农田土壤N2O生成与排放影响因素及N2O总量估算的研究

综述了国内外农田土壤N2 O生成与排放及其影响因素、N2 O排放测定技术及总量估算等方面的研究进展 ,指出硝化与反硝化过程均可产生N2 O ,而影响硝化、反硝化过程的土壤水分含量、温度、pH、有机碳含量和土壤质地等是影响农田土壤N2 O生成与排放的重要因素。根据我国各地农田土壤N2 O排放通量测定结果及相应模型分析 ,初步估算全国农田土壤N2 O年排放总量为N 398Gg ,约占全球农田土壤排放总量的 1 0 % ,其中旱田N2 O年排放总量为N 31 0Gg ,水田为N 88Gg。     

温度对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响研究

以南方亚热带代表性旱田土壤－贵州玉米－油菜轮作田、大豆－冬小麦轮作田和休耕地为研究对象，同步观测了整轮作期土壤N2O排放通量和温度的季节变化。同时，采用DNDC模型定量探讨了未来气温变化对土壤N2O排放的潜在影响。结果表明，温度是土壤N2O排放通量规律性日变化的最主要控制因素；除大豆地外，其他作物生长季节和休耕地的N2O排放通量季节变化与温度之间均存在一定程度的正相关性，其中冬季休耕地的N2O排放通量与温度间存在弱指数函数关系。模型检验结果表明，除大豆地外，其余试验地的N2O排放通量均随年均气温升高而升高，在冬春季，土壤N2O排放通量对气温变化的敏感性强于夏秋季，尤其以冬春季休耕地受体气温变化的影响最为显著。     

农田土壤N2O排放的关键过程及影响因素

一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 作为重要的温室气体之一,在全球气候变化研究中引人关注。随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田土壤N₂O排放已经成为全球关注和研究的热点。人们普遍认为土壤硝化、反硝化过程是N₂O产生的两个主导途径,而诸如施肥、灌水等农田管理措施以及土壤pH、温度等环境因子均会影响农田土壤N₂O产生和排放。本文系统论述了土壤N₂O产生的各主要途径,并综述了氮源、碳源、水分含量、氧气含量、土壤pH和温度以及其他调控因子对N₂O排放的影响,旨在阐明各过程对N₂O排放的产生机制及主要环境因子的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考和理论依据。农田土壤硝化过程本身对N₂O排放的直接贡献较小,N₂O产生的主要来源是包含硝化细菌的反硝化、硝化–反硝化耦合作用在内的生物反硝化过程。真菌反硝化和化学反硝化在酸性土壤以及硝酸异化还原成铵过程在高有机质和厌氧土壤环境中对N₂O排放具有重要作用。未来研究可从农田土壤N₂O的产生和消耗机制、降低N₂O/N₂产物比、N₂O的还原过程及相关影响因素进行深入研究。此外,利用新技术方法,探究土壤物理、化学和生物学因素对氮素转化过程的影响,重点关注N₂O峰值排放及相关联微生物的响应,并构建土壤氮素平衡和N₂O排放模型,可进一步加深对农田土壤N₂O排放机制和影响因素的理解。     

夏玉米农田N2O排放影响因素的模拟分析

【目的】全球46%~52%的N2O来自农田土壤,农田土壤N2O排放的研究具有重要的环境和经济意义。量化各影响因素对夏玉米农田N2O排放的影响,可为合理减少施肥产生的N2O排放提供依据。【方法】于2012和2013年连续两年进行了夏玉米裂区田间试验。试验主区为作物处理,副区为氮肥处理(0、 150、 300、 450 kg/hm2)。采用暗箱静态法-气相色谱法测定了不同处理N2O的排放通量,比较了不同温度和降雨量条件下不同处理的N2O排放量,计算了气温、 降雨量、 氮肥管理和夏玉米吸收对夏玉米农田N2O排放的影响。【结果】温度及降雨量的变化明显影响N2O的排放。2012年和2013年气温和降雨量对夏玉米生长期间N2O总排放量的影响分别为-0.24和-0.07。随着施氮量的增加,施氮对N2O排放的影响率呈线性增加(R2 = 0.923),施氮量0、 150、 300和450 kg/hm2,对玉米田N2O排放的影响分别为0、 0.38、 1.63、 3.54。夏玉米生长吸收对N2O排放量的平均影响因子为-0.33,年际间差异不显著(P = 0.07)。在苗期、 穗期、 花粒期,夏玉米生长吸收的影响因子分别为-0.57、 -0.29和-0.13,不同生育期的影响因子差异显著(P = 0.0015)。不同施氮量下,气候条件对夏玉米农田N2O排放影响率差异不显著(P 0.05); 不同气温和降雨量,夏玉米生长吸收对N2O排放的影响在同一施氮量下差异不显著(P 0.05),且均随施氮量的增加而减小。【结论】通过量化分析,气候条件对N2O排放的影响与气温和降雨量密切相关,温度升高影响增大,反之则减小,降雨后排放显著增大。施氮对N2O排放的影响随施氮量增加线性增加。夏玉米生长吸收降低了N2O排放,且在不同生育时期的影响差异显著。综合各影响因子,低氮量条件下(≦150 kg/hm2),气候因素和玉米生长对N2O排放的影响较大,高氮量下(≧300 kg/hm2),氮肥的施用是影响N2O排放的主要因子。     

