国外缓冲带护岸技术研究进展

河岸带是河流生态系统与陆地生态系统进行物质、能量、信息交换的一个重要过渡带,具有明显的边缘效应。通过对各国缓冲带护岸技术的引进和生态设计思想的借鉴学习,提出了适合我国的河岸带护岸的设计过程、方法及原则,并介绍了国外常见的护岸工程措施。     

Soil microbial community response to variation in vegetation and abiotic environment in a temperate old-growth forest

Changes of soil microbial community caused by the heterogeneity of abiotic and biotic environment were studied in the reserve Dobroč, Slovakia. Data on vegetation, microclimate, soil properties and microbial activity were collected on two linear transects crossing both the core of the reserve and the buffer zone.In contrast to expectations, the variation of most environmental variables was comparable or even higher in the buffer zone than in the old-growth forest. Beta diversity was much higher in the natural forest, which coincided with differentiation patterns of trees and understory plants.Mantel correlations between microbial community indicators and environmental variables showed that soil chemistry and vegetation diversity were the most important determinants of microbial activity. Redundance analysis of microbial data identified potassium content, plant richness and influence of fir as the drivers of functional group composition. Inconsistency of correlations of microbial community characteristics with environmental variables indicates that different processes associated with the demography and functions of microbiota are driven by different environmental factors. Amount and variety of substrates available for decomposition seems to influence microbial community more than microclimate.     

Micro-hotspot determination and buffer zone value for Odonata in a globally significant biosphere reserve

Reserves are frequently constrained in design and size by various financial, social or political factors. Maintenance of existing reserves must therefore rely on strategic management practices, and prioritization of conservation activities within them. Identification of global and regional hotspots have been effective for prioritizing conservation activities. Yet, identification of micro-hotspots, or overlapping areas of endemic and rare species that are under threat at the landscape scale, have largely been ignored. From a reserve management point of view, knowledge of critical micro-hotspots within a reserve, are focal points for directing cost effective, conservation initiatives, especially removal of invasive alien plants which are a major threat to biodiversity.Using diversity patterns of dragonfly assemblages, many endemic and threatened, within a biosphere reserve located in the core of a global biodiversity hotspot, we investigated the concept of micro-hotspots. As biosphere reserves contain zones with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact, we also investigated the value of buffer and transition zones for complementing the dragonfly fauna of the reserve core. We found a distinct micro-hotspot within the protected core zone which shows concordance for both endemism and species richness. We conclude that focused conservation actions to remove invasive alien plants within this micro-hotspot would help insure its continued integrity. Furthermore, while there is greater habitat degradation within the buffer and transition zones, they support many additional species, but not those necessarily endemic or threatened. The complementary value of buffer and transition zones therefore lies in increasing habitat heterogeneity and species richness of the whole reserve.     

白龟山水库库滨带土地利用的生态环境影响评价

湖(库)滨带是一种典型的水陆生态交错区,具有重要的生态、经济和社会价值,而土地利用对其生态环境具有重要影响。以平顶山市白龟山水库库滨带为例,从土地利用类型的角度,构建了土地利用生态环境影响的多层次综合评价指标体系,以遥感手段获取土地利用类型相关信息,采用专家打分法对评价指标进行量化分级,采用层次分析法确定各层次因子权重。评价结果表明,土地利用对白龟山水库库滨带生态环境产生了明显的负面影响,不同分区土地利用生态环境影响程度具有显著差别,影响大小次序为:分区1分区2分区3,分别属于较大退化影响、中度退化影响和轻微退化影响;影响较大的土地利用类型主要有城市建设用地、果园菜地、耕地、林草地以及工矿用地等。     

Conservation management for Orthoptera in the Dadia reserve, Greece

The diversity patterns, the ecological structure and the typical species of the orthopteran assemblage in the Dadia reserve are investigated. The reserve was designed to protect the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) and other raptors. A total of 39 orthopteran species were found, including Paranocarodes chopardi, a pamphagid species with very restricted distribution. All species can be represented in a network of six complementary habitats, including open oak woodlands, agricultural fields separated with hedges, humid grasslands, as well as serpentine grasslands. The buffer zone of the reserve is far more important for Orthoptera conservation than the core areas, which host most of the black vulture nests. Management focusing on raptors is in general compatible with conservation of Orthoptera. We suggest the maintenance of forest openings in the buffer zone, the maintenance of forest heterogeneity, the enhancement of periodical livestock grazing, and the use of nine indicator species and Paranocarodes chopardi in the reserve monitoring program.     

