池养草鱼种投喂配合饵料试验报告

在２．６亩池塘进行了草鱼种投喂自制的９１－Ⅲ号配合饵料试验，结果：亩净产鱼种１１５７．８ｋｇ，其中草鱼鱼种１００９．６ｋｇ，鲢鱼种１４８．２ｋｇ。草鱼种系数１．３６。     

山区池塘配合饲料养殖草鱼技术

近年来，随着配合饲料在山区池塘养殖草鱼中的推广普及，促进了池塘草鱼养殖效益的提高。但由于草鱼配合饲料营养成分不够完全和不平衡，草鱼长期投喂配合饲料，极易营养失调，不仅导致抗病力和抗应激能力下降，而且易患营养性疾病，若并发寄生虫病和细菌性疾病，则更难防治。笔者根据多年的推广实践，谈谈草鱼用配合饲料养殖的关键技术、应注意的问题和由此引发疾病的诊治。     

网箱养殖草鱼试验

试验总结了在网箱中用配合饵料养殖草鱼的技术,试验网箱5个,网箱规格6m×6m×3m ,网目3cm ,每箱投放16 .5～2 0cm的草鱼种30 0 0尾,经173d的饲养,共收草鱼17710kg ,获利2 .2 1万元,平均体重1.2 9kg ,成活率91.5 % ,投入产出比1:1.2。     

经济的配合饵料饲养草鱼和团头鲂的试验

草鱼和团头鲂是我国池塘养殖的主要品种，在传统养殖方法中，草鱼常作为主养对象，给以草类饲料，故成本低，饲养问题较易解决。但对于缺乏草类或草源不足的地区，养殖也有困难。团头鲂虽为优良品种，但仅作为养殖的搭配品种，因而限制了产量的提高。     

江苏草鱼养殖生产存在的问题和对策

草鱼是江苏池塘养殖的主要对象,用草鱼为主,草鱼、团头鲂为主或青、草鱼为主等多种养殖方式都能获得高产。它在高产鱼池中一般要占到总产量的25～30％。但是江苏省的草鱼养殖也存在不少问题,如不予以解决,不仅会影响草鱼生产的发展,也将阻碍池塘养鱼产量的进一步提高。     

池塘主养草鱼最佳饵料投喂模式的研究

近年来,随着水煮活鱼的兴起,大规格草鱼的需求量越来越大,价格也比较稳定。因此,主养草鱼模式在我市池塘养鱼中占有极为重要的地位,但90％的渔民都是靠投喂陆生野草及部分种植的青草投喂草鱼,虽然成本低,但劳动强度大,且草资源有限,严重制约了草鱼的养殖。因此,开发配合饵料喂草鱼势在必行。为了探讨草鱼的最佳饵料投喂模式,2008年,笔者利用三日池塘进行了投喂配合饵料与青饵料的对比试验。     

草鱼种对配合饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷化

研究了草鱼种对饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。试验结果以增重率和饵料转换率两项生物学指标为依据进行综合分析。结果表明，在本试验条件下草鱼对饵料中钙的需要量为0.473%～0.788%，磷的需要量为1.419%～1.577%，钙磷的总需要量在2.100%～2.700%范围内，适宜钙磷比则随着钙磷含量的高低同异而变化，即在钙磷含量较低而总量不同时为1:3,钙磷含量而总量相同时为1:2。当钙磷比中的磷小于2时，钙磷总量高则可减轻因钙磷不平衡对草鱼生长所产生的抑制作用，钙磷比不等于1:2(或1:3）时，钙磷总量过多或过少都不利于鱼的生长、且饵料转换率呈降低趋势。     

饵料营养全面养殖效益倍增

饵料营养全面养殖效益倍增盐城三江水产集团养殖一公司职工夏进承包５号池面积７４亩，进行鱼、虾、蟹混合提水养殖。从鱼、虾、蟹生物学特性的角度科学管理，投饵结构多元化，１９９４年取得了较好的养殖效益。一、苗种投放１９９４年元月按一定的比例投放斤两鱼种共５８...     

水库网箱养殖荥草鱼试验

近年来,随着水产养殖业的迅猛发展,草鱼“三病”和出血病来势凶猛,让广大养殖户大伤脑筋。荥草鱼是荥阳水产良种场在三十多年人工繁育四大家鱼的基础上,用草鱼做母本、团头鲂做父本,自主研发的一个新品种。荥草鱼头尾象草鱼,身体侧扁象武昌鱼,其具有草鱼的生长速度和武昌鱼的抗病能力,肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富,河南省水产科学研究院认为该品种具有前瞻性。2003～2006年,我们进行了鱼种、成鱼的池塘养殖对比试验,同时,2006年也进行了水库网箱养殖荥草鱼的试验,取得了显著成效,现将试验情况介绍如下。     

Spinal deformity in triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

From mid-2004 to mid-2005, several grass carp, Ctenophayngodon idella (Valenciennes), showing evidence of spinal deformity were presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Program, Cornell University. The carp were from three separate locations in New York State. The first case involved several fish from a natural body of water in the Catskill Mountain region of south-eastern New York State. The second was a single affected individual from a private pond in the Fingerlakes region of Central New York State. The third was a single individual from the Cold Springs Harbor Fish Hatchery, Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. All fish were at least 7 years of age. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the deformities to be of bony origin. The spinal deformities were characterized by variable amounts of kyphosis, scoliosis and rotation. While it is not possible to determine the specific cause(s) of the lesions, we consider a genetic component as a likely contributor to the observed pathology.     