华北平原典型农田CO2和N2O排放通量及其与土壤养分动态和施肥的关系

对华北平原小麦-棉花(麦棉)、小麦-大豆(麦豆)、小麦-玉米(麦玉)轮作田的CO2和N2O排放通量进行了测定,分析了温室气体排放通量与土壤中碳、氮元素、气温以及施肥等之间的关系。主要结论:1)麦棉、麦豆、麦玉田的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别为CO2-C 141.7、109.8、128.2 mg.m-2.h-1,其中夏播作物的排放通量高于小麦季;2)麦棉、麦豆及麦玉田作物生长季的土壤N2O平均排放通量分别为N2O-N 98.8、38.9、44.7μg.m-2.h-1,也表现为麦后季作物的排放量高于小麦季;3)同一生育期中不同处理的N2O排放主要与土壤中无机氮含量相关,不同生育期的N2O排放通量主要受不同生育期的土壤温度及水分状况的影响;4)在施肥灌溉后的9 d内土壤N2O排放通量较高,之后逐渐降低,至施肥后22～27 d即与不施肥处理的排放持平。     

硅胶管气样原位采集技术研究土壤N2O浓度及通量变化

箱法被广泛用于监测土壤N2O排放通量,但在原位采集高浓度土壤N2O、全天候监测N2O通量变化、动态研究土壤剖面N2O的行为等方面存在弊端。本研究通过室内模拟硅胶管对N2O的通透性,探索硅胶管用于原位采集土壤气样的理论可行性。田间试验设施用铵态氮肥（NH+4）、施用硝态氮肥（NO-3）及施用硝态氮肥加葡萄糖（NO-3+C）等3个处理,同时安置硅胶管和采样箱,验证硅胶管法在原位采集高浓度土壤N2O气样、监测土壤N2O浓度以及排放通量的实际效果,并与箱法进行比较。结果表明,硅胶管内外的N2O气体经2.9 h达到95%的平衡,完全能满足大田采样要求; 用硅胶管法原位采集高浓度土壤N2O气样的效果显著优于箱法采样。其浓度变化表现出明显的时间规律,浓度梯度法计算的N2O排放通量与箱法测定结果呈显著正相关,但数值偏低; 偏低的程度取决于采样位置和土壤中N2O产生位置的匹配程度。建议采用埋于土壤表层的硅胶管计算地面N2O排放通量,或在不同土层埋入硅胶管研究土壤剖面N2O行为的时空变异。     

土壤水分状况对CH4氧化,N2O和CO2排放的影响

实验室培育试验表明，土壤氧化ＣＨ４，排放Ｎ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的最佳水分含不量。水稻土氧化ＣＨ４的最佳水分含同于半干旱草地土壤，均接近于土壤环境常年水分含量。水稻土Ｎ２Ｏ排放量随着水分含量的下降而增加，半干旱草地土壤则随着水分含量的下降而减少，表明背离土壤环境上水分含量越远，Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量越大。因而，ＣＨ４氧化和Ｎ２Ｏ排放对土壤水分含量的反应呈极显著的负相关性。ＣＯ２排放的最佳水分含量接近或高于ＣＨ４氧化     

秸秆还田对关中地区麦玉轮作田N2O排放的短期效应

【目的】分析环境因子和土壤N₂O排放对短期秸秆还田的响应,以更准确地评价化肥施用下短期秸秆还田的增减排效益。【方法】于2020—2021年在关中地区开展了小麦–玉米轮作田间试验。采取双因素裂区设计,主处理为秸秆还田(W1)与不还田(W0),副处理为不施肥(W1、W0)、施氮肥(W1N、W0N)和施氮磷肥(W1NP、W0NP)。测定了土壤含水量、温度、NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效磷含量及N₂O排放通量,调查了作物产量,并探讨了土壤N₂O排放与环境因子之间的关系。【结果】相比W0,W1处理土壤含水量提高了1.1%～16.2%;W1N处理的土壤NO3--N含量峰值较W0N高17.6%～30.5%。4个施肥处理的土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量随生育时期推进先迅速上升,然后缓慢下降,施氮肥处理的土壤NO3--N峰值比施氮磷肥处理高17.0%～20.8%。W1NP与W0NP处理土壤的速效磷含量随生育期推进先上升后缓慢下降,平均速效磷含量显著高于处理W0、W1、W0N和W1N (P<0.05)。冬小麦季和夏玉米季分别在施...     

