湿地松板材脱脂技术试验研究

采用正交试验方法研究了湿地松脱脂技术。研究表明 ,影响脱脂综合指标的因素主要有 :脱脂液浓度、温度、处理时间、水与木材的体积比。当浓度为 0 5 %,温度为 80℃ ,处理时间为8h ,水与木材体积比为 4时 ,脱脂处理后综合指标最高。经脱脂处理后力学性能降低较小 ,色泽变化不大 ,也不需另外对湿地松进行脱松节油处理 ,即可作家具或装潢材料使用。     

竹材氨法木质素高效分离试验

本文研究了利用氨水作为蒸煮液对天然原料竹材中木质素的高效分离作用,并探讨了在不同氨水浓度,液固比,最高反应温度,最高反应温度下保温时间等条件对氨水分离竹材中木质素的影响,研究结果表明:当氨水浓度为25%,液固比为6:1,最高反应温度为180℃下保温3 h,氨水对竹材中木质素的分离效果最佳.并就反应得到的氨黑液的资源化利用提出自己看法.     

马尾松毛虫幼虫蛋白质的提取及产品营养和安全评价

采用缓冲液法对马尾松毛虫幼虫中的蛋白质进行提取研究.结果表明:原料粗细度、提取温度、提取时间和沉淀pH对幼虫蛋白质的提取率有显著影响(P＜0.05),而料液比、蛋白质的沉淀温度和沉淀时间对提取率无显著影响.试验确定的最佳条件为:缓冲液为Na2 HPO4-NaOH(pH为9.5);料液比为1:15(m/v);原料粗细度为40目虫粉;抽提时间为5 h,抽提温度为40℃;沉淀pH为5.0,沉淀温度为5℃,沉淀时间为1 h.在此条件下,所得蛋白产品的粗蛋白含量为(71.12±0.16)%,总氮提取率为(60.36±1.25)%.蛋白产品中氨基酸总量为69.58%,必须氨基酸占氨酸总量的45.16%.安全评价结果表明:该蛋白产品的LD50在12050 mg·kg-1以上,属实际无毒范围.     

湿地松松木板的脱脂

对汨罗市桃林林场湿地松材试样进行脱脂工艺的研究.选择适宜的化学试剂,并以反应浓度、温度、时间等工艺条件对脱脂的影响进行探讨,通过正交设计试验,综合考虑其它几方面因素,筛选出较好的工艺条件为:浓度1%、温度120℃、时间3h.其脱脂效果良好,木材表面无溢脂现象,达到脱脂要求.     

巨尾桉化学改性预处理工艺

为了更好地利用桉木木素进行化学改性,须有效去除桉木中的其他组分。通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了巨尾桉改性前预处理工艺,确定桉木纤维脱脂处理溶剂为苯-乙醇(V/V,2∶1),最佳提取条件为:时间为4 h,温度66℃,固液比为1∶15。对处理前后的桉木纤维进行了性能表征,结果表明:处理后桉木纤维素酶解较处理前还原糖得率和水解率均有所提高;灰分含量降至0.09%,小分子有机化合物含量≤1%。     

超声波辅助提取沙棘果渣中的粗多糖

研究了超声波提取时间、固液比和提取温度等因素对多糖提取量的影响,并通过正交试验得到了超声波提取沙棘果渣多糖的最佳工艺参数为:超声波提取时间20 min、固液比为1 g:50 mL、提取液温度为60℃,在此条件下沙棘多糖的提取量为88.09 mg/g.     

水竹叶总黄酮的提取及纯化工艺研究

以水竹叶为原料,采用水浴和超声波两种提取方法,通过单因素与正交试验确定了水竹叶总黄酮提取的最佳条件,并筛选了不同树脂对总黄酮的吸附和解吸附特性.实验结果表明:水浴提取最佳条件为:温度50 ℃,提取时间2.0 h,乙醇体积分数60%,固液比1:20(g:mL,下同);总黄酮得率1.65%.影响得率的因素为:固液比＞乙醇体积分数＞提取温度＞提取时间.超声波提取最佳条件为:2.0 g水竹叶,超声波作用时间30 min,乙醇体积分数60 %,固液比1:15;总黄酮得率为1.27%.影响得率的因素为:超声波作用时间＞乙醇体积分数＞固液比.AB-8树脂对总黄酮纯化具有较好效果,体积分数为70%的乙醇是较好的解吸剂.     

竹粉的稀硫酸预处理及酶解技术研究

采用稀酸对竹粉进行预处理,结果表明竹粉酶解的最佳优化条件为:温度125℃,固液比最佳比值为1:10,硫酸浓度为4%,预处理时间为2 h,经过酶处理以后,其竹粉水解率达57.99%,半纤维素水解达70.18%.     

沉香叶中芒果苷的提取工艺

以沉香叶为原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验,探讨乙醇浓度、液固比、提取时间和提取温度对芒果苷提取率的影响,并以提取率为评价指标,优化提取工艺。试验结果表明,沉香叶中芒果苷的最佳提取工艺为:采用体积分数70%的乙醇,液固比20,提取温度90℃,回流提取2次,每次1h。在此优化工艺条件下,芒果苷得率达3.31%。     

减压内部沸腾法提取壶瓶枣多糖及其脱色工艺的研究

对减压内部沸腾法提取壶瓶枣多糖及其脱色工艺进行了研究。以蛋白质和多糖得率为指标,通过正交试验优化得到的最佳工艺条件为:体系内温度60℃,液料比为20∶1(m L∶g),时间为30 min,此时真空度为80 k Pa,外界温度为70℃,蛋白质和多糖得率分别为0.13%和2.60%。与传统热浸提相比,其得率分别提高了18.18%和23.22%。对10种脱色材料的筛选结果表明D900型大孔吸附树脂是理想脱色材料,通过正交试验优化得到的D900型大孔吸附树脂脱色优化工艺参数为D900添加量3.5%,时间20 h,p H值11.7,温度40℃,此时脱色率、脱蛋白率和多糖保留率分别为81.94%、38.19%和87.42%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.