Designing marine reserves for interacting species: Insights from theory

The primary goals of marine reserves include protecting biodiversity and ecosystem structure. Therefore, a multispecies approach to designing and monitoring reserve networks is necessary. To gain insight into how the interactions between species in marine communities may affect reserve design, we synthesize marine reserve community models and community models with habitat destruction and fragmentation, and we develop new extensions of existing models. This synthesis highlights the potential for species interactions to alter reserve design criteria; in particular, accounting for species interactions often leads to an increase in reserve size necessary to protect populations. Accounting for species interactions also indicates the need to base reserve design and monitoring on a variety of species, especially long-distance dispersers, inferior colonizers, and specialists. Finally, the new model extensions highlight how, given dispersal, source populations outside reserves as well as increases in fished populations after reserve establishment may negatively affect reserve populations of competitors or prey. Therefore, multispecies harvest dynamics outside reserves and before reserve establishment are critical to determining the appropriate reserve size, spacing, and expectations after establishment. These models highlight the importance of species interactions to reserve design and provide guidelines for how this complexity can begin to be incorporated into conservation planning.     

Methods for reserve selection: Interior point search

Spatial reserve design concerns the planning of biological reserves for conservation. Typical reserve selection formulations operate on a large set of landscape elements, which could be grid cells or irregular sites, and selection algorithms aim to select the set of sites that achieves biodiversity target levels with minimum cost. This study presents a completely different optimization approach to reserve design. The reserve selection problem can be considerably simplified given the reasonable assumptions that: (i) maximum reserve cost is known; (ii) the approximate number of new reserves to be established is known; (iii) individual reserves need to be spatially contiguous. Further assuming the ability to construct a set of reserves in an efficient and close to optimal manner around designated reserve locations, the reserve selection problem can be turned into a search for a single interior point and area for each reserve. The utility of the proposed method is demonstrated for a data set of seven indicator species living in an conservation priority area in Southern Australia consisting of ca 73,000 selection units, with up to 10,000 cells chosen for inclusion in a reserve network. Requirements (ii) and (iii) above make interior point search computationally very efficient, allowing use with landscapes in the order of millions of elements. The method could also be used with non-linear species distribution models.     

Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats: Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

Although much research has been undertaken to design nature reserves, there are few practical methods to determine the interior structure of a reserve. A procedure for design of the core zone in reserves is proposed. As a case study, the core zone in Yancheng Biosphere Reserve, People's Republic of China, which was established to preserve the endangered red crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is designed. A statistical habitat model using geographic information system (GIS) is developed to predict crane presence or absence. Based on predicted suitable habitats, the minimum core zone is defined. More suitable habitats can be contained in the designated core zone, and this will be beneficial to the conservation and restoration for crane habitats.     

Uncertainty analysis favours selection of spatially aggregated reserve networks

It has been widely argued that habitat fragmentation is bad for (meta)population persistence and that a high level of fragmentation is a similarly undesirable characteristic for a reserve network. However, modelling the effects of fragmentation for many species is very difficult due to high data demands and uncertainty concerning its effect on particular species. Hence, several reserve selection methods employ qualitative heuristics such as boundary length penalties that aggregate reserve network structures. This aggregation usually comes at a cost because low quality habitats will be included for the sake of increased connectivity. Here a biologically justified method for designing aggregated reserve networks based on a technique called distribution smoothing is investigated. As with the boundary length penalty, its use incurs an apparent biological cost. However, taking a step further, potential negative effects of fragmentation on individual species are evaluated using a decision-theoretic uncertainty analysis approach. This analysis shows that the aggregated reserve network (based on smoothed distributions) is likely to be biologically more valuable than a more fragmented one (based on habitat model predictions). The method is illustrated with a reserve design case study in the Hunter Valley of south-eastern Australia. The uncertainty analysis method, based on information-gap decision theory, provides a systematic framework for making robust decisions under severe uncertainty, making it particularly well adapted to reserve design problems.     

