外源增钾缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系受抑

分别对硝态氮($\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$)和铵态氮($\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$)培养下的小麦幼苗进行不同水平的钾处理(低钾,1 mmol·L^-1;正常,3 mmol·L^-1;高钾,6 mmol·L^-1),探究外源供钾对缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系生长受抑的效果与作用机理。结果表明,$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下,小麦叶片和根系中的$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$含量较$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$条件下显著(P<0.05)增加,根系生长受到抑制,与$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$条件下的植株相比,$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下相同钾水平的小麦幼苗总根长、根表面积、根体积均显著(P<0.05)减少。随着施钾水平的升高,根系受抑制的情况得到缓解。$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下,随着施钾水平的升高,小麦幼苗的叶面积、气孔导度、净光合速率显著(P<0.05)升高,叶和根中的可溶性糖含量显著(P<0.05)升高,叶中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性亦显著(P<0.05)增强,根中生长素(IAA)含量及其与细胞分裂素(CTK)的比值升高。据此推断,在铵胁迫下,增钾处理增强了小麦的光合作用,提高了碳水化合物的合成能力,可为$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$的同化提供更多的碳架,从而降低体内$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$的积累;同时,促进了根中植物激素的平衡,最终得以缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系生长受到的抑制。     

广西公益林生态效益补偿研究

为了研究合理的公益林生态效益补偿标准,维持公益林的经营动力,该文采用林木资产评估方法和本金折息法,并以价值损失补偿计量标准,计算公益林生态效益补偿金额.结果表明:①如果政府一次性购买广西集体和个人经营的公益林归国家所有,对公益林经营者进行补偿所需的补偿金额为220亿元人民币;②如果公益林产权不变,仍由所有者按公益林建设规程进行经营,保证公益林正常发挥生态效益,每年对公益林经营者进行补偿所需的补偿金额为7.22亿元人民币.各树种类型公益林补偿标准为:杉木236.0元/(hm2·a)、马尾松214.4元/(hm2·a)、阔叶树219.1元/(hm2·a)、桉树195.4元/(hm2·a)、竹林87.4元/(hm2·a)、灌木林39.1元/(hm2·a).公益林有典型的外部经济性,政府必须对公益林经营者进行合理的经济补偿才能维持公益林的经营动力.      

Corrections and clarifications

The 1994 and 1995 federal science budget appropriations for two of the activities were inadvertently transposed in a table that accompanied the article "Hitting the President's target is mixed blessing for agencies" by Jeffrey Mervis (News & Comment, 14 Oct., p. 211). The correct figures for Defense Department spending on university research are $1.460 billion in 1994 and $1.279 billion in 1995; for research and development at NASA, the correct figures are $9.455 billion in 1994 and $9.824 billion in 1995.     

Federal support of research in the life sciences

Federal support of contract and grant research in the life sciences continued to grow during the period 1952-55 and showed an increase of 28 percent between the years 1954 and 1955. The basic biological science component (Table 2) increased from $18 to $26 million between 1952 and 1954 and to $30 million in 1955. Although a greater dollar amount is now available for basic research in the life sciences, the amount available in 1955 was proportionately a smaller part of the total than was the amount available in 1954. In 1955, $52 million was expended for activities which were not categorized as basic research. The needs and motivations of the major granting federal agencies are, and continue to be, primarily problem-and program-oriented.     

Science's Role in the World Health Organization

One hears often of the financial contributions made by the United States to the support of activities within the U.N. system, but much less frequently about benefits obtained. A particular instance of the latter is worth citing. An analysis was recently made by N.W. Axnick and J.M. Lane (3) of the costs associated with the protection of the United States against smallpox in 1968. This was estimated to be $153.8 million, of which $0.7 million was contributed to WHO specially earmarked for its smallpox eradication program, and $3 million in U.S. bilateral assistance to 19 countries in West Africa. Ihe success of the WHO-directed smallpox eradication program throughout the world has resulted in a 1972 decision by U.S. authorities to discontinue routine vaccination of the general population and of smallpox vaccination requirements for international travel to smallpox-free countries, which was estimated to involve economic costs of $135.7 million during 1968. The total current U.S. contribution (1972) to all activities of WHO is $27.6 million. Thus it will be seen that very substantial savings, probably exceding $100 million annually, wili accrue to the United States from the work of WHO on smallpox alone.     

Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers

Transgenic maize engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become widely adopted in U.S. agriculture. In 2009, Bt maize was planted on more than 22.2 million hectares, constituting 63% of the U.S. crop. Using statistical analysis of per capita growth rate estimates, we found that areawide suppression of the primary pest Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) is associated with Bt maize use. Cumulative benefits over 14 years are an estimated $3.2 billion for maize growers in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, with more than $2.4 billion of this total accruing to non-Bt maize growers. Comparable estimates for Iowa and Nebraska are $3.6 billion in total, with $1.9 billion for non-Bt maize growers. These results affirm theoretical predictions of pest population suppression and highlight economic incentives for growers to maintain non-Bt maize refugia for sustainable insect resistance management.     

