Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lymphoma in a Horse Associated with Equine Herpesvirus-5

A 9-year-old mare presented with a 2-week history of partial anorexia, multiple swellings in the area of the throatlatch, and purulent nasal discharge. On initial presentation, the horse had submandibular and retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, mild ventral edema, and weight loss. Thoracic radiographs revealed a pulmonary interstitial pattern. Necropsy revealed enlarged lymph nodes throughout the body. The lung parenchyma contained multiple random, well-circumscribed nodules, which, on cut section, were pale, tan colored, and very firm with a distinct line of demarcation from the surrounding normal parenchyma. The subendocardium of the left ventricle, left atrium, and, multifocally, the right ventricle contained white, gritty areas of mineralization. There was marked subintimal mineralization of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Histopathology of the lymph nodes revealed effacement of the parenchyma by a neoplasm composed of large numbers of small mature lymphocytes, fewer large lymphocytes, and scattered moderate numbers of histiocytes. Immunohistochemistry tests for CD3, CD79a, and CD20, confirmed the lymphoma was T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma. The lungs contained marked interstitial fibrosis with alveolar histiocytosis. Polymerase chain reaction test results of lymph node and lungs were positive for equine herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5), a gammaherpesvirus. Gammaherpesvirus infection has been associated with lymphoma and pulmonary fibrosis in other species. This report describes the association between EHV-5 and both pulmonary fibrosis and lymphoma.     

马疱疹病毒1型LAMP检测方法的建立

本试验旨在建立一种检测马疱疹病毒1型（EHV-1）的快速、灵敏、特异的环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）,同时评价该方法的可靠性。根据马鼻肺炎糖蛋白B（gB）基因特异保守序列设计多对LAMP引物,利用LAMP Real Time Turbidimeter LA-320仪监测反应进程,进行引物筛选和反应条件的优化,建立能特异性扩增EHV-1 DNA的LAMP检测方法,并加入SYBR GreenⅠ通过肉眼判断结果。该方法在65 ℃恒温下作用50 min,使EHV-1 DNA获得了高效率的特异性扩增,与其他马易感病毒如马疱疹病毒4型（EHV-4）等无交叉反应;且具有极高的灵敏性,可检测到10^-4稀释的目标病毒,比普通PCR的灵敏度高10倍;反应结束后加入SYBR GreenⅠ肉眼观察的结果与LAMP Real Time Turbidimeter LA-320仪监测结果一致。通过将4份临床样品的LAMP检测结果与已得到验证的PCR结果进行比对,结果显示符合率为100%。本研究建立的LAMP检测方法具有快速、特异、灵敏、简单易操作且设备要求低等特点,具有实地检测EHV-1的前景。     

新疆部分地区马疱疹病毒1型感染的血清学调查

旨在了解新疆地区马疱疹病毒1型感染的流行现状和特点,本研究于2019-2020年从新疆乌鲁木齐、昌吉州、伊犁州、巴州16处规模化马场收集1 657份马血清样品,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行抗体检测,对不同地区、品种、性别及年龄马匹的马疱疹病毒1型抗体阳性率进行统计分析.结果显示,乌鲁木齐、伊犁州、昌吉州、巴州...     

Neutralizing and Complement-fixing Monoclonal Antibodies as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Infection

One complement-fixing (C-MAb) and three complement-dependent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N-MAbs) were raised against Hisar-90-7 equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) strain. The target antigen of the C-MAb (2A5) and two of the N-MAbs (1H6, 9C4) was identified as a 140 kDa polypeptide in Western blotting. The target antigen of N-MAb (9C6) could not be identified. Purified polypeptides of five EHV-1 strains isolated from different regions and at different times gave intense bands at 140 kDa when reacted with N-MAb (1H6) in Western blots. In sandwich ELISA, all four MAbs captured the viral antigen from clinical materials, giving a reliable and rapid diagnosis of EHV-1 infection in equines.     

