研究了两株血红密孔菌发酵产漆酶和木质素降解特性。首先通过形态学特性鉴定了NFZH-1为自带介质血红密孔菌。其次以愈创木酚为反应底物,平板接种菌株,培养5天,NFZH-1颜色圈较菌丝圈大,且颜色最深;经10天固态发酵,NFZH-1所产漆酶酶活高达23 600 U/g,且未检测出木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(MnP)。平板显色和固态发酵产酶结果表明自带介质血红密孔菌NFZH-1为漆酶高产菌株。麦草粉经菌株NFZH-1 30天降解,木质素降解率、综纤维素降解率分别达56.7%和36.6%,表明血红密孔菌NFZH-1为选择性高木质素降解活性菌株。     

几株半知菌对马尾松落叶的分解——木质纤维素酶的活性动力学

应用固体发酵方法,研究Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Tricherderma sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 6种土壤半知菌降解马尾松凋落叶片过程中产生的漆酶(Laccase)、木质素过氧化物酶 (LiP)、锰过氧化物酶 (MnP)、羧甲基纤维素酶 (CMCase) 和滤纸糖酶 (FPA)的动力学曲线,以及各种酶活性与底物降解的关系.结果表明:Pestalotiopsis sp. 能够产生相对较高的漆酶活性和引起底物的总有机物质(TOM)质量损失最大;Alternaria sp. 产生的MnP酶活性最高;Pestalotiopsis sp. 产生的CMCase和FPA酶活性也为最高.试验中6种菌前期的降解速率依赖于CMCase 和 FPA酶活性的高低,后期则由木质素酶和纤维素酶协同作用来决定.依据6种菌的酶生产动力学曲线、TOM 质量损失和降解速率,可将其划分为2种功能类型:功能群Ⅰ为纤维素分解菌,包括Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp.和Tricherderma sp. 4种;功能群Ⅱ为木质纤维素分解菌,包括 Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 2种.试验中也发现:Pestalotiopsis sp.产生漆酶的活性较高,同时是一株比较有效降解木质纤维素底物的菌种.     

产漆酶半知真菌Myrothecium verrucaria NF-08菌株的分离及产酶研究

[目的]采集凉水国家级自然保护区原始森林土壤样品,分离产漆酶真菌并优化产酶条件,旨在开发产漆酶半知真菌种质资源,提高漆酶产量,为微生物漆酶扩大生产提供菌种资源和条件参数.[方法]以木质素磺酸钠为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基为富集培养基,在愈创木酚-PDA选择性平板上分离产漆酶真菌.利用ABTS[2,2 ′-连氮一双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)]和SGZ [4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基一苯甲醛连氮,即丁香醛联氮]显色反应初筛和摇瓶发酵复筛.确定供试菌株后,利用形态观察结合rDNA-ITS序列分析技术,将菌株鉴定至种.以ABTS法测定供试菌发酵液漆酶活性,以Lowry法测定发酵液总蛋白含量.在考察供试菌株生长、产酶及胞外蛋白总量动态变化基础上,通过单因素试验,研究碳源种类及浓度、氮源种类及浓度、培养基起始pH、装液量、接种量及底物诱导对菌株产漆酶的影响,获得菌株产酶最适培养基组分和培养条件参数.[结果]获得1株发酵周期短、初始酶活高的产酶菌株NF-08.结合形态学特征与rDNA-ITS序列分析结果,鉴定菌株NF-08属于为半知菌亚门疣孢漆斑菌.该菌株在液体发酵培养基中产漆酶活性与菌丝生长和胞外蛋白总量基本同步,发酵第6天达到酶活峰值9.28 U·mL-1.疣孢漆斑菌NF-08产酶最佳碳、氮源分别为4.0％葡萄糖和3.5％蛋白胨,培养基初始pH7.0.最适装液量60 mL·(250 mL)-1,最适接种量4％,最适培养温度和摇床转速分别为30℃和140 r·min-1.没食子酸、阿魏酸和单宁酸显著诱导疣孢漆斑菌NF-08漆酶活性的产生,以没食子酸效果最好.经过培养基组分和培养条件优化以及底物诱导,疣孢漆斑菌NF-08产酶水平达到16.82 U·mL-1,比优化前提高了81.25％.[结论]建立环境样品中产漆酶真菌的分离、纯化及筛选方法,获得了一株发酵周期短、产漆酶活力高的半知真菌疣孢漆斑菌NF-08.该菌株经单因素试验产酶条件优化效果明显,酶活水平提高显著,可为微生物发酵产漆酶提供新的菌株资源,在微生物发酵漆酶工业生产中具有应用潜力.后续对疣孢漆斑菌NF-08漆酶产生、性质及基因表达调控的深入研究,将有助于了解漆酶在半知真菌生活史中的作用及生态学功能,同时拓展半知真菌漆酶的应用领域.     