Erratum

According to the latest information the publisher has provided to Science the current price of The Nervous System (Donald B. Tower, Ed.; Raven Press), reviewed by John G. Hildebrand, 22 April 1977, p. 419, is $15 a volume, rather than $25 a volume and $65 for the three-volume set, the prices listed at the head of the review.     

2001 BUDGET: NSF and NASA Score Last-Minute Victories

Congress last week gave both NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF) significant hikes for 2001: NSF got $4.42 billion, a $522 million boost over this year that nearly matched NSF's 17% request, and NASA received $14.3 billion, nearly twice the White House's request for a 3% boost-but with hundreds of millions of dollars in earmarks added on.     

The tokamak: model T fusion reactor

During the past several years there have been significant scientific and technological advances related to the tokamak magnetic confinement scheme. These are summarized in the context of a recent tokamak reactor design study which emphasizes reduced size, higher power density, and enhanced plant reliability and maintainability relative to earlier tokamak reactor design studies. The direct plant cost of the proposed reactor is estimated to be in the range $1000 to $1500 per electrical kilowatt. A three-phase strategy for demonstrating tokamak fusion power generation at a committed site is outlined. It is estimated that implementation of the three-phase program would require about 20 years and a total escalated expenditure $10 billion to $15 billion. The tokamak power plant described here is not viewed as definitive but rather as a point of departure in the development of a plan to demonstrate tokamak power generation.     

Resources required for global tuberculosis control

We estimate that to achieve the World Health Organization's tuberculosis control targets, the 22 high-burden countries (HBCs) that collectively account for approximately 80% of the world's tuberculosis cases require about $1 billion per year during the period 2001 to 2005. A further $0.2 billion per year is needed for low and lower-middle income countries outside the 22 HBCs. There is a resource gap of up to around $300 million per year. Substantial progress in tuberculosis control could be achieved with increased investment that is large in the context of existing spending, but small in the wider context of global health expenditure.     

An intercontinental array--a next-generation radio telescope

It is difficult to estimate accurately the cost of constructing a large scientific instrument that involves many techniques. On the other hand, most of the component parts of the VLBA consist of antennas and electronic systems that already exist or are being fabricated. The kind of 25-m antennas being constructed for the VLA will cost about $900,000 each and will work at wavelengths as short as 1 cm. A multifrequency radiometer, hydrogen maser frequency standard, small control computer, control building, and wide-band instrumentation recorder bring the cost to about $1.5 million per element, or $15 million for a ten-element array using tape recorders. A multistation playback facility, with ten recorders and enough correlators to handle all interferometer pairs simultaneously, together with the necessary computers to control the processor and reduce the data, may add $5 million. The total cost is thus about $20 million at current prices, including an adequate supply of magnetic tape. This is comparable to the cost of existing large radio telescopes and arrays. An array that used a geostationary communication satellite to transmit the data to a real-time correlator would cost $30 million to $50 million more, but this is still within the price range of other space astronomy projects. It is thus feasible to construct at reasonable cost an intercontinental very long baseline array which has sub-milliarcsecond resolution. This would complement the Very Large Array now being constructed (4), which is much more sensitive to objects of low surface brightness. This next step would permit the study of the universe with unprecedented angular resolution.     

灾变模型在马尾松毛虫幼虫发生量预报中的应用

  目的  提高马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus幼虫发生量预测预报结果的准确性。  方法  利用灰色灾变预测GM(1, 1)模型预测了安徽省潜山县1989-2016年马尾松毛虫越冬代、1代和2代严重发生的年份。  结果  马尾松毛虫越冬代虫口数的GM(1, 1)灾变预测模型为:${\hat z^{(1)}}(k + 1) = 9.580\;75{{\rm{e}}^{0.269\;33k}} - 8.580\;75$, 其中k为年序号, ${\hat z^{(1)}}(k + 1)$为灾变年序号。1代幼虫虫口数的GM(1, 1)灾变预测模型为:${\hat z^{(1)}}(k + 1) = 18.181\;8{{\rm{e}}^{0.241\;87k}} - 17.181\;8$。2代幼虫虫口数的GM(1, 1)灾变预测模型为:${\hat z^{(1)}}$(k+1)=20.123 7e0.197 58k-19.123 7。根据此模型求得已知年份的拟合值与观察值, 对两者差异进行t检验, 差异均不显著, 即拟合值与观察值间吻合度高, 各灾变年精度值平均为84.40%, 84.85%和84.08%, 总体平均精度依次为96.25%, 92.34%和94.09%, 模型精度高。由此推算未来时刻的预测值得到, 从2011年马尾松毛虫越冬代幼虫灾变年算起, 再过10 a即2021年为马尾松毛虫越冬代大发生年。从2011年马尾松毛虫1代幼虫灾变年算起, 再过11 a即2022年为马尾松毛虫1代幼虫大发生年。从2011年马尾松毛虫2代幼虫灾变年算起, 再过9 a即2020年为马尾松毛虫2代幼虫大发生年。  结论  灾变预测对马尾松毛虫幼虫发生量灾变的预报是一种较理想的预报方法。     

SCIENCE EDUCATION: Ehlers Bill Wins Bipartisan Backing

A House panel has unanimously endorsed a major bipartisan initiative to improve math and science education in U.S. elementary and secondary schools. The bill would authorize nearly $100 million a year for several new programs to be run by the National Science Foundation, a sizable addition to its current $275 million budget for precollege education.     