猫疱疹病毒1型RPA-Cas12a-LFD检测方法的建立及初步应用

猫疱疹病毒1型(feline herpesvirus-1,FHV-1) 为水痘病毒属的双链DNA包膜病毒,是引起猫上呼吸道感染的主要病原之一。本研究以重组聚合酶扩增(RPA)、Cas12a反式酶切反应和侧流层析试纸条(LFD)显示技术为基础,旨在建立靶向FHV-1 TK基因的RPA-Cas12a-LFD快速可视化检测方法。根据FHV-1 TK基因的保守片段序列设计RPA引物和合成crRNA的引物,并通过反应体系验证、RPA-Cas12a-LFD检测灵敏度和特异性分析,以及临床样本的符合检测,评价FHV-1 RPA-Cas12a-LFD方法的有效性。结果显示,建立的FHV-1 RPA-Cas12a-LFD方法可以特异性地检出FHV-1(与其他猫相关病原无交叉反应),灵敏度极高(最低检测限为2.35×10^-1 copies·μL^-1),检测时间短,结果可视化。该方法对20份表现明显症状的患猫呼吸道样本的FHV-1检出率(35%,7/20)高于现有的TB Green qPCR方法(25%,5/20),对其中5份阳性样本的检测符合率为100%。综上表明,成功建立的FHV-1 RPA-Cas12a-LFD检测方法的特异性好和敏感性极高,不需要特殊的检测设备,可以作为FHV-1现场快速检测的有效工具。     

马流感病毒(A/Equine/Qinghai/1/94)神经氨酸酶基因的克隆与同源性分析

本试验根据已发表的马流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因序列，设计并合成一对特异性引物，经反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)成功扩增出了我国马流感病毒青海株(A／Equine／Qinghai／1／94)NA基因，将片段连接到PGEM—T-easy载体并转化DH5a，提取阳性菌落的质粒经EcRol酶切和PCR鉴定其大小均为1．4Kb左右，对其测序并构建NA基因进化树。经过比较分析发现，我国马流感病毒青海株与A／Equine／Alaska/1／91、A／Equim／Tennessee/5／86和A／Equine／Algiers/72等关系较近，核苷酸同源率为98．2％—97．4％；与我国马流感吉林株(A／Equine／Jilin／1／89)关系较远，核苷酸同源率仅为72．0％；而与H7N7亚型马流感病毒A／Equine／Prague／1／56核苷酸同源率仅为38．0％。     

含EGFP基因的马疱疹病毒1型新疆株gE基因缺失株的构建

为筛选马鼻肺炎（equine rhinopneumonitis,ER）基因缺失减毒活疫苗的候选毒株,本研究参考GenBank中EHV-1（登录号：KF644579.1）目的基因序列设计同源臂引物,以本地区流行株XJ2015株DNA为模板PCR扩增gE基因同源臂gEH1、gEH1,以EGFP表达盒（CMV+EGFP+polyA）为标记基因,酶切后依次连接至载体pUC-19,成功构建重组质粒pUC-gEH1H2-EGFP。将XJ2015基因组与质粒pUC-gEH1H2-EGFP共转染至RK-13细胞进行同源重组,以EGFP为标记进行gE基因缺失毒株的筛选及纯化,并测定重组毒株效价。结果显示：经5轮荧光噬斑纯化、PCR及测序鉴定,成功获取一株携带EGFP基因的重组毒株XJ2015-△gE-EGFP,且重组毒株效价（10^7.1TCID₅₀/0.1 mL）较原毒株（10^8.8TCID₅₀/0.1 mL）下降约10^1.7TCID₅₀/0.1 mL。采用同源重组技术成功构建了1株马疱疹病毒1型流行株gE基因缺失突变株,为未来筛选马鼻肺炎基因缺失弱毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

马疱疹病毒1型主要毒力基因分析及TK基因缺失载体的构建

为了解新疆马疱疹病毒1型（EHV-1）主要毒力基因遗传进化情况并构建TK基因缺失株,本研究以EHV-1 XJ2015株DNA为模板,对其主要毒力基因TK、gI和gE全长进行克隆、测序及生物信息学分析,并扩增TK基因左右重组臂TKL和TKR,构建质粒pUC-TKLR,将扩增后的增强绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP,含有CMV+polyA）插入pUC-TKLR质粒,构建TK基因缺失打靶质粒。TK、gI和gE基因同源性分析结果显示,XJ2015株与国外EHV-1分离株TK、gI和gE基因同源性均较高,分别为99.8%~100.0%、99.6%~100.0%和99.9%~100.0%;与EHV-3分离株同源性均最低,分别为72.9%、59.4%和62.1%;遗传进化分析显示,3个基因均与国外EHV-1同属于一个遗传进化分支,与EHV-9和EHV-4进化关系较近,但与EHV-3进化关系较远,表明XJ2015毒株与国外EHV-1毒株TK、gI、gE基因核苷酸上差异不明显,没有明显的地域性特征,功能基因保守且进化缓慢,同源基因功能相同或相近;经PCR扩增、酶切、测序及转染鉴定,本试验成功构建了用于TK基因缺失的打靶质粒pUC-TKLR-EGFP。通过对EHV-1主要毒力基因的分析及TK基因缺失打靶载体的构建,为新疆地区马鼻肺炎流行病学调查分析、TK基因缺失株的构建提供理论依据。     

