微乳液法制备CdSe/CdS核壳纳米粒子及表征

研究了SDS/异戊醇/环己烷/水所组成的四元微乳体系,并将该体系用于CdSe及CdSe/CdS(核壳结构)纳米粒子的制备.在反应过程中以紫外可见吸收光谱考察了不同反应条件下粒子的成核与生长情况.实验得到的CdSe微乳液非常稳定,室温下放置数月仍未见有沉淀生成.使用荧光分光光度计和高分辨透射电镜对粒子进行表征,所得CdSe/CdS纳米粒子粒径为5 nm左右,粒径均一且具有较高的荧光强度.     

Disk-to-Disk Transfer as the Rate-Limiting Step for Energy Flow in Phycobilisomes

A broadly tunable picosecond laser source and an ultrafast streak camera were used to measure temporally and spectrally resolved emission from intact phycobilisomes and from individual phycobiliproteins as a function of excitation wavelength. Both wild-type and mutant phycobilisomes of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6701 were examined, as well as two biliproteins, R-phycoerythrin (240 kilodaltons, 34 bilins) and allophycocyanin (100 kilodaltons, 6 bilins). Measurements of intact phycobilisomes with known structural differences showed that the addition of an average of 1.6 phycoerythrin disks in the phycobilisome rod increased the overall energy transfer time by 30 +/- 5 picoseconds. In the isolated phycobiliproteins the onset of emission was as prompt as that of a solution of rhodamine B laser dye and was independent of excitation wavelength. This imposes an upper limit of 8 picoseconds (instrument-limited) on the transfer time from "sensitizing" to "fluorescing" chromophores in these biliproteins. These results indicate that disk-to-disk transfer is the slowest energy transfer process in phycobilisomes and, in combination with previous structural analyses, show that with respect to energy transfer the lattice of approximately 625 light-harvesting chromophores in the Synechocystis 6701 wild-type phycobilisome functions as a linear five-point array.     

Linearly polarized emission from colloidal semiconductor quantum rods

Colloidal quantum rods of cadmium selenide (CdSe) exhibit linearly polarized emission. Empirical pseudopotential calculations predict that slightly elongated CdSe nanocrystals have polarized emission along the long axis, unlike spherical dots, which emit plane-polarized light. Single-molecule luminescence spectroscopy measurements on CdSe quantum rods with an aspect ratio between 1 and 30 confirm a sharp transition from nonpolarized to purely linearly polarized emission at an aspect ratio of 2. Linearly polarized luminescent chromophores are highly desirable in a variety of applications.     

Electrons in silicon microstructures

Silicon microstructures only a few hundred atoms wide can be fabricated and used to study electron transport in narrow channels. Spatially localized voltage probes as close together as 0.1 micrometer can be used to investigate a variety of physical phenomena, including velocity saturation due to phonon emission, the local potentials caused by scattering from a single trapped electron, and quantum tunneling or hopping among very few electron states.     

新颖树枝状和海胆状硫化镉纳米晶的水热法合成及光催化性能研究

以硝酸镉、硫脲为起始原料,氯代十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为配位剂,采用水热法合成了树枝状和海胆状的三维纳米晶CdS(Ⅰ)和CdS(Ⅱ).采用XRD、FE-SEM、XPS和UV-Vis等测试手段对样品的形貌、尺寸、结构和相组成进行了表征,以延安卷烟厂废水作为目标源对样品的活性进行了检测.XRD和XPS结果表明,所得样品为六方晶系的纤锌矿CdS,样品的纯度高,且样品CdS(Ⅰ)的(002)衍射峰比较强,说明所得CdS优先沿着c-轴生长.FE-SEM照片显示,CdS(Ⅰ)纳米晶为树枝状结构,而样品CdS(Ⅱ)则为海胆状结构.光催化活性研究表明,在太阳光照射下样品CdS(Ⅰ)和CdS(Ⅱ)对延安卷烟厂废水具有较强的光催化活性,且CdS(Ⅰ)纳米晶的活性高于CdS(Ⅱ).当CPC的浓度为5%时,所得CdS对废水的光催化活性最高,太阳光下连续照射5h,废水CODCr去除率达93.4%.     

