应用稳定同位素技术研究崂山湾夏季鱼类群落的摄食生态

崂山湾是黄海沿岸众多海湾之一,也是当前增殖放流的重要水域,研究该区域鱼类群落结构及其食物网结构,有着非常重要的生态意义和实用价值。本研究根据2014年6月和8月在崂山湾海域进行的底拖网调查,分析该海域夏季鱼类群落的优势种组成,并通过测定稳定同位素对其摄食生态进行研究。结果表明,崂山湾夏季鱼类群落的优势鱼种共有10种,包括六丝矛尾鳅虎鱼、中华栉孔鳅虎鱼、红狼牙鳅虎鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼、白姑鱼、小黄鱼、绿鳍鱼、短吻红舌鳎、斑鲨和赤鼻棱鳀;夏季崂山湾不同月份鱼类群落的优势种组成差异较大。各优势鱼种间δ13C值存在显著差异,结合胃含物分析结果表明6月鱼类群落食物的主要来源均为底层饵料,而8月鱼类群落的食物来源则更广泛。崂山湾夏季2个月鱼类群落的优势鱼种间的δ15N值均存在显著差异,最大分别相差4.61‰和3.70‰。崂山湾6月鱼类群落的优势种包括了中营养级鱼类和高营养级鱼类,鱼类群落的平均营养级为3.90,主要是底栖动物食性鱼类;而8月鱼类群落的优势种包括了低营养级鱼类和中营养级鱼类,鱼类群落的平均营养级为3.37,包括浮游动物食性和底栖动物食性2种食性类型,以底栖动物食性鱼类为主。线性回归分析表明崂山湾夏季10种优势鱼种除皮氏叫姑鱼、斑鲨、短吻红舌鳎和绿鳍鱼的营养级与体长无线性相关外,其余优势鱼种的营养级均与体长呈显著的正相关。这主要由于它们随着体长的增加,摄食高营养级的饵料增加,低营养级的饵料减少,自身的营养级也随之升高。     

漳河山西段鱼类和大型底栖动物群落结构特征

2017年对漳河山西段鱼类、大型底栖动物进行调查,分析物种组成、多样性及空间差异特征。结果显示：(1)共采集到鱼类24种,优势种为棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky, 1855)、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel, 1846)、拉氏大吻鱥Rhynchocypris lagowskii (Dybowski, 1869)、高体鳑鲏Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner, 1867)、中华鳑鲏Rhodeus sinensis Günther, 1868、子陵吻鰕虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus Rutter, 1879;大型底栖动物44种,年平均密度为256个/m_²,优势种为中华锯齿米虾Neocaridina denticulate sinensis Kemp、蜉蝣科稚虫Ephemeridae、扁蜉科稚虫Heptageniidae、椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei H.Adams。(2)各采样河段鱼类Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数平均值分别为1.53、1.68,夏季多样性好于春、秋季;大型底栖动物两个多样性指数平均值分别为1.14、1.47,春季多样性好于夏、秋季。(3)聚类分析结果显示,鱼类组成分为清漳河、浊漳河两组,清漳河鱼类指示物种包括短须颌须鮈Gnathopogon imberbis (Sauvage et Dabry, 1874)、拉氏大吻鱥Rhynchocypris lagowskii (Dybowski, 1869),浊漳河指示物种为鳑鲏属Rhodeus的鱼类;大型底栖动物组成同样分为清漳河、浊漳河两组,清漳河平均密度及物种数低于浊漳河,其昆虫纲蜻蜓目物种数多于浊漳河,而昆虫纲龙虱科、蝎蝽科、黾蝽科、鱼蛉科以及甲壳纲、腹足纲、双壳纲、寡毛纲、蛭纲的物种数少于浊漳河。底栖动物物种结构的差异受流域内营养物质输入以及水环境质量的影响较大。     

太子河流域鱼类组成及其与环境因子的关系

2012年9月对太子河流域39个采样点的鱼类群落结构和环境因子特征进行野外调查,并运用香农威纳指数、均匀度指数和典范对应分析等方法分析鱼类的群落结构。结果表明;共采集到7目35种鱼类,鲤形目为优势种类,各采样点鱼类个体数量平均值为164.97尾,香农维纳指数平均值为2.56,均匀度指数平均值为0.82,物种丰富度指数平均值为1.38。典范对应分析表明:影响鱼类群落的主要环境因子是总氮、河宽和溶解氧,太子河流域受到了一定程度的干扰。     