Human food from ocean and land

The figures in Table 1 yield some interesting results. The total annual value of food and mineral resources taken from the ocean is $8.3 billion, in contrast to $309 billion from the land. Using the land value as the yardstick, if the annual value of produce from the ocean were in ratio to the area relationship of ocean and land, the ocean potential would be $750 billion; the actual recovery for 1964 was only 1.1 percent of that potential. This very low percentage is the basis for either great optimism for the future development of the ocean (on the basis of unrealized potential), or great pessimism (on the basis of high costs compared with further development of land resources, or present exploitation to near the limit of productivity).     

Academic research. California sets up three new institutes

Three University of California campuses were chosen last week as sites for a new $900 million program designed to keep the state a world leader in research and to bolster its economy. Each of the three schools will receive $25 million a year for 4 years from the state, with companies and other sources putting up at least twice that amount.     

The World Bank's Support for Science and Technology

The World Bank, the largest aid-granting agency in the world, has played a substantial but largely unsung role in helping the scientific and technological development of developing countries. Its investments, totaling $15.5 billion in fiscal year 1984, involve choosing appropriate technology and financing local technological development. Since 1980, the Bank has lent $0.5 billion for agricultural research and about $1 billion for scientific and technological education. It contributes to and mobilizes finances for large international research programs in agriculture and the health sciences. It supports research on labor-based construction, low-cost sanitation, renewable energy resources, and control of traffic congestion. It provides training in the technological aspects of development policy. As funds for aid become scarce, the Bank is reexamining its approach to science and technology.     

利用分位数组合预测兴安落叶松枝下高

目的本文使用分位数回归和分位数组合对枝下高进行建模和预测,为单木枝下高模型的构建提供新的思路和方法。方法利用大兴安岭新林区4个林场的兴安落叶松天然林实测数据,采用非线性回归构建枝下高基础和广义模型并分别扩展到分位数回归。使用三分位数组合（\begin{document}$\tau {\text{ = }}$\end{d...     

亚麻木脂素对雏鸡血液指标及免疫机能的影响

选用1日龄海蓝褐雄性雏鸡90只,随机分为对照组、亚麻脱脂粕组、提取木脂素组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,亚麻脱脂粕组在日粮中添加亚麻籽脱脂粕粉2.0g·kg-1,提取木脂素组在饮水中添加从亚麻脱脂粕中提取的木脂素1.0mL·L-1,饲喂7周。结果表明,从亚麻脱脂粕中提取的木脂素可提高血清中总蛋白和球蛋白含量,与对照组相比分别提高16.6%、23.0%,差异显著(P<0.05);提取木脂素组的脾脏指数、法氏囊指数、胸腺指数较对照组分别提高29.4%,36.6%、66.6%,差异显著(P<0.05);亚麻脱脂粕组和提取木脂素组的白介素-2较对照组均有提高,差异极显著(P<0.01),结果提示亚麻木脂素可以提高雏鸡的免疫功能。     

Maximum benefit of a precise nitrogen application system for wheat

Research is ongoing to develop sensor-based systems to determine crop nitrogen needs. To be economic and to achieve wide adoption, a sensor-based site-specific application system must be sufficiently efficient to overcome both the cost disadvantage of dry and liquid sources of nitrogen relative to applications before planting of anhydrous ammonia and possible losses if weather prevents applications during the growing season. The objective of this study is to determine the expected maximum benefit of a precision N application system for winter wheat that senses and applies N to the growing crop in the spring relative to a uniform system that applies N before planting. An estimate of the maximum benefit would be useful to provide researchers with an upper bound on the cost of delivering an economically viable precision technology. Sixty five site-years of data from two dryland winter wheat nitrogen fertility experiments at experimental stations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. were used to estimate the expected returns from both a conventional uniform rate anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) application system before planting and a precise topdressing system to determine the value of the latter. For prices of $0.55 and $0.33 kg⁻¹ N for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and NH₃, respectively, the maximum net value of a system of precise sensor-based nitrogen application for winter wheat was about $22–$31 ha⁻¹ depending upon location and assumptions regarding the existence of a plateau. However, for prices of $1.10 and $0.66 kg⁻¹ N for UAN and NH₃, respectively, the value was approximately $33 ha⁻¹. The benefit of precise N application is sensitive to both the absolute and relative prices of UAN and NH₃.This is journal paper AEJ-260 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, project H-2574.     

RESEARCH COSTS: Canada to Begin Funding Overhead on Projects

Last week federal Finance Minister Paul Martin announced a $268 million outlay for future equipment awards provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), a $1.3 billion entity created in 1997 to rejuvenate labs in universities and research hospitals. The money is the first direct federal outlay for overhead costs, which up to now have been met by a combination of provincial operating grants to universities and federal transfer payments for postsecondary education. School administrators say it meets a desperate need.