离子掺杂对Ba1-xMoO4∶xPr3＋荧光粉发光性能的影响

采用高温固相法合成Ba0.99MoO4∶0.01Pr3＋荧光粉.利用XRD、荧光光谱和色度坐标研究了不同掺杂离子对荧光粉发光性能的影响.结果表明：掺杂少量的V（钒）,W（钨）,Ti（钛）和Co（钴）未影响到BaMoO4的晶体结构,但掺杂少量的V和W能有效地提高荧光粉的发光强度,Ti的掺杂虽然也能提高其发光强度,但效果不明显,Co的掺杂降低了其发光强度.在所有掺杂离子中,V的掺杂对荧光粉发光强度的提高效果最为明显,V在荧光粉中的最佳摩尔分数为0.08.样品中加入V能提高荧光粉的发光纯度,当V的摩尔分数为0.08时,红光效果最好.     

Slow electron cooling in colloidal quantum dots

Hot electrons in semiconductors lose their energy very quickly (within picoseconds) to lattice vibrations. Slowing this energy loss could prove useful for more efficient photovoltaic or infrared devices. With their well-separated electronic states, quantum dots should display slow relaxation, but other mechanisms have made it difficult to observe. We report slow intraband relaxation (>1 nanosecond) in colloidal quantum dots. The small cadmium selenide (CdSe) dots, with an intraband energy separation of approximately 0.25 electron volts, are capped by an epitaxial zinc selenide (ZnSe) shell. The shell is terminated by a CdSe passivating layer to remove electron traps and is covered by ligands of low infrared absorbance (alkane thiols) at the intraband energy. We found that relaxation is markedly slowed with increasing ZnSe shell thickness.     

Resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization of ions by Lyman alpha radiation in gaseous nebulae

One of the mysteries of nebulae in the vicinity of bright stars is the appearance of bright emission spectral lines of ions, which imply fairly high excitation temperatures. We suggest that an ion formation mechanism, based on resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization (RETPI) by intense H Lyman alpha radiation (wavelength of 1215 angstroms) trapped inside optically thick nebulae, can produce these spectral lines. The rate of such an ionization process is high enough for rarefied gaseous media where the recombination rate of the ions formed can be 10(-6) to 10(-8) per second for an electron density of 10(3) to 10(5) per cubic centimeter in the nebula. Under such conditions, the photo-ions formed may subsequently undergo further RETPI, catalyzed by intense He i and He ii radiation, which also gets enhanced in optically thick nebulae that contain enough helium.     

城市污泥热解重金属Cd的形态变化机理

利用纯化合物CdS、CdCO3模拟污泥中重金属Cd的主要存在形式,在污泥的热解气氛下,对CdS、CdCO3进行加热处理,并对热解产物进行X-射线衍射分析,确定产物的组成,从而探究出污泥的热解时重金属Cd的形态变化机理。结果表明,Cd的硫化物在低于800℃热解时以稳定的形态存在于污泥中,而在高于900℃会分解形成Cd单质,其反应可以用以下式子表示CdS→Cd（g）＋S;镉的碳酸盐热解时发生了以下变化：CdCO3→CdO＋CO2,CdO＋硫化物（g）→CdS,其中硫化物是污泥热解过程中产生的,高温（〉800℃）热解时生成的CdS发生再分解。     

Role of chloroplast protein kinase Stt7 in LHCII phosphorylation and state transition in Chlamydomonas

Photosynthetic organisms adapt to changes in light quality by redistributing light excitation energy between two photosystems through state transition. This reorganization of antenna systems leads to an enhanced photosynthetic yield. Using a genetic approach in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to dissect the signal transduction pathway of state transition, we identified a chloroplast thylakoid-associated serine-threonine protein kinase, Stt7, that has homologs in land plants. Stt7 is required for the phosphorylation of the major light-harvesting protein (LHCII) and for state transition.     