渭河干流中下游鱼类组成及多样性分析

为了解渭河治理后中下游鱼类资源状况,于2016年5月调查了渭河陕西段鱼类组成现状及群落结构特征,并对鱼类多样性进行了分析。全河段共采集鱼类样本23种,隶属于3目8科,其中以鲤科鱼类占主导,共有13种,占总种类数56.51%。151尾渔获物统计分析显示,该河段小型鱼类较多,小型化现象明显,优势种为白鲦、鲫以及麦穗鱼。鱼类组成和多样性分析表明,不同断面鱼类群落结构存在空间差异,入黄口的潼关断面物种丰富,多样性水平较高,群落结构稳定。与历史资料相比,渭河干流中下游鱼类物种数减少,群落结构发生较大变化,其中河道改造、偷捕和滥放生等是影响鱼类群落变化的主要因素。     

长江口青草沙水库正式供水前的鱼类群落结构特征

为研究上海青草沙水库的鱼类物种组成、多样性及其空间变化,2010年7--10月在该水库共捕获鱼类993尾,隶属5目,18种,其中淡水鲤形目鱼类最多,占总物种数的72.2％.群落优势种为贝氏(鳖)、刀鲚、鲫、光泽黄颡鱼.聚类分析表明,鱼类群落类型存在较显著的空间差异,刺网网目大小对渔获物物种组成有较显著的影响.物种多样性与丰富度和均匀度均显著正相关,但更多地受丰富度的影响.单因素方差分析表明,鱼类物种多样性在空间上无显著差异.4种摄食功能群中,无脊椎动物食性(44.4％)和杂食性(33.3％)鱼类物种数比例较高;4种生态类群中,定居性鱼类占绝对优势(77.8％).青草沙水库鱼类群落表现出淡水或长江口低盐淡水区鱼类区系的主要特征,与以近海鲈形目鱼类为优势的长江口邻近水域的鱼类群落差异巨大,推测水库建设导致的隔离与盐度下降是形成该水库鱼类群落趋于淡水区系的主要原因.     

秦岭甘峪河鱼类资源现状及保护评析

为了解甘峪河秦岭细鳞鲑国家级水产种质资源保护区(下称"保护区")鱼类资源现状,评析保护区成立5年来的保护效果;在保护区内海拔每升高100m设定1个样点,共计10个样点,采取电捕法分别于2011年5月和2016年8月在各样点进行采样调查。采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Pielou均匀度指数(J′)、Simpson指数(D′)分析鱼类多样性,采用Pinkas相对重要性指数(IRI)研究鱼类物种优势度。结果表明,保护区鱼类组成单一,仅2目3科3种鱼类。鲤科、鲑科和鳅科鱼类各1种,拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)为主要种,秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)为一般种,岷县高原鳅(Triplophysa minxianensis)为少见种。两次调查中,拉氏鱥分别占73.76%和71.73%,秦岭细鳞鲑分别占21.63%和26.18%,岷县高原鳅仅占4.61%和2.09%。较低的鱼类物种多样性指数反映出保护区鱼类群落结构简单、脆弱,极易受外界干扰。两次调查共捕获161尾秦岭细鳞鲑,均重(16.6±17.1)g,最大个体重仅81.5g。2016年采集标本的最大个体重和均重均小于2011年。保护区成立5年后,重点保护鱼类秦岭细鳞鲑占比增加,鱼类多样性指数有所升高,反映出保护区对该鱼种的保护效果显著。保护区内秦岭细鳞鲑个体呈明显小型化,岷县高原鳅的资源量有下降趋势。     

陕西周至国家级自然保护区鱼类资源初步调查

2016年7月下旬对陕西周至国家级保护区鱼类资源进行调查研究.结果显示:该地区鱼类有1纲(硬骨鱼纲Osteichthyes)2目(鲤形目Cypriniformes、鲑形目Salmoniformes)3科(鲤科Cyprinidae、鳅科Cobitidae、鲑科Salmonidae)5属(鱥属Phoxinus、荷马条鳅属Homatula、高原鳅属Triplophysa、突吻鱼属Varicorhinus、细鳞鲑属Brachymystax)5种,其中优势种为拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii),中间种和稀有种数量较少.总体而言,陕西周至国家级自然保护区鱼类组成较为简单,群落结构脆弱,丰富性程度不高.     