Establishment of QuantStudioTM 3D Digital PCR Method for Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1

The purpose of this study was to establish a highly sensitive 3D digital PCR (3D-dPCR) method for the detection of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1),which could accurately and quantitatively detect the samples with low EHV-1 content and realize the early diagnosis and prevention of equine rhinopneumonia.According to the conserved region of EHV-1 glycoprotein B gene,we designed specific primers and probes,optimized the concentration and annealing temperature of primers in the 3D-dPCR reaction system,analyzed the sensitivity,specificity and repeatability of this method,and established the 3D-dPCR method of EHV-1.In this study,the best concentration of primer and probe of 3D-dPCR was 0.4 and 0.4 μmol/L respectively,the best annealing temperature was 60 ℃,R² of the absolute quantitative curve of the method was 0.998,the linear relationship was good,the sensitivity was about 10 times higher than that of Real-time PCR,and the minimum detection limit was 5.83 copies/μL.There was no cross reaction with EHV-4,Theileria equi and the nucleic acid of equine arteritis.The results showed that the positive rate of 3D-dPCR was 66.7%,which was higher than that of Real-time PCR for EHV-1 in OIE (64.2%).The results of 3D-dPCR were consistent with those of Real-time PCR,and the sensitivity of 3D-dPCR to the samples with low virus content was higher,which could effectively detect suspicious samples.The results showed that the established 3D-dPCR method was more sensitive,specific and reproducible for the detection of clinical samples with low copy number,and could be used for the accurate and quantitative detection of EHV-1.     

牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型gB、gE基因的克隆及其杆状病毒表达载体的构建

本试验用PCR方法扩增了牛疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(bovine herpesvirus-1,BHV-1)Bartha Nu/67株gB、gE基因片段,将其克隆到pGEM-T-easy载体。经转化、筛选、鉴定后将重组质粒经BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切后,与经相同方法处理的杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacHTb连接,得到了重组质粒pFBHgB、pFBHgE。经酶切和测序鉴定后,将其转化入含穿梭载体Bacmid的感受态细胞DH10Bac,经抗性、蓝白斑筛选和PCR鉴定,得到了含gB、gE基因的重组穿梭载体。     

Equine Herpesvirus-I Infection in Horses: Recent Updates on its Pathogenicity,Vaccination, and Preventive Management Strategies

Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most common and ubiquitous viral pathogens infecting equines, particularly horses worldwide. The EHV-1 is known to induce not only humoral but also cellular immune responses in horses. Respiratory distress, abortion in pregnant mares, neurological disorders, and neonatal foal deaths represent EHV-1 infection. Despite the limited success of inactivated, subunit, live, and DNA vaccines, over the past few decades, vaccination remains the prime preventive option to combat EHV-1 infection in horses. However, current vaccines lack the potentiality to protect the neurological form of infections in horses. There is desperate necessity to search effectual EHV-1 vaccines that may stimulate not only mucosal and systemic cellular immunity but also humoral immunity in the horses. This review highlights the state of knowledge regarding EHV-1 biology, EHV-1 pathogenesis, and disparate vaccines studied in the past to prevent EHV-1 infection. The review also underlines the best management strategies which certainly need to be adopted by veterinarians in order to avoid and prevent EHV-1 infection and outbreak in horses in the future.     