Paraconiothyium variable GHJ-4木质素降解酶的酶学性质

【目的】研究木质素降解子囊菌Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4分泌的漆酶(laccase)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)3种木质素降解酶的酶活性变化规律及其酶学性质,为利用该菌株进行木质素降解酶的工业化生产和应用提供依据。【方法】分别以愈创木酚、2,6-二甲基苯酚和黎芦醇为底物测定laccase,MnP和LiP的酶活性,研究3种酶的最适反应温度和pH、温度和pH稳定性及金属离子对其活性的影响。【结果】GHJ-4菌株发酵18,15和21天后,分别获得laccase,MnP和LiP最高酶活为1 390.3,30.3和52.5 U·mL~(-1)。laccase的最适反应温度为55℃左右,最适反应pH为5.5左右,在55℃以下、pH 4.0~7.0的范围内较为稳定;MnP的最适反应温度为60℃左右,最适反应pH为5.0左右,在55℃以下、pH 4.0~9.0的范围内较为稳定;LiP的最适反应温度为40℃左右,最适反应pH为3.0左右,在40℃以下、pH 2.0~4.0的范围内较为稳定。Mg~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cu~(2+),K~+对laccase起促进作用,Na~+和Zn~(2+)对LiP起促进作用,Mn~(2+)对MnP起激活作用,而Fe~(3+),Ca~(2+),Pb~(2+),Co~(2+),Al~(3+)对3种酶均起抑制作用,其中尤以5 mmol·L~(-1)Fe~(3+)对3种酶的抑制作用最强。【结论】温度、pH及金属离子对Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4 3种木质素降解酶的酶学特性均有着不同程度的影响。     

园林废弃物木质素降解真菌的筛选、鉴别及其能力研究

[目的]为获得能够高效降解园林废弃物的真菌并研究其降解能力,从经过堆肥处理的园林废弃物中分离和筛选出1株木质素降解能力较强的真菌。[方法]经过形态分析、ITS分子序列分析,构建系统发育树,鉴定出该株木质素降解真菌种属,并利用该菌株进行固态发酵实验,研究其在固态发酵过程中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶的酶活力变化及其对不同园林废弃物中木质素的降解能力。[结果]从经过堆肥处理的园林废弃物中共挑选出真菌18株,筛选出1株高效的木质素降解真菌,编号为菌株No.11,经鉴定该菌株为构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans(Eidam) G.Winter)。以冬青卫矛叶、冬青卫矛枝、圆柏叶、圆柏枝、连翘枝叶为底物的模拟固态发酵的漆酶酶活力峰值分别为388.7、326.3、461.4、342.7、588.5 U·L~(-1),锰过氧化物酶酶活力峰值分别为138.3、121.1、104.6、128.6、73.3 U·L~(-1)。添加菌株No.11使冬青卫矛叶、冬青卫矛枝、圆柏叶、圆柏枝、连翘枝叶40 d后木质素降解率分别提高了20.40%、22.44%、29.90%、25.28%、15.77%。[结论]筛选出的构巢曲霉对北京地区常见园林废弃物冬青卫矛、圆柏和连翘枝叶中的木质素具有较好的降解能力,在降解园林废弃物方面可能更具有优势。     

松褐天牛幼虫肠道黏质沙雷氏菌培养条件与木质素降解功能

【目的】研究松褐天牛幼虫肠道内黏质沙雷氏菌木质素降解功能,为揭示松褐天牛与肠道细菌协作降解木质素的机制提供依据。【方法】以硫酸盐木质素液体培养基培养黏质沙雷氏菌,采用酶标仪微量测定法研究该菌对木质素的降解能力,考察其产木质素降解酶的种类及其变化,以及体外培养条件对该菌产优势降解酶———木质素过氧化物酶活性的影响。【结果】体外培养10天后黏质沙雷氏菌对硫酸盐木质素的累计降解率达94.12%,其中第4天的单日降解率最高,达15.16%。该菌在木质素培养基中可产木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶3种木质素降解酶,其中木质素过氧化物酶活性最高,然后依次是锰过氧化物酶和漆酶,前2种酶的日变化趋势与培养基中木质素的降解率相近。该菌产木质素过氧化物酶的最适培养基条件:p H5、硫酸木质素质量浓度3 g·L~(-1),有机氮源、酵母膏质量浓度5 g·L~(-1),Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、K~+离子质量浓度分别为0.20、0.40、0.15、0.04和0 g·L~(-1)。【结论】黏质沙雷氏菌具有较强的木质素降解能力,可通过产生木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶实现其对木质素的降解功能;培养基中木质素浓度、p H值、氮源种类及其浓度、金属离子及其浓度等对其产木质素过氧化物酶的活性均有显著影响。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.