Bright infrared emission from electrically induced excitons in carbon nanotubes

We used the high local electric fields at the junction between the suspended and supported parts of a single carbon nanotube molecule to produce unusually bright infrared emission under unipolar operation. Carriers were accelerated by band-bending at the suspension interface, and they created excitons that radiatively recombined. This excitation mechanism is approximately 1000 times more efficient than recombination of independently injected electrons and holes, and it results from weak electron-phonon scattering and strong electron-hole binding caused by one-dimensional confinement. The ensuing high excitation density allows us to observe emission from higher excited states not seen by photoexcitation. The excitation mechanism of these states was analyzed.     

Charge exchange-induced X-ray emission from comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)

Using soft x-ray observations of the bright new comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) with the Chandra x-ray observatory, we have detected x-ray line emission created by charge exchange between highly ionized solar wind minor ions and neutral gases in the comet's coma. The emission morphology was symmetrically crescent shaped and extended out to 300,000 kilometers from the nucleus. The emission spectrum contains 6 lines at 320, 400, 490, 560, 600, and 670 electron volts, attributable to electron capture and radiative deexcitation by the solar wind species C(+5), C(+6), N(+7), O(+7), and O(+8). A contemporaneous 7-day soft x-ray light curve obtained using the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer demonstrates a large increase in the comet's emission coincident with a strong solar flare on 14 and 15 July 2000.     

Subcellular sources of luminescence in Noctiluca

The perivacuolar cytoplasm of Noctiluca miliaris contains approximately 10(4) microsources of luminescence, with dimensions of 0.5 to 1.5 microns, which exhibit marked fluorescence with ultraviolet excitation. Local invasion by an action potential elicits light emission (microflashes) from these sources with a coupling latency of about 2 milliseconds. Magnitudes of the microflash vary directly with the dimensions of the source. Time courses of the microflash resemble that of the macroflash emitted by the whole cell but have somewhat shorter time constants. The small discrepancy induration between micro- and macroflash can be explained by the 5- to 10-millisecond asynchrony of microsource triggering that results from the conduction time of the action potential. Reversible gradations in amplitude of the macroflash, as from potentiation or fatigue, result from parallel summation of graded changes in microflash intensity. Thus the macroflash gives a reasonably true picture of the subcellular kinetics of luminescence.     

Effects of pulse shaping in laser spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance

Pulsed excitation fields are routinely used in most laser and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. In the NMR case, constant amplitude (rectangular) pulses have traditionally been used; in laser spectroscopy the exact pulse shape is often unknown or changes from shot to shot. This article is an overview of the effects of radio-frequency and laser pulse shapes and the instrumental requirements for pulse shaping. NMR applications to selective excitation, solvent suppression, elimination of phase roll, and reduced power dissipation are discussed, as are optical applications to soliton generation, velocity selective excitation, and quantitative population transfer.     

Optical studies of individual InAs quantum dots in GaAs: few-particle effects

Optical emission from individual strained indium arsenide (InAs) islands buried in gallium arsenide (GaAs) was studied. At low excitation power density, the spectra from these quantum dots consist of a single line. At higher excitation power density, additional emission lines appeared at both higher and lower energies, separated from the main line by about 1 millielectron volt. At even higher excitation power density, this set of lines was replaced by a broad emission peaking below the original line. The splittings were an order of magnitude smaller than the lowest single-electron or single-hole excited state energies, indicating that the fine structure results from few-particle interactions in the dot. Calculations of few-particle effects give splittings of the observed magnitude.     

