福建省近海渔业管理目标的比较

应用Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y0．1模式，分别估算了福建省近海海洋捕捞业的最大持续产量，最大持续捕捞力量，最适产量，最适捕捞力量，最大经济产量，最大经济捕捞力量，最佳经济效益，并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较，建立了渔业管理3种模式，并根据福建省近海渔业实际情况和渔业发展趋势 ，提出实现3种管理目标的实施步骤。     

闽台近海渔业管理目标的研究

本文应用Ｓｃｈａｅｆｅｒ和Ｆｏｘ两种剩余产量模式,及其由此衍生的两种生物经济模式,分别估算了闽台近海最大持续产量,最适捕捞力量和最大经济产量,最适经济捕捞 力量,最佳经济效益等指标,建立了闽台渔烽管理模式,比较了以最大渔获量和以最佳经济效益为目标的各项经济指标,讨论了并确定了近期以最大持续产量为目标的渔业管理方案。     

蓝点鲅渔业的最佳经济效果

蓝点鲅（Scomberocmorus Niphonius Cuvier & Valennes）是我国渔业的重要捕捞对象之一。本文用生物经济模式（基于 Schaefer 模式和 Fox 模式）讨论了蓝点鲅渔业的经济效益、能源消耗和就业等问题。对其最大经济效益(U_max)、最适能源消耗(O_opt)和最适经济捕捞努力量(f_oop)等数值作了估算,列于表2。如果以最大经济效益为这个渔业的管理目标,将捕捞努力量控制在最适经济捕捞努力量水平(f_oop 约为 290O),就能获得最大经济效益(U_max=19.65百万元)。把这个结果与最大持续产量的结果相比,渔业的经济效益将增加15.5%,能源消耗减少26.8%,但产量将下降7.2%,约2000吨。如果以增加就业为这个渔业的管理目标,捕捞努力量可控制在5400左右、和最大经济效益的结果相比,捕捞力量可多安排76.8%,但是渔业经济效益下降35.2%,能源消耗将增加78.9%。     

闽东渔场渔业资源可持续产量和最适捕捞力量估算及近期捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整意见

本文根据1990—2000年水产统计资料和实地广泛收集闽东渔场定置网、拖网(含对拖、单拖)、流刺网和钓等四种作业的大量样本船，以各类样本船的平均功率计算闽东历年四种作业的总功率。应用数学模式估算出闽东渔场四种作业类型最大持续产量(May)和最适捕捞力量(fmay)，并提出闽东渔场近期捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整的意见。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力和最大持续产量

应用营养动态模式和Cushing模式估算台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源生产力分别为 3 0 6.0 9× 10 4t和3 0 3 .84× 10 4t;Gulland和最大持续产量Yms简单模式估算该海域的最大持续产量分别为 15 5 .0 6× 10 4t和 15 2 .4 9× 10 4t ;Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式估算其最大持续产量分别为 187.0 8× 10 4t和 15 7.89× 10 4t,扣除非可捕群体后 ,实际为 15 9.0 2× 10 4t和 13 4 .2 1× 10 4t;估算以 1996年福建动力拖网渔船单位kW渔捞效率为标准的最适捕捞力量分别为 168.0 4× 10 4kW和 199.4 4× 10 4kW。     

长江口凤鲚资源的变动及其最大持续产量的估算

本文根据凤鲚的主要生物学特性和渔业资源变动状况。应用Schaefer模式估算其最大持续产量(MSY)及相应捕捞努力量(f_(NST)),为渔业管理提供依据。     

汕头近海拖围作业捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整初探

本文根据1995—2007年水产统计资料和近期海洋捕捞作业结构，应用Schaefer和Fox数学模型得出汕头市拖、围可持续产量和最适捕捞力量，并提出汕头近海近期捕捞结构和捕捞力量调整意见。     

辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构调整的初步研究

根据辽宁省海洋渔业统计资料,分析了辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构,运用剩余产量模型估算了最大持续产量,运用ARIMA(pdq)时间序列模型与GM(11)模型分析预测了2004～2010年海水养殖产量、远洋渔业产量与各海区的捕捞产量。结果表明:辽宁省近海捕捞产量已经超过最大持续产量,如不采取有效措施仍将有一定程度的增长,在渤海与黄海的产量到2010年将比2003年增加23.40万t与23.79万t;远洋渔业与海水养殖业,其产量在2010年将比2003年增加8.59万t与242.40万t。文章对辽宁省海洋渔业产量结构调整进行了讨论。     