镜泊湖风景名胜区旅游用地开发适宜性分区研究

针对镜泊湖风景名胜区旅游用地开发与保护的矛盾,利用调查资料和现有研究成果,从限制约束与优势引导两个方面建立旅游用地开发适宜性分区评价因子体系,在GIS技术支持下,将研究区划分为1 896个1km×1km网格评价单元,利用GIS缓冲区处理、网格分析、叠加、链接、数据统计等功能,将不同的评价因子切分到的各个网格单元中,采用层次分析法确定评价因子权重,然后分别计算出每个网格单元的开发适宜性指数,最后采用GIS聚类分析功能得到镜泊湖风景名胜区旅游用地开发适宜性分区图及各区面积。结果表明:镜泊湖风景名胜区旅游用地可以划分为优先开发区、适度开发区、限制开发区、适度保护区、优先保护区,分别占总面积的3.55%,25.59%,23.57%,37.83%,9.46%。不同分区的发展方向和管制要求为镜泊湖风景名胜区旅游用地合理有序开发和保护提供科学的依据。     

Sensitive determination of phenolic acids in extra-virgin olive oil by capillary zone electrophoresis

A sensitive, rapid, efficient, and reliable method for the separation and determination of phenolic acids by capillary zone electrophoresis has been carried out. A detailed method optimization was carried out to separate 14 different compounds by studying parameters such as pH, type and concentration of buffer, applied voltage, and injection time. The separation was performed within 16 min, using a 25 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.6) at 25 kV with 8 s of hydrodynamic injection. With this method and using a liquid-liquid extraction system, with recovery values around 95%, it has been possible to detect small quantities of phenolic acids in olive oil samples. This is apparently the first paper showing the quantification of this specific family of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil samples.     

滨岸缓冲带截留污染物机理和效果的研究进展

滨岸缓冲带是指与河流（包括湿地和湖泊）相邻的对污染物、沉积物和洪水具有一定缓冲功能的水陆生态系统交错带,是一种重要的控制面源污染和保护水体环境的方法。滨岸缓冲带的研究存在较多的方向和不同的立足点。为了更好地总结和梳理已有研究成果,该文通过大量的文献调研,构建了滨岸缓冲带的研究框架,从其作用机理、结构、功能与效果等方面对国内外的有关研究和实践进行了系统分析和总结,并提出了未来的研究展望。     

The importance of in situ site loss in nature reserve selection: Balancing notions of complementarity and robustness

Because the threat of habitat destruction can never be entirely eliminated, there is a legitimate concern that some reserve networks, especially highly complementary ones with minimal species overlap, may be predisposed to severe losses in species representation if one or more core reserve sites are destroyed. In order to address this problem in a systematic way, we propose the use of two different optimization models for designing complementary reserve networks that are also highly robust to possible site losses. Given limited budgets, the first maximizes expected species representation over all possible site loss patterns while the second maximizes a combination of representation given all sites and remaining representation following the worst-case loss of a restricted subset of reserve sites. By incorporating reserve loss in fundamentally different ways, these two models provide a range of options in terms of information requirements, assumptions about risk aversion, and structural complexity. We compare both of these methods to a more standard approach, which completely ignores the inherent risk posed by reserve site loss. Results confirm that significantly more robust solutions can be obtained for a marginal decrease in initial species representation within the reserve system.     

