蒸汽压片玉米在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展

玉米是奶牛舍饲的主要能量饲料来源之一,而蒸汽压片技术是一项目前较为成熟的日粮加工技术,主要通过机械的湿热加工方法改变原料物理形态和营养物质的化学结构,广泛应用于反刍动物日粮中。蒸汽压片处理工艺中的蒸汽压力、温度和处理时间会影响压片产品的容重和淀粉糊化度,进而影响其饲喂效果。研究发现,经蒸汽压片处理的玉米可有效提高其淀粉消化率,加快瘤胃内的发酵速度,改变瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白合成,有利于维持瘤胃pH及瘤胃内环境的稳定。也有研究表明,蒸汽压片玉米饲喂奶牛后,对其采食量没有明显影响,但可以提高产奶量,改善乳成分,从而提高奶牛的产奶性能。作者对蒸汽压片玉米技术及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在中国奶牛生产中的合理使用提供参考。     

不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

试验以未处理的玉米及两种不同厚度蒸汽压片玉米(压片厚度为1.5mm,SFC 1.5;压片厚度为2.0mm,SFC 2.0)为材料,采用营养成分分析、活体外人工瘤胃产气量试验,研究不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米营养成分、淀粉糊化度和活体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明,不同厚度蒸汽压片处理显著降低玉米粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量(P0.05),显著提高了玉米的淀粉糊化度(P0.05);并且显著提高了玉米在瘤胃液内的淀粉降解率和体外产气速度(P0.05),显著降低了瘤胃液中氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度(P0.05);降低压片厚度(1.5和2.0mm),蒸汽压片玉米淀粉糊化度增加约17%(88.76%和71.60%),SFC 1.5的体外产气速度、4h干物质和淀粉产气率显著高于SFC 2.0(P0.05)。不同厚度蒸汽压片处理对玉米瘤胃48h产气量、12和24h瘤胃液pH、总挥发性脂肪酸产量及乙酸、丙酸、乙酸/丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸摩尔比影响均不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,不同厚度蒸汽压片处理可显著提高玉米在瘤胃内淀粉降解率和降解速度,降低瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度,而对48h产气量及其他发酵参数没有明显影响。     

玉米的加工处理对瘤胃液氨浓度的影响

反刍动物饲料中的碳水化合物是动物有机体能量的主要来源,而玉米是反刍动物主要的能量饲料,玉米中淀粉占72%～74%,其中大约有70%的淀粉在瘤胃中发酵,因此研究玉米淀粉在胃肠道消化的调控方法非常重要。目前,提高淀粉消化率的研究主要是从加工处理方法对其影响的角度考虑,国外在     

蒸汽压片玉米在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展

玉米是奶牛舍饲的主要能量饲料来源之一,而蒸汽压片技术是一项目前较为成熟的日粮加工技术,主要通过机械的湿热加工方法改变原料物理形态和营养物质的化学结构,广泛应用于反刍动物日粮中。蒸汽压片处理工艺中的蒸汽压力、温度和处理时间会影响压片产品的容重和淀粉糊化度,进而影响其饲喂效果。研究发现,经蒸汽压片处理的玉米可有效提高其淀粉消化率,加快瘤胃内的发酵速度,改变瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白合成,有利于维持瘤胃pH及瘤胃内环境的稳定。也有研究表明,蒸汽压片玉米饲喂奶牛后,对其采食量没有明显影响,但可以提高产奶量,改善乳成分,从而提高奶牛的产奶性能。作者对蒸汽压片玉米技术及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在中国奶牛生产中的合理使用提供参考。     

蒸汽压片玉米加工工艺及其在肉牛生产中应用的研究进展

玉米是肉牛生产中的主要能量饲料,蒸汽压片处理可以提高玉米的淀粉消化率,并对玉米的淀粉糊化度和能值等产生一定影响,对肉牛的瘤胃发酵模式、生产性能、牛肉品质及其经济效益有积极的影响。本文综述了蒸汽压片技术、经蒸汽压片处理后玉米营养价值的变化以及饲喂蒸汽压片玉米对肉牛生产性能及肉品质影响等方面的研究进展,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在肉牛生产中的进一步推广应用提供参考。     

蒸汽压片玉米对反刍动物瘤胃内环境及生产性能影响的研究进展

玉米是反刍动物养殖中重要的日粮组成及主要的能量来源.不同加工方式的玉米在反刍动物机体中的消化率不同,其中蒸汽压片处理的玉米经济效益最高.玉米经蒸汽压片处理可以提高淀粉糊化度.反刍动物采食蒸汽压片玉米可以改变瘤胃的内环境,从而提高反刍动物对玉米的消化率,进而提高反刍动物的生产性能.文章综述蒸汽压片玉米对反刍动物瘤胃内环境...     