关于渔业产量问题的讨论

渔业中的产量问题，若干年来一直是争论的焦点之一。“传统的最大持续产量(MSY)”、“最大社会产量”、“最适持续产量(OSY)”等概念，纷至沓来，令人目不暇接。     

东海群带鱼的增殖曲线和资源管理措施

本文利用渔捞统计、年龄组成等生物学资料,探讨了东海群带鱼的增殖关系,得出东海群带鱼的增殖曲线为 R=1525Ae~(-0.0016A) 。最大补充量时所需的亲鱼量 A_M=600。并将从增殖曲线公式求得的增殖关系理论值,用亲鱼与补充量关系模式进行了模拟计算。求得了最初被捕年龄t_0=1～5时的资源持续产量和最大持续产量。计算结果表明: (1)t_c=1时,原始资源水准时的亲鱼量 A_V=4659,平均体重W=414.9克,捕捞对象资源量(尾数)N_V=9.9×10~3。虽然鱼体大,平均体重大,但由于资源增殖率低,资源量水准也低。 (2)最大持续产量时亲鱼量A=600,只有原始资源水准时的1/8,平均体重只有原始资源水准时的1/4。但由于补充量为最大,捕捞对象资源量(尾数)却增加了近35倍,资源量(重量)亦增加9倍。 (3)目前由于捕捞强度不断增大,产量超过了资源最大持续产量,1978年亲鱼量已下降到A=154,只有最大持续产量时的1/4,这是资源利用过度的危险水平。捕捞对象资源量和补充量都只有最大持续产量时的1/2多一点。 (4)要使资源恢复到最大持续产量水准,必须采取限制产量的措施。将产量控制在低于持续产量水平,使剩余的亲鱼量能逐步恢复到A=600水平。如果1979年将产量控制在1978年产量的80%水平,到1980年亲鱼量或可恢复到A=600水平。这样再过两年,产量     

Optimal economic fishing efforts in Korean common octopus Octopus minor trap fishery

The Korean Government is in the process of establishing a plan for managing fishing effort by setting up the maximum fishing gear usage per fishery type for the recovery of fishery resources. This will aid settlement of disputes between fishery sectors over fishing gears, and the stability of fishing business conditions. Especially in the setting up of the maximum fishing gear usage, economic standards as well as biological standards are being considered as significant factors to promote the sustainable and economically viable development of fisheries. This study is, thus, to analyze the optimal economic fishing gear usage (E_MEY) as the most economically efficient usage for the common octopus trap fishery, one of the most controversial sectors in establishing maximum fishing gear usage. Data from logbooks per trip were used for estimation of E_MEY per trip because it was considered there were limitations of data available for analyses. As a finding drawn from the analyses, the E_MEY of common octopus trap vessels per trip has to be decreased by approximately 13%. That is, reducing the trip trap usage up to the level of E_MEY can lead to the reduction of trip fishing costs, thereby resulting in increased trip profits.     

论福建近海渔业和渔业资源的管理

本文根据近海渔业资源衰退的实际,有针对性地提出渔业和渔业资源管理具体措施和建议,主要是:(1)削减捕捞力量,优化捕捞作业结构;(2)实施TAC制度;(3)渔获量配额管理和提高渔获物附加值;(4)伏季休渔和产卵场保护;(5)种群最小可捕标准和渔具最小尺寸;(6)重点保护生活史k选择的种群;(7)增殖放流明显衰退的经济种类;(8)杜绝毒、炸、电违规捕捞;(9)控制对沿岸海域的污染,保护渔业生态环境;(10)加强资源监测和预测,开展渔情预报;(11)完善渔业统计,建立渔捞记录制度;(12)强化渔业法和水产资源繁殖保护条例的宣传教育力度;(13)开展渔业资源普查工作等等。     

The relationship between fishing methods, fisheries management and the estimation of maximum sustainable yield

The allocation of effort among fishing gears is as important as controlling effort with respect to both sustainable yield and ecosystem management. Differences in age‐specific vulnerability to the fishing method can modify the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) that is obtainable from a fish stock. Different gears or methods are more or less selective for the species targeted, and MSY is rarely, if ever, attainable simultaneously for all species. The different fishing methods capture different types of nontarget species. Some methods will often be more profitable than others, and different user groups will prefer different methods. In many fisheries, it is unlikely that fishing can be limited to a single gear or method, so compromises among them will be required. Global MSY is discussed as a possible reference point for fisheries management. The yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) shows all the above characteristics and is used to illustrate effort allocation among fishing methods.     