不同入流条件下草本缓冲带对污染物削减作用

草本缓冲带能够有效拦截坡面径流中泥沙、总氮、总磷等污染物,是农业面源污染防控的主要措施之一。通过人工配水模拟地表径流,研究不同径流量对草本缓冲带截污能力的影响。结果表明:草本缓冲带对污染物都有一定的削减作用,草本缓冲带对泥沙削减效果最好,对总磷削减效果最差,白三叶对污染物的削减能力总体较黑麦草强。径流量对草本缓冲带总氮、总磷削减率影响较大,对泥沙削减率影响较小;当流量从0.08 L/s增加至0.24 L/s时,草本缓冲带对总氮、总磷削减率减少至9%和6%,而泥沙削减率为34%。随着放水冲刷时间增加,出流总氮、总磷、泥沙浓度不断降低并逐渐达到稳定,流量增大至0.24 L/s时,总氮、总磷浓度范围为11.5~24.7,1.6~2.3 mg/L,泥沙浓度在不同流量下无明显差异。草本缓冲带对总氮、总磷去除作用受流量影响较大,在大流量时缓冲带对总氮、总磷基本无去除作用,但缓冲带对泥沙去除作用受流量影响较小。     

Air Pollution Modelling for a Proposed Limestone Quarry

Predictions of the air pollution impact of a proposed opencastlimestone quarry have been made using meteorological data, information on various quarrying activities and their associatedemission factors, baseline air quality and a validated modelconditions. Results have indicated that the haul routes and ore processing plant are the major sources of suspended particulatematter (SPM) emissions. The emission rates of other air pollutants are insignificant. It has been predicted that 24-hraverage SPM concentrations due to quarrying activities would be around 360 μg m^-3 in the work zone and less than 130 μg m^-3 beyond the site boundary. The total 24-hr average SPM concentration beyond the site boundary would be below 500 μg m^-3, which is the national air qualitystandard for SPM in an industrial area. Therefore, the impact of opencast extraction on the local air quality would be acceptable. However, implementation of a green belt comprisingof various tree species which will act as a dust attenuator of40 m width around the site boundary, along with efficient control measures at source, would effectively mitigate and minimize pollution impacts from the quarry. The effectivenessof the green belt around the quarry site has been assessed and a sensitivity analysis has been carried out for different parameters, namely, tree height, width of green belt, and distance of receptor from the source. The technique for designing a green belt around a quarry site has also been described.     

河北典型样带土地利用生态安全格局研究

"河北雄安新区规划纲要"全文发布,提到要坚持生态保护优先,打造以"太行山脉—渤海湾"与"京南生态绿楔-拒马河-白洋淀"生态廊道,形成连山通海、南北交融的区域生态安全格局。鉴于此,本文参照陆地样带选取原则和依据,布设河北省典型样带,并利用MCR(minimum cumulative resistance)模型,以样带的林地、草地和湿地作为生态源地,人工表面作为城镇扩张源地,从土地内在属性和外在属性两方面,选取高程、土地景观类型、土壤类型、生态敏感性和生态系统服务价值等5方面指标,研究该样带土地利用生态安全格局。研究结果表明:河北省典型样带划定成:生态核心区、生态缓冲区、生态过渡区、生态可占区和生态治理区5个生态安全区。生态源地和城镇扩张源地空间格局分布具有明显的界限,均呈集中连片分布,但生态连通性较弱。生态核心区面积最小,为1 082.42km2,该样带自然保护区核心地带均位于样带的西北部;生态缓冲区面积最大,为6 943.63km2,位于样带的西北部和东部沿海,是连接上、中、下游的媒介,应在保护的基础上合理利用。生态过渡区面积为3 189.25 km2,是今后作为城乡建设后备用地开发建设重点区域,应合理规划;生态可占区分布在生态过渡区和生态治理区的过度地带,是目前城镇建设和经济发展的主要区域,面积为5 835.34 km2;生态治理区面积为1 710.70 km2,主要是生态脆弱区,也是未来进行生态恢复、生态产业发展的重点地区;以上3区交错分布于中部和东南部。综上,生态核心区和生态缓冲区应大规模植树造林;生态过渡区应严格控制向生态用地扩张;生态可占区应根据城市人口、经济等需求进行因地制宜开发;生态治理区应实施退耕还淀恢复淀泊水面,严守土壤环境安全底线,优化生态安全屏障体系。     

不同条件下生态缓冲带对氟化物面源污染的阻控效果

生态缓冲带可有效截留阻控非点源污染物向水体中迁移.选取紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、高羊茅(Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev)、草木樨(Melilotus officinalis(Linn.))、早熟禾(Poa annua L.)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne ...     