瘤胃源酵母的分离筛选及对不同底物发酵能力影响

本实验旨在分离筛选瘤胃源酵母,研究其对不同饲料底物的发酵特性。实验以山羊及奶牛瘤胃液为菌源,利用酵母选择性培养基,通过分离筛选、生长曲线测定和26S rDNA鉴定,获得1株生长速度较快的Meyerozyma属酵母菌株。在此基础上,采用体外发酵技术,分别以羊草与精料混合物、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉为底物,以奶牛瘤胃液为接种物,研究该酵母菌株对瘤胃微生物体外发酵参数的影响。结果表明,在以羊草和精料混合物为底物时,添加瘤胃源酵母显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001),显著提高了丙酸浓度和干物质消失率(P<0.05);以玉米淀粉为底物时,添加该酵母菌显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001);以马铃薯淀粉为底物时,显著降低了pH(P<0.05),提高了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);但在上述3种底物条件下,添加酵母菌对发酵液中总产气量、氨态氮、乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。采用Real-time PCR测定结果表明,添加该酵母菌可显著提高以羊草和马铃薯淀粉为底物时发酵液中总菌16S rDNA的挎贝数(P<0.05)。结果说明,本研究分离获取的瘤胃源酵母可提高瘤胃微生物对羊草精料混合物的降解能力,降低羊草精料混合物组和玉米淀粉组发酵液中乳酸浓度,提示该菌株可能具有提高日粮消化利用效率、促进丙酸生成和瘤胃细菌生长的作用。     

低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米作为淀粉来源的低淀粉饲粮条件下不同瘤胃降解淀粉(RDS)水平对体外瘤胃发酵的影响。以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,各组分别以不同RDS水平饲粮作为发酵底物,体外产气法测定培养48 h时产气量和瘤胃发酵参数以及24 h时瘤胃微生物区系变化。结果表明:1)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时产气量、潜在产气部分和产气速率呈线性升高(P0.05),快速发酵部分产气量呈线性下降(P0.05),干物质消失率呈线性升高(P0.05);2)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养48 h时发酵液微生物蛋白、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度呈线性升高(P0.05),pH和氨态氮浓度没有显著变化(P0.05);3)随着饲粮RDS水平的提高,体外培养24 h时发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌的相对数量呈线性升高(P0.05),黄色瘤胃球菌、琥珀酸丝状杆菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、牛链球菌和溶淀粉琥珀酸单胞菌的相对数量没有显著变化(P0.05)。综合考虑,低淀粉饲粮条件下提高RDS水平有利于瘤胃发酵。     

蒸汽压片玉米调控瘤胃发酵与营养物质消化的研究进展

玉米作为反刍动物重要能量饲料,在饲养实践中通常需要进行一定加工处理之后进行饲喂,以提高其养分利用率.蒸汽压片技术是目前一种重要的玉米加工方式,可以显著提高玉米淀粉全消化道消化率,并在维持瘤胃微生物正常发酵方面具有重要作用.本文综述了蒸汽压片玉米调控瘤胃中营养物质消化和微生物发酵的作用功效与机理,以期为蒸汽压片玉米的进一...     

不同品种玉米的化学成分、淀粉糊化度及活体外发酵特性的比较

本试验以常规玉米品种农大108(CAU108)、优质蛋白玉米9409(HQPC9409)和高油玉米(HOC)为材料,采用化学成分分析、活体外人工瘤胃消化试验和产气量试验,研究玉米品种对化学成分、淀粉糊化度和活体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。结果表明,3个不同玉米品种的蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化度、48 h产气量、产气速度、理论最大产气量、12和24 h干物质及淀粉消化率均存在显著差异(P<0.05),在3个品种中,CAU108品种的各项能量指标均优于HQPC9409和HOC,但不同品种玉米的活体外瘤胃发酵参数(pH、NH3-N、VFA)差异不显著(P>0.05)。由本试验得出,CAU108玉米较其他2个品种具有提高反刍动物生产性能和饲料转化效率的潜力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.