秘鲁沿岸秘鲁鳀渔场及渔汛分析

秘鲁鳀(Engraulis ringens)是栖息于东南太平洋沿岸的小型中上层鱼类,了解秘鲁鳀渔场和渔汛的状况有助于渔情预报工作的开展进而实现资源的合理利用。利用2005~2014年秘鲁各港口的上岸量数据,以上岸量(landings)、总捕捞努力量(fishing effort)和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)为指标分析秘鲁鳀渔场分布及渔汛;结合二因素方差分析(two-factor analysis of variance)探究渔场月份和纬度上的显著性差异;利用分位数的方法,找出各年的旺汛时间。研究表明,每年的4~6月和11~12月为秘鲁鳀的主汛期;主要的捕捞区域分布在7°S~13°S;渔汛的前中期,上岸量和捕捞努力量有着明显的年间差异,而CPUE在渔汛后期年间差异明显。方差分析表明,不同月份和不同纬度对捕捞努力量[ln(effort+1)]有极显著的影响(P0.01);5月为一年中最主要的捕捞阶段。旺汛期分析表明,第一渔汛阶段的旺汛一般在5月出现,而第二渔汛阶段的旺汛一般在11月出现。研究结果有助于对秘鲁沿岸秘鲁鳀渔场及渔汛的认识。     

Effects of cryptic mortality and the hidden costs of using length limits in fishery management

Fishery collapses cause substantial economic and ecological harm, but common management actions often fail to prevent overfishing. Minimum length limits are perhaps the most common fishing regulation used in both commercial and recreational fisheries, but their conservation benefits can be influenced by discard mortality of fish caught and released below the legal length. We constructed a computer model to evaluate how discard mortality could influence the conservation utility of minimum length regulations. We evaluated policy performance across two disparate fish life‐history types: short‐lived high‐productivity (SLHP) and long‐lived low‐productivity (LLLP) species. For the life‐history types, fishing mortality rates and minimum length limits that we examined, length limits alone generally failed to achieve sustainability when discard mortality rate exceeded about 0.2 for SLHP species and 0.05 for LLLP species. At these levels of discard mortality, reductions in overall fishing mortality (e.g. lower fishing effort) were required to prevent recruitment overfishing if fishing mortality was high. Similarly, relatively low discard mortality rates (>0.05) rendered maximum yield unobtainable and caused a substantial shift in the shape of the yield response surfaces. An analysis of fishery efficiency showed that length limits caused the simulated fisheries to be much less efficient, potentially exposing the target species and ecosystem to increased negative effects of the fishing process. Our findings suggest that for overexploited fisheries with moderate‐to‐high discard mortality rates, reductions in fishing mortality will be required to meet management goals. Resource managers should carefully consider impacts of cryptic mortality sources (e.g. discard mortality) on fishery sustainability, especially in recreational fisheries where release rates are high and effort is increasing in many areas of the world.     

福建海区单拖渔业现状浅析

本文根据1998-2003年福建海区拖网渔业资源监测以及1995-1997年间闽南台湾浅渔场单拖渔业资源调查、1998年和2000-2001年福建海区拖网定点调查的资料,论述和分析福建海区单拖渔业的现状。结果表明:目前整个单拖渔业虽然船数削减,实际却加大渔船功率,作业时间延长,促使年产量、单位产量不断提高,导致渔获组成发生很大变化,由低质小型鱼类、生命周期短的头足类、虾蟹类支撑,渔获鱼类质量较差,经济效益下降;另一方面头足类、虾蟹类资源量年间波动性较大,易受捕捞过渡影响,很难长时间承担目前捕捞压力。为此,文中提出加强严格实行"双控制度"及控制网目规格等管理建议和意见,为有关渔业管理和生产部门提供参考依据。     

Status of the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) in the reservoir fishery of Sri Lanka: a management strategy and ecological implications

Abstract. The inland fishery in Sri Lanka (6–10°N; 79–82°E) is essentially a fishery confined to man-made lakes and is dominated by the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). Catch statistics of 20 such major reservoirs indicate that the yield of this species ranges from 64·0 to 918 kg per ha and accounts for between 56 and 99% of the total yield in individual reservoirs. The yield of S. mossambicus is closely related to the fishing pressure exerted. Catch/effort data from the individual reservoir fisheries when analysed collectively simulate changes in a single large fishery. In the fishery the relationship of yield to effort is described by the equation: Y = 4·OX – 53·8X ( r = 0·92; P < 0·001), where Y = yield in kg per ha per annum and X = number of craft-days per ha per annum, indicating that the reservoirs in Sri Lanka remain underfished. However, very high increases in fishing pressure in two reservoirs, for which data are available over a 5-year period, indicate that the increases have resulted in a significant decline in the catch per unit effort. The reasons for the success of the S. mossambicus fishery in individual reservoirs, and also simulation of features of a single large fishery in reservoirs, with widely different hydrological and limnological regimes, are discussed in qualitative terms. It is hypothesized that the abundance is determined by factors other than food availability. Fresh management strategies to optimize the fishery from the point of view of optimal fishing pressure permissible from the present analysis are suggested.