植被缓冲带对乌梁素海区域农业面源污染的削减效果

通过在内蒙古乌拉特前旗乌梁素海九排干岸边构建湖滨植被缓冲带,研究不同盐生植物种类和配置对农业面源污染削减效果的影响。结果表明:无植物空白对照带对径流和渗流水中TN、TP和COD无明显削减规律,芦苇、碱蓬、柽柳和芦苇—碱蓬混播缓冲带随着缓冲带宽度的增加削减率呈先增加后减缓的趋势,渗流水中污染物质的削减效果优于径流水。其中,芦苇对径流和渗流水中TN、TP的削减效果最好,削减率分别为53.56%,79.17%和62.37%,83.25%;碱蓬对径流和渗流水中COD的削减效果最好,削减率分别为50.53%,67.34%。通过计算得到4种植被缓冲带的最佳宽度为19~29 m,其中,碱蓬缓冲带宽度为19 m。综合考虑,可以选择真盐生植物碱蓬作为乌梁素海盐渍化湖滨带植被重建的首选植物,并将植被缓冲带在该地区扩展研究,推广应用。     

植被缓冲带对农业面源污染物的削减效益研究进展

农业面源污染对环境安全的影响已超过城市生活污染和工业污染,成为水污染的最主要来源。植被缓冲带能够有效拦截农业面源污染物,减少污染物向水体的排放。通过搜集国内外学者对缓冲带的研究结果,对缓冲带削减农业面源污染物能力、缓冲带最佳宽度等方面的研究进行总结分析。结果表明:(1)5 m草本缓冲带对污染物的拦截作用最好,当缓冲带宽度超过5 m时,推荐使用灌草缓冲带,而乔灌草缓冲带需要超过30 m才能发挥作用;(2)当缓冲带宽度相同时,悬浮物和磷素相较于氮素更容易被拦截,悬浮物及磷素去除的缓冲带最佳宽度推荐为15 m(削减率70%以上),但去除氮素的最佳宽度推荐为30 m(削减率为80%);(3)植被缓冲带拦截污染物受缓冲带宽度、坡度及植被类型等因素影响,但缓冲带宽度与削减率之间的关系并不总是呈正比例,当缓冲带宽度增加到一定大小时,缓冲带对污染物的削减率将不再有明显改变;缓冲带坡度与削减率之间也并不总呈反比例,轻微的坡度能够促进径流下渗作用从而增加缓冲带的削减率。     

Major declines in the abundance of vultures and other scavenging raptors in and around the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

Vulture population declines have been noted in West and Southern Africa, but have not been assessed in East Africa. Roadside transects conducted in 1976 and 1988 were compared with surveys done from 2003–2005 in and around Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. Staggering declines in abundance were found for seven of eight scavenging raptors surveyed. No Egyptian vultures were seen during recent transects. We compared trends between the ungulate migration and non-migration season among three land use types (reserve, buffer, and grazed) and among the species surveyed to establish the causes of declines in scavenging raptors. Large declines during the ungulate migratory period suggest that most scavenging raptor species are declining well beyond the area of study. For all species, except Hooded vultures, substantial declines outside of the reserve indicate an important role of land use change in causing observed declines. In addition, significant declines of populations of Gyps species in the reserve itself, especially during the migration season, provide evidence that human activities occurring in other parts of the species’ range such as poisoning of carcasses may be causing their decline. Declines found in this study suggest that at a minimum African white-backed, Rüppell’s, and Hooded vultures should be relisted as Vulnerable. Management actions that limit land use change around the reserve combined with a countrywide ban on carbamate pesticides will be important for conserving keystone members of the scavenging guild. Future research should further examine possible causes of these declines and quantify the effect of reduced scavenging raptor abundance on scavenging efficiency.