基于河流网络体尺度的皖河河源溪流鱼类群落的空间格局

2013年7-8月对大别山皖河河源1～3级溪流的鱼类进行了调查,着重从河流网络体空间尺度研究了鱼类多样性及群落结构的空间格局,探讨了局域栖息地条件和支流空间位置对鱼类群落的影响.1～3级溪流间,鱼类物种数随溪流级别增大显著增多,但个体数无显著变化(P＞0.05);长河、潜水和皖水3条支流间鱼类物种数和个体数均无显著差异(P＞0.05).鱼类物种数受局域栖息地条件(海拔)和支流空间位置(河流级别和下游量级)的联合影响,但鱼类个体数仅受局域栖息地条件(海拔)的影响.不同溪流级别和不同支流间的群落结构均无显著差异(P＞0.05).同物种数类似,鱼类群落结构也受局域过程(海拔)和空间过程(汇合量级和下游量级)的联合影响.本研究表明,总体上皖河河源溪流网络体中的鱼类群落是局域过程和空间过程联合作用的产物.因此,为合理保护和管理皖河河源的溪流鱼类物种,有必要兼顾局域栖息地条件与河流网络连通性的保护和恢复.     

新疆哈密石城子河流域鱼类群落结构与区系划分

为研究石城子河流域鱼类群落结构特征及区系组成,于2016年5—6月开展了鱼类资源调查。结果显示,石城子河流域有鱼类10种,隶属于2目3科,渔获物优势种为麦穗鱼、鲫鱼以及斯氏高原鳅。鱼类群落结构以杂食性、中下层鱼类为主。斯氏高原鳅、长身高原鳅以及短尾高原鳅为该流域土著鱼类。同历史文献资料相比,鱼类区系已经发生变化。综合分析认为,石城子河流域鱼类区系应划入中亚高山区陇西(山麓)亚区;石城子河流域与河西走廊内陆水系在历史上具有紧密的水力联系;水利工程建设导致的水文条件改变加之人工移植是内陆河流鱼类群落结构及区系组成改变的主要原因。     

东海北部鱼类群落多样性及其结构特征的变化

根据1991年1月和2004～2006年1月东海北部水域渔业资源底拖网调查资料,从物种和同功能种团两个层面分析了东海北部鱼类群落多样性及其结构组成特征的变化。同功能种团是生态系统中起着相似生态作用、并占据相近或相似生态位的若干物种集合体,本研究结合各鱼种的摄食习性和活动能力差异,将该水域内的鱼类划分为8个同功能种团,分别为浮游动物食性种团、浮游／底栖动物食性种团、底栖动物食性种团、底栖／游泳动物食性种团、杂食性种团、活动能力强的游泳动物食性种团、软骨鱼类种团、活动能力弱的游泳动物食性种团。结果显示,冬季东海北部鱼类群落的物种多样性和同功能种团多样性呈显著线性正相关。经过十余年后,尽管该群落的物种多样性和同功能种团多样性均未发生显著变化,但各同功能种团内的物种数发生了明显变化,物种多样性与同功能种团多样性之间的关系曲线斜率由0．547增加到0．627,群落的生态冗余性有所降低。经相似性分析检验法（ANOSIM）分析,两时段群落间的物种和同功能种团结构组成均发生了显著变化,带鱼、龙头鱼、小黄鱼、黄鲫、灰鲳等物种和软骨鱼类种团、浮游／底栖动物食性种团的相对量的变化是造成其变化的主要因素。结论认为,东海北部鱼类群落结构已显现出向以浮游动物食性和活动能力强的游泳动物食性鱼种为主体的方向发展的变化趋势。[中国水产科学,2008,15（3）：453-459]     

Spatial and temporal patterns in fish communities along the Illinois River

Abstract –  Fish abundance data from a fish population study (1957–2000) on the Illinois River, IL, USA were used to assess community structure. There was considerable variability among reaches and years, but three distinct fish communities were identified encompassing both temporal and spatial aspects. Temporal community shifts in the upper half of the river created two distinct fish communities, one prior to 1983 and the other after 1983. This is believed to be in response to improved water quality, albeit the responses were delayed for several years after policy implementation. The third group (Lower River) was spatially separated from the two upper river groups. These differences may reflect a combination of water quality (e.g., pollution) and habitat issues (e.g., geomorphology), common to many regulated rivers. Fish community responses in larger rivers may have considerable temporal lags after implementation of management or restoration activities that warrant strong consideration during any planning process.     