马属动物肠道微生物的研究进展

马属动物肠道中的微生物对其消化具有重要的作用,尤其是盲肠中的微生物,它的数量和种类影响机体对营养物质的消化利用,文中主要论述了马属动物肠道微生物在机体的定殖发展的过程以及各种微生物对机体的主要作用,并对粗饲料对肠道菌群的影响进行了综述。     

Phylogenetic and Molecular Characterization of the Equine Influenza Virus A (H3N8) Causing the 1997 and 2004 Outbreaks in Morocco

Reported here are the results of antigenic and genetic characterization of equine influenza strains causing local outbreaks reported in Morocco, respectively, in 1997 and 2004. The antigenic and genetic characterizations of the equine influenza virus H3N8 are reported here. The highest similarity between the HA1 nucleotide sequences of A/equine/Nador/1/1997 and those of A/equine/Rome/5/1991 and A/equine/Italy/1199/1992 demonstrate that A/equine/Nador/1/1997 belongs to the European lineage. On the other hand, A/equine/Essaouira/2/2004 and A/equine/Essaouira/3/2004 were classified in the predivergent lineage. The present work emphasizes the importance of a national influenza survey program, which requires a collaborative laboratory network to promote the collection and characterization (antigenic and genetic) of equine influenza viruses in real time.     

传染性支气管炎病毒中国和东南亚分离株的分子流行病学

对24个鸡传染性支气管炎病毒中国和东南亚分离株的S1基因5′端(含HVRⅠ和HVRⅡ)和N基因3′端进行了扩增和序列分析，通过与公开的其他毒株序列问的比较和分析，对分离毒株的分子流行病学进行了研究。结果表明，24个分离毒株分属于美洲、亚洲和欧洲3个基因群。其中一些毒株形成一相对独立的亚洲基因群，提示IBV在亚洲已存在相当长时间；另一些毒株则可能来源于欧洲和美洲或来源于不同毒株(包括疫苗株)基因间的重组。     

山羊IGFBP-1基因的克隆及其mRNA丰度在多种组织中的发育性变化

本研究旨在探讨胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1(Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1,IGFBP-1)基因在山羊出生后不同组织的发育性表达模式.在出生后0、15、30、60、90和120 d共屠宰36只南江黄羊羔羊(公、母羔羊各18只),取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、背最长肌、半膜肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌样品以抽提RNA,进行克隆及荧光定量PCR分析.山羊IGFBP-1基因的ORF(Open reading frame)长792 bp,共编码263个氨基酸,其核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性在反刍动物(牛、绵羊)之间远大于其它物种.羔羊肝脏IGFBP-1 mRNA表达量最高(P＜0.01);肺脏、脾脏、心脏表达水平中等;肌肉中最低且在4种肌肉间表达差异不显著(P＞0.05).出生后尤其是60 d内羔羊IGFBP-1mRNA丰度变化很大,且明显呈现持续下降(肝脏)、先升后降(心脏)以及下降-上升-下降(脾脏、肺脏和肌肉)3种模式的变化.结果提示,IGFBP-1基因CDS区在物种间保守性较强,肝脏是山羊合成IGFBP-1 mRNA的主要部位,IGFBP-1基因在出生后羔羊的早期生长中发挥着重要的作用且其mRNA发育性表达模式具有组织器官特异性.     

山东省部分养殖场点马属动物主要病毒疫病调查

为了解山东省马属动物主要病毒疫病流行现状,采集青岛市2个马场以及济南、聊城和德州等驴养殖密集地市4个驴场的血清和全血样品各694份,分别进行马传染性贫血、H3N8亚型马流感血清抗体检测和非洲马瘟病原检测。结果显示:马传染性贫血、非洲马瘟检测全部为阴性,H3N8亚型马流感群体阳性率和样品阳性率分别为100%(6/6)和81.38%(520/639)。结果表明:马传染性贫血和非洲马瘟在这些养殖场点已得到很好的预防,但鉴于国外严峻的疫情形势,需要继续加强监测,防止病原传入;H3N8亚型马流感流行较为普遍,感染率较高,需要重点加强防控。本调查为山东省马属动物疫病防控提供了数据参考。     

马循环免疫复合物检测法的建立及其应用

确定了检测马循环免疫复合物(CIC)的聚乙二醇(PEG)沉淀试验及固相C_(1q)-ELISA的最适条件.PEG沉淀试验/C_(1q)-ELISA对健康马(n=60)、传贫马(n=83)和注射传贫疫苗马(n=79)的检测结果(OD值,x±2S)分别为:O.066±0.042/0.288±0.206,0.124±0.067/0.712±0.344和0.081±0.053/0.425±0.217).经统计检验,这两种方法相关性显著,3类马血清的OD值相互差异非常显著.本实验结果提示,马传染性贫血的发病与循环免疫复合物有关.