EUVE Observations of Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite conducted extensive observations of the jovian system before, during, and after the impact of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. About 2 to 4 hours after the impacts of several of the larger fragments, the brightness of the neutral helium (He I) resonance line at 58.4 nanometers temporarily increased by a factor of about 10. The transient 58.4-nanometer brightenings are most simply explained by resonant scattering of sunlight from the widespread high-altitude remnants of the larger impact plumes. Other possible sources of emission, such as electron impact excitation of He or radiative recombination of He(+), may contribute to the observed signal.     

An organic solid state injection laser

We report on electrically driven amplified spontaneous emission and lasing in tetracene single crystals using field-effect electrodes for efficient electron and hole injection. For laser action, feedback is provided by reflections at the cleaved edges of the crystal resulting in a Fabry-Perot resonator. Increasing the injected current density above a certain threshold value results in the decreasing of the spectral width of the emission from 120 millielectron volts to less than 1 millielectron volt because of gain narrowing and eventually laser action. High electron and hole mobilities as well as balanced charge carrier injection lead to improved exciton generation in these gate-controlled devices. Moreover, the effect of charge-induced absorption is substantially reduced in high-quality single crystals compared with amorphous organic materials.     

广东省畜禽粪便时空变化特征及耕地负荷分析

根据广东省统计数据和各种估算参数,以地级市为单位,分析了2000～2008年广东省主要畜禽粪便产生总量及养分总量时空变化特征、单位耕地面积N、P2O5负荷量及其污染风险预警。结果表明,广东省畜禽粪便产生总量约为9 300万t,猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪是主要贡献因子,三者之和占畜禽粪便总产生量的95%以上。广东省畜禽粪便产生量有明显的空间变化特征,表现为:环珠江口城市畜禽粪便产生量相对较低,距离珠江口越远,畜禽粪便产生量越多,其中茂名市和湛江市最多,畜禽粪便年均产生量超过1 000万t,深圳市、中山市和珠海市畜禽粪便年均产生量不到茂名市的4.5%;广东省平均单位耕地面积畜禽粪便N、P2O5负荷量有逐年增加的趋势,但不同地区负荷量差异较大。深圳市、东莞市和佛山市等地负荷量最大,超过300 kg/hm2,而韶关、清远、湛江和中山等市负荷量相对较小;畜禽粪便污染风险评价结果显示,广东省耕地已经受到了不同程度的污染威胁,其中珠江三角洲地区耕地的风险警报级别较高,特别是西江流域地区。因此,广东省特别是污染分析警报级别较高的地级市应该加强畜禽粪便的风险管理、开发利用和综合治理工作。     

大跨度悬索式管桥风振响应分析

按照悬索式管桥的实际结构特点，建立了三维有限元模型。应用专业有限元分析程序，对悬索式管桥进行了模态分析，得到了结构的前二十阶固有频率和模态振型，通过对各阶振型的分析，掌握了悬索式管桥的振动形态。在模态分析的基础上，采用几何非线性有限元的分析方法，对悬索式管桥进行了横向风共振分析。分析结果表明，在横向风载荷作用下，管道产生疲劳破坏的可能性很小。     

Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of Cd32S14(SC6H5)36. DMF4, a Cluster with a 15 Angstrom CdS Core

Recrystallization of the solid Cd(10)S(4)(SC(6)H(5))(12) from a solution of pyridine and N, N-di-methylformamide (DMF) results in the formation of the cluster Cd(32)S(14)(SC(6)H(5))(36)-DMF(4) as pale yellow cubes. The structure consists of an 82-atom CdS core that is a roughly spherical piece of the cubic sphalerite lattice approximately 12 angstroms in diameter. The four corners of the lattice are capped by hexagonal wurtzite-like CdS units, which results in an overall tetrahedral cluster approximately 15 angstroms in diameter. This cluster dissolves intact in tetrahydrofuran where its absorption spectrum reveals a sharp peak at 358 nanometers at room temperature and its emission spectra show a strong broad band at 500 nanometers.