太子河流域底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2012年9月对太子河流域39个采样点的底栖动物群落和水体环境因子特征进行野外调查,并运用香农威纳指数、均匀度指数和典范对应分析等方法分析底栖动物的群落结构。结果表明:在太子河流域共采集到底栖动物61种,以双翅目、蜉蝣目为主,各采样点底栖动物平均密度为0.64×10~3ind/m~2,平均生物量为20.03g/m~2,香农威纳指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为2.14和0.52。典范对应分析表明:影响太子河流域底栖动物群落的主要水体环境因子是总氮、流量和氨氮。综合分析得出:太子河流域受到了轻度污染。     

Multiple watershed alterations influence fish community structure in Great Plains prairie streams

Stream fish distributions are commonly linked to environmental disturbances affecting terrestrial landscapes. In Great Plains prairie streams, the independent and interactive effects of watershed impoundments and land cover changes remain poorly understood despite their prevalence and assumed contribution to declining stream fish diversity. We used structural equation models and fish community samples from third‐order streams in the Kansas River and Arkansas River basins of Kansas, USA to test the simultaneous effects of geographic location, terrestrial landscape alteration, watershed impoundments and local habitat on species richness for stream‐associated and impoundment‐associated habitat guilds. Watershed impoundment density increased from west to east in both basins, while per cent altered terrestrial landscape (urbanisation + row‐crop agriculture) averaged ~50% in the west, declined throughout the Flint Hills ecoregion and increased (Kansas River basin ~80%) or decreased (Arkansas River basin ~30%) to the east. Geographic location had the strongest effect on richness for both guilds across basins, supporting known zoogeography patterns. In addition to location, impoundment species richness was positively correlated with local habitat in both basins; whereas stream‐species richness was negatively correlated with landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations and watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin). These findings suggest that convergences in the relative proportions of impoundment and stream species (i.e., community structure) in the eastern extent of both basins are related to positive effects of increased habitat opportunities for impoundment species and negative effects caused by landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations plus watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin) for stream species.     

Spatial and temporal patterns in fish community structure and abundance in the largest U.S. river swamp,the Atchafalaya River floodplain,Louisiana

Long‐term monitoring is critical for documenting population and community trends and for management, especially in large river‐floodplain ecosystems that provide important services. Levees have reduced active floodplains in most large rivers, but connectivity in some reaches could promote community resilience. Using multivariate tools and regression, we examined spatial and temporal structure in fish community samples from two decades (>1000 samples, >100 sites) in one of the largest relatively intact river‐floodplain ecosystems in North America – the Atchafalaya River (ARB), Louisiana. Assemblages exhibited significant structure temporally and spatially, with most substantial effects of year and hydrologic subdivisions; however, season and water level also influenced community structure. Temporal trends in communities were limited to few areas, while declines in species richness were more widespread; however, rarefied richness trends suggested that declines were slight. Recent and long‐term declines in abundance of economically important species (e.g., Black Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Bigmouth Buffalo) and increases in others (e.g., Smallmouth Buffalo, Blue Catfish, Freshwater Drum) drove differences among time periods. Our results suggest that the hydrologic subdivisions of the ARB may be an appropriate scale at which to manage fish populations, hydrology and water quality. Although we could not account for several important factors affecting fish communities in the ARB (e.g., hurricanes, major floods), and were limited by sampling variability, our findings highlight the utility of long‐term datasets from large river‐floodplain ecosystems for identifying important scales for management, determining species contributions to community change and forming hypotheses about anthropogenic and environmental drivers of variation in fish communities.     

Impact of a dam in the neotropics: what can be learned from young‐of‐the‐year fish assemblages in tributaries of the River Sinnamary (French Guiana,South America)?

1. The aim of this paper is to assess the usefulness of surveying young fish assemblages in tributaries of the Sinnamary River (French Guiana, South America) as a means of assessing fish species diversity and monitoring environmental change in a neotropical river subjected to hydrodam operations. 2. This work confirms that the tributaries of the Sinnamary River are nurseries for more than half the fish species present in the river. 3. It shows that in natural conditions the young fish assemblages at the beginning of the dry season are overwhelmingly dominated by Characiformes, but that species of other orders are favoured in the impacted sections. 4. This study confirms that the evaluation of the reproductive success of the different fish species over large river stretches at the end of the rainy season appears to be an appropriate method for detecting the immediate effects of flow disturbances on fish communities. 5. The results suggest that it is more informative and less time‐consuming to consider the abundance of juveniles only, and to group them at the order level instead of calculating diversity indices. 6. The relative abundance of Characiformes juveniles at the end of the rainy season seems a cost‐efficient way of assessing the hydrological impact of the dam on the Sinnamary River, and this may be the case for other neotropical rivers where these methods may be generally applicable. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