Dietary magnesium requirements of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

To determine dietary magnesium (Mg) requirements of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, magnesium sulphate was added to the basal diet at 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400 mg Mg kg⁻¹ diet. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of juvenile grass carp (initial weight: 7.69 ± 0.13 g) in a closed, recirculating rearing system for 76 days. No mortality or nutritional deficiency signs were observed except the growth depression in fish fed the Mg‐deficient diet. Growth performance and activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme (LSZ) were highest (P <0.05) in fish fed the diet supplemented with 600 mg Mg kg⁻¹. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content was higher (P <0.05) in fish fed the diets supplemented with 0 and 150 mg Mg kg⁻¹ than that in fish fed the diets with ≥300 mg Mg kg⁻¹. Mg concentrations both in whole‐body and vertebrae increased with the increase in dietary Mg level up to 300 mg kg⁻¹, whereupon the response reached a plateau. Analysis by second‐order polynomial regression of weight gain, by broken‐line regression of vertebrae Mg concentration and by linear regression of whole‐body Mg retention of fish indicated that the adequate dietary Mg concentration for juvenile grass carp was 713.5, 627.7 and 469.8 mg kg⁻¹ diet, respectively.     

草鱼幼鱼肌醇营养需要量的研究

以酪蛋白、明胶和鱼粉为蛋白源,配制含肌醇水平分别为0、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg8、00 mg/kg、1 600 mg/kg的7组实验饲料。每组设3个重复,连续投喂体质量(4.78±0.18)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼9周,通过测定生长指标、部分血清生化指标和全鱼营养成分来评价饲料肌醇添加水平对草鱼幼鱼的影响。结果表明,饲料中肌醇添加水平≥200 mg/kg使草鱼幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率、血清中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量与对照组相比有显著提高(P<0.05),而血清甘油三酯(TG)含量比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg肌醇添加组草鱼幼鱼饲料系数(FCR)比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);饲料中添加肌醇对草鱼幼鱼存活率、血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和全鱼营养成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。对WGR、FCR、TC、TG和LDL-C进行折线回归分析得出饲料中肌醇添加水平为166～214 mg/kg对草鱼幼鱼的生长比较适宜。     

草鱼的养殖与疾病防治

<正>草鱼俗称鲩鱼,是我国四大家鱼之一,在我国大部分地区均有养殖。草鱼以青草和人工配合饵料为食,鱼种及饵料来源容易且价格便宜,养殖成本低,经济效益高。草鱼还具有生长快、产量高、     

Digestibility of low-cost ingredients in pelleted feed by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella C. et V.)

The digestion coefficients of nutrients in 37% protein MARDI feed as well as in napier and carpet grass meals were evaluated in grass carp. Cr₂O₃ was used as an internal marker for the evaluation of digestibility. In the MARDI feed, the fish meal and soya bean meal were digested most by the fish: the digestion coefficients for protein were 90.81% and 96.21%, respectively; for fat the values were 100% and 98.79%, respectively; and for gross energy the values were 83.37% and 82.71%, respectively. These results indicate that it may be feasible to replace fish meal partially with soya bean meal in the MARDI feed for grass carp. The digestion coefficients for dry matter and carbohydrate of maize were 64.76% and 87.85%, respectively, although protein, fat and gross energy in maize were poorly utilized by the fish. Copra cake and rice bran were poorly digested by the fish. These two ingredients should be deleted in feed formulations for this fish.The digestion coefficients of nutrients in napier and carpet grass meals were much higher than those of maize, copra cake and rice bran in the fish, which suggests that grass meals may possibly be used as ingredients in feed formulation for grass carp.     

