奶牛隐性乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定

用兰州乳房炎试验(LMT)对来自西安市某个牛场的76份奶样作隐性乳房炎检验，并对乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，该牛场的隐性乳房炎检出率为33％，阳性乳样中细菌检出率为93．4％。阴性乳样中病原菌检出率为28％，在检出的94株细菌中，共有5种菌22株是与乳房炎有关的病原菌。其中葡萄球菌和链球菌占病原菌总数的90％以上。是引起该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的细菌学检测

对贵州省某奶牛场采集的80份奶样进行了病原菌的分离培养及生化鉴定,结果有74份奶样长出细菌,细菌检出率为92.50％;共分离到143株细菌,其中葡萄球菌和链球菌为主要病原菌,所占比例为87.41％(125/143).     

金华市规模奶牛场隐性乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

对金华市规模奶牛场HMT强阳性的122个乳样进行主要细菌的分离鉴定，查出91个乳样有细菌，细菌检出率为74．59％。检出8种共104个分离菌株，其中主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌53株，占51．0％；传染性细菌中，金黄色葡萄球菌23株，无乳链球菌14株，分别占22．1％和13．5％；环境性细菌感染9株占8．7％，其中链球菌属(除无乳之外)7株占6．7％，且以停乳链球菌为主(5．8％)；肠杆菌2株占1．9％，但未检出大肠杆菌；其他细菌5株占4．8％。由葡萄球菌、链球菌混合感染引起的乳房炎占12．09％。药敏试验结果表明，临床上较常使用的青霉素、链霉素、复方新诺明对该场隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌有很大的耐药性。     

北京地区部分奶牛菌性乳房炎病原学的研究

对82例奶牛经临床检查检出临床型乳房炎7例,占8.54％;检查了82例奶牛同体混合乳样62例和245份乳区乳样,经乳房炎试验,检出隐性型乳房炎的头阳性率为71.95％。乳区阳性率为30.61％。从99例同体混合乳样共分离出15种197株细菌,细菌分离率为95.96％。从同一乳样中分离到的不同细菌株,最多者为4种,其中以二种细菌者为最多,占38.38％。经鉴定,分离株以葡萄球菌为主,占28.39％,依次是大肠杆菌占18.78％,链球菌占12.69％,等等。对15株葡萄球菌及25株链球菌进行了药物敏感性试验并获得了结果。     

进口荷斯坦牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

调查了新疆石河子某奶牛场的隐性乳房炎的发病情况，采集200份乳样进行细菌的分离鉴定，共检测出隐性乳房炎病牛58头，检出率29％；分离到5种7株病原菌，其中主要的致病菌为链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌。     

重庆地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

对重庆地区６个奶牛场的７６头黑白花奶牛２９４份奶样，采用ＬＭ方法检测隐性乳房炎，按常规方法分离鉴定病原菌，用纸片法对春病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明，ＬＭＴ阳性奶牛检出率为７８．９４％，阳性服区的检出率为５０．４３％；阳性乳区的细菌检出率为７８７．８３％；分离鉴定的病原菌以葡萄球菌和链球菌为主，占检出细菌总数的９４．６０％。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从某奶牛场10份患临床型乳房炎的奶牛乳汁中共分离到3种13株细菌,经培养特性、菌落形态和生化特性等鉴定,检出金黄色葡萄球菌8株,检出率为61.54%;链球菌3株,检出率为23.08%;酵母菌2株,检出率为15.38%;另有1份乳样未见有细菌生长,占总数的10%.经毒力试验证明3种细菌对小白鼠均具有一定的致病力.药敏试验结果表明,上述致病菌时氨芐青霉素、链霉素、磺胺类和红霉素等均存在不同程度的耐药现象,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星具有较好的抑菌效果,而酵母菌对制霉菌素、氟康唑则高度耐药.     

布尔山羊乳腺炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

应用三种方法对来自一个布尔羊场的50份奶样进行隐性乳腺炎检测，并对检出的阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，所用的三种方法具有良好的一致性；该羊场的隐性乳腺炎检出率为18％（9／50），阳性乳样中细菌检出率为77.8%(7/9),分离到6株病原菌，通过进一步鉴定，证明葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌是引起该场布尔山羊隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌，其次为大肠杆菌和巴氏杆菌。这就提示，对于布尔山羊，同样需要重视乳腺炎的预防与治疗。     

新疆铁门关地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离鉴定及主要病原菌药敏试验

本试验从新疆铁门关地区采集166份乳房炎患牛的奶样,进行了细菌分离鉴定并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明,从奶样中共分离出12种267株细菌,其中主要病原菌为:金黄色葡萄球菌86株,检出率33.6%;大肠杆菌68株,检出率25.5%;停乳链球菌33株,检出率12.4%;无乳链球菌25株,检出率9.4%。临床型乳房炎大部分为混合感染(混合感染的感染率为61.4%),隐性乳房炎大部分为单独感染(单独感染的感染率为88.5%)。选择16种抗生素采用K-B纸片法对分离出的病原菌进行药敏试验,4种主要病原菌对头孢曲松钠、头孢哌酮、克林霉素、氟苯尼考敏感。该试验为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了理论依据。     

奶牛乳房炎的病原菌分离鉴定与药物敏感性试验

对山东济南市5个奶牛场的165份临床型和147份隐性乳房炎奶样进行了分离鉴定.临床型未用利福平复合新药奶样48份,细菌检出率为83.33%;用该药2 d内采集的奶样117份,细菌检出率60.68%.隐性乳房炎奶样细菌检出率68.03%.用利福平复合新药对未用该药奶样分离菌35株和用该药后有代表性的分离菌40株,共75株临床型分离菌进行药敏试验,结果84%为高度敏感(63/75),16%为中度敏感(12/75).鉴定的细菌有葡萄球菌,链球菌,大肠杆菌,棒状杆菌,芽孢杆菌等.根据用药后患病奶牛的临床表现和奶样细菌分离情况,表明该药对奶牛乳房炎具有显著疗效.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。