赣江下游一级支流鱼类多样性比较分析

分析锦江、袁河鱼类群落结构与种类多样性的时空动态特征,以期为鱼类资源的管理与保护提供科学依据,并为深入研究赣江流域的鱼类多样性及梯级枢纽运行的生态调度奠定基础。2014年3月-2015年2月,按季节对锦江的高安、上高江段和袁河的宜春、新余江段渔获物进行调查,调查渔具以刺网(网目规格分别为200、120、80、40和20 mm)和电拖网为主。调查期间共采集鱼类3目11科47属67种,种类以鲤科为主,占68.66%。锦江3目7科36属51种,袁河3目10科32属36种;银鲴、鲫、银鮈、蛇鮈为锦江的优势种,银鮈、彩石鳑鲏、鲫、棒花鱼为袁河的优势种;鱼类群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均表现为锦江略高于袁河;丰度生物量比较曲线显示,锦江的鱼类群落结构处于中度干扰状态,而袁河的处于严重干扰状态。锦江和袁河的鱼类群落与种类多样性存在一定的差异。     

What controls fish functional diversity patterns in Colombian Andean streams?

Understanding the mechanisms that structure communities have been a major challenge in ecological theory. Functional trait-based approaches are increasingly used for studying the processes underlying community assembly. However, species-poor systems of Andean streams these processes are largely unknown. Tropical Andean streams are highly variable in space-time and characterised by the harsh or stable environment, resulting in a high taxonomic and ecological diversity. In this study, we tested the influence of environmental variables on the fish functional structure. We proposed that in ecosystems with harsh environments, environmental filtering will structure fish assemblages, and in ecosystems with a more stable environment, limiting similarity will prevail, increasing functional diversity. We analysed fish assemblages using functional diversity indices, fourth-corner RLQ analyses and multiple regression models. Environmental variables such as altitude, stream width, sub-Andean vegetation and pH influenced functional diversity. For instance, high values of functional redundancy were registered at high elevation streams, reflecting fish assemblages composed of highly dominant species with similar functional traits such as species of the genus Astroblepus. However, we found differences between Astroblepus species in the number and distance of gill rakers which might indicate resource partitioning and coexistence. On the other hand, our results show both stochastic dynamics and environmental filtering are structuring fish assemblages in low and high elevation Andean streams respectively.     

Environmental and spatial processes: what controls the functional structure of fish assemblages in tropical rivers and headwater streams?

In this study, we investigated functional structure patterns of tropical headwater and river fish assemblages. We hypothesised that environmental conditions are primarily structuring headwater streams leading to functionally clustered assemblages, whereas processes that favour functional overdispersion would guide river assemblages. For 27 headwater streams and 22 rivers, we used eight functional traits for calculating two functional indexes: mean pairwise distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI). We performed linear regressions between indexes and species richness, a multiple regression between NRI and eight environmental variables and a variation partitioning to disentangle the role of environment and space on NRI. Our findings indicate that fish assemblages of headwaters are structured by environmental conditions as most assemblages in this habitat displayed a tendency to clustering and MPD/NRI were not correlated with species diversity, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for river habitat. Four environmental variables (channel depth, water velocity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity) explain 56% of functional structure variation. These variables seem to function as selective filters in headwaters, whereas channel depth may be determinant for functional overdispersion of river fish assemblages. Components associated with space are also influencing the functional structure. Limitations of species dispersal through space (between both habitat types) appear as a possible cause to this. In this sense, both environmental conditions and processes linked with space are capable of influencing the functional structure of tropical headwater streams and river fish assemblages.     

Discontinuity in fish assemblages across an elevation gradient in a southern Appalachian watershed, USA

Abstract –  We examine patterns in fish species assemblages in the Toxaway and Horsepasture rivers, two high elevation streams in North Carolina, USA. This region is noted for extreme topographical relief, high cumulative annual rainfall and many rare and endemic plants and animals. The study area encompasses a portion of the Blue Ridge Escarpment and the associated Brevard Fault Zone. We hypothesise that major waterfalls and cascade complexes have acted to limit invasion and colonisation by fishes from downstream. This hypothesis is supported by longitudinal fish assemblage patterns in our study streams. Fish species richness in Toxaway River increased from 4 to 23 between Lake Toxaway and Lake Jocassee, a distance of 10 river km. We found similar discontinuities in neighbouring Horsepasture River and Bearwallow Creek. We found no instances of species replacement along this elevation gradient, and the trend in increased diversity downstream showed discontinuities coincident with sharp elevation breaks. With regard to theories posited to explain community formation in headwater stream fish communities (especially in those characterised by high topographical relief), we suggest coloniser 'access' may be more important than other factors including competitive interactions.