草鱼线粒体细胞色素b基因的克隆与序列分析

用DNAExtractionKit提取草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidella)肝脏的总DNA,合成特异引物,进行PCR扩增。扩增产物经琼脂糖电泳检测、纯化后克隆到pGEM Teasyvectorsystem的T载体上,筛选转化子,提取质粒,酶切鉴定。重组质粒序列测定的结果显示克隆了草鱼线粒体细胞色素b(cytb)基因1140个碱基及两侧部分序列共1254bp。用DNA分析软件VectorNTI6.0比较草鱼与GenBank中18种鱼类cytb的序列,显示草鱼与它们的cytb基因具有较高的同源性;根据草鱼与这18种鱼的cytb基因序列同源性所建立的进化树,与传统的分类地位基本吻合。     

磁珠富集法分离草鱼微卫星分子标记

磁珠富集法是一种快速、高效的分离微卫星分子标记的方法。本研究通过该方法分离草鱼的微卫星分子标记。将草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idella）基因组DNA经Sau3AI酶切,同收纯化400～900bp片段,连上接头,构建“基因组PCR文库”。用生物素标记的简单重复序列（CA）15作探针与其杂交,杂交复合物结合到包被有链霉亲和素的磁珠上,经一系列的洗涤过程,去除磁珠表面不含有微卫星的片段。将吸附在磁珠上的片段洗脱,PCR扩增放大,再进行克隆和测序,根据微卫星两端的保守序列设计引物,即可得到微卫星分子标记。本研究义通过同位素标记的探针（CA）15进行二次杂交筛选,获得阳性克隆132个,所得到的阳性克隆经测序,86．36％含有微卫星序列,共获得130个微卫星DNA序列。用引物设计软件Primer Premier5．0没计引物83对。     

草鱼幼鱼的饲料苏氨酸需要量

选用初始体质量为(8.35±0.06)g的草鱼(ctenopharyngodon idella)540尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,分别饲喂苏氨酸水平为0.72%、1.02%、1.32%、1.62%、1.92%和2.22%(占饲料的质量分数)的6组等氮半精制饲料(蛋白质质量分数35%),经60 d生长实验确定草鱼幼鱼的苏氨酸需要量.实验结果表明,随着饲料苏氨酸水平增加,草鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质沉积率、肌肉RNA/DNA比值和血氨水平显著升高(P<0.05),均在1.62%组达到最大值;饲料系数和肝脏谷氨酸脱氢酶活力显著降低(P<0.05),均在1.62%组达到最小值;随着饲料苏氨酸水平进一步提高,上述指标不再发生显著变化(P>0.05).随饲料中苏氨酸水平的增加,草鱼血清总蛋白浓度显著升高,1.32%、1.62%和1.92%3组显著高于0.72%和1.02% (P<0.05),2.22%组达最大值,并显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);血清甘油三酯和胆固醇浓度在饲料苏氨酸水平为1.32%～2.22%的4组间没有显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于0.72%组和1.02%组(P<0.05).饲料中苏氨酸水平为1.62%时,草鱼肌肉苏氨酸含量和肌肉氨基酸总量均为最大值,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).饲料苏氨酸适宜水平能使草鱼全鱼水分显著降低,增加蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量(P<0.05),同时降低草鱼肌肉水分,增加蛋白质含量(P<0.05),但不影响脂肪含量(P>0.05).饲料中苏氨酸水平对草鱼肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力无显著影响(P>0.05).以特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋向质沉积率、肌肉RNA/DNA和谷氨酸脱氢酶活力分别对饲料苏氨酸水平进行折线同归分析,并以这些指标达95%最佳值时为判断依据,得出草鱼幼鱼饲料中苏氨酸适宜需要量以占饲料的质量分数计为1.42%～1.61%(饲料蛋白质质量分数35%)或以占饲料蛋白质的质量分数为4.07%～4.60%.     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietary available phosphorus (P) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grass carp (5.59 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.36, 4.27, 6.31, 8.36, 10.4 and 14.8 g kg^?1) of available P for 8 weeks. Grass carp fed with the P‐supplemented diets had significantly higher specific growth rate, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency than fish fed with the basal diet. In whole‐body composition, protein content increased, while lipid content decreased with the increase in P level in diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed with the P‐supplemented diets had significantly higher whole body, vertebrae and scales mineralization (P < 0.05), but Ca/P ratios were not influenced. The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on P, Ca and Mg contents, as well as on the contents of triacylglycerol and total cholesterol. Broken‐line analysis indicated that 8.49 g kg^?1 dietary available P was required for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.     

Depuration and starvation improves flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Farmed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at commercial size were transported to a natural lake for long‐term depuration while being food deprived. The effect of depuration time on the quality of fish fillets was investigated based on proximate compositions, textural parameters and flavour characteristics. The results showed that protein and lipids, but not carbohydrates, were the major source of energy for grass carp during depuration and starvation. Textural parameters that included hardness, springiness, gumminess and cohesiveness increased significantly after depuration, as well as water‐holding capacity of fish muscle. Taste and odour characteristics of grass carp muscle were obviously changed by depuration based on tests by an electronic tongue and nose. Off‐flavour volatile compounds, such as nonanal and hexanal, were reduced after depuration. In conclusion, the quality of grass carp fillets was improved effectively by long‐term depuration and food deprivation. More than 20 days of depuration was appropriate for the enhancement of grass carp quality before marketing.