原位条件下不同土壤中N2O的通量

本文研究了原位条件下3种土壤中氧化亚氮的通量。结果表明,湖积物发育的潜育性水稻土施用硝酸铵时,水稻苗期土壤释放氧化亚氮的通量为5.71微克N/平方米·秒;第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤性水稻土(潴育性)和黄泛沉积物发育的淹育性水稻土(石灰性)施用硝酸钾时,水稻苗期土壤释放氧化亚氮的通量分别为9.57和1.53微克N/平方米·秒。湿润条件下,石灰性水稻土硝化过程释放氧化亚氮的通量为1.75微克N/平方米·秒。     

玉米地土壤反硝化速率与N2O排放通量的动态变化

应用乙炔抑制原状土柱培育法测定了4种施肥处理的玉米地N素反硝化损失速率和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放通量，并分析了它们与土壤湿度、土壤温度以及硝态氮（NO3^-－N）含量之间的关系，计算了因反硝化和N2O排放造成的N肥损失率。结果表明，玉米生育期内土壤N素的反硝化损失量为0．67－3．85kg/hm^2，N肥的反硝化损失率为0．5％－1．5％；土壤N2O排放总量为0．55－1．42kg/hm^2，N肥的N2O排放系数为0．2％－0．5％。     

Transformation of nitrogen and nitrous oxide emission from grassland soils as affected by compaction

Animal trampling is one of the main factors responsible for soil compaction under grazed pastures. Soil compaction is known to change the physical properties of the soil thereby affecting the transformation of nitrogen (N) and the subsequent of release of N as nitrous oxide (N₂O). The form of N source added to these compacted soils further affects N emissions. Here we determine the interactive effects of soil compaction and form of N sources (cattle urine and ammonium, nitrate and urea fertilizers) on the loss of N through N₂O emission from grassland soil. Overall, soil compaction caused a seven-fold increase in the N₂O flux, the total N₂O fluxes for the entire experimental period ranged from 2.62 to 61.74 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ for the compacted soil and 1.12 to 4.37 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ for the uncompacted soil. Among the N sources, the highest emissions were measured with nitrate application, emissions being 10 times more than those from other N sources for compacted soil, suggesting that the choice of N fertilizer can go a long way in mitigating N₂O emissions in compacted grasslands.     

Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils

Summary Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide (N20) from three Iowa soils showed that the N₂O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha^–1 fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On average, the emission of N₂O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. Experiments with one soil showed that the N₂O emission induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 17 times that induced by the same amount of N as calcium nitrate. These findings confirm indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N₂O from soils than do other commonly used N fertilizers and merits special attention in research relating to the potential adverse climatic effect of N fertilization of soils.Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH₄OH on emission of N₂O from Webster soil showed that the emission of N₂O-N induced by addition of 100 g NH₄OH-N g^–1 soil represented only 0.18% of the N applied, whereas the emissions induced by additions of 500 and 1 000 g NH4OH-N g^–1 soil represented 1.15% and 1.19%, respectively, of the N applied. This suggests that the exceptionally large emissions of N₂O induced by anhydrous ammonia fertilization are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration that do not occur when urea or aqueous ammonia fertilizers are broadcast and incorporated into soil.     

土壤氧化亚氮排放时空变异性及其方法研究进展

茶园土壤是重要的N₂O排放源,了解茶园土壤N₂O排放因素,为减排措施提供一定的理论依据。基于全球田间原位监测和室内培养试验的茶园土壤文献数据进行荟萃分析（Meta analysis）,量化茶园土壤N₂O年排放量,分析主要影响因素。全球茶园土壤田间原位监测结果表明平均N₂O-N年排放量为16.82 kg hm⁻²（95%置信区间（CI）：12.99 ~ 21.27 kg hm⁻²）,而室内培养试验结果表明N₂O-N排放速度为0.04 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹（CI：0.02 ~ 0.07 mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹）。茶园土壤N₂O平均直接排放系数（EF_d）为2.25%,高于IPCC的建议值（1%）。方差分解分析（VPA）发现施氮量对茶园土壤N₂O排放的总解释量最大,贡献值为49.71%。施缓控释肥、生物炭和石灰材料分别可以减少茶园土壤35%、52%和55%的N₂O排放。上述结果表明,茶园土壤N₂O排放量大,施肥量是主控因子,通过改良施肥措施可有效减少N₂O排放。     

Relationship between nitrifier and denitrifier community composition and abundance in predicting nitrous oxide emissions from ephemeral wetland soils

The link between differences in the community composition of nitrifiers and denitrifiers to differences in the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils remains unclear. Nitrifier and denitrifier community composition, abundance and N₂O emission activity were determined for two common landscapes characteristic of the North American “prairie pothole region”: cultivated wetlands (CW) vs. uncultivated wetlands (UW). The hypotheses of this study were: (1) landscape selects for different nitrifier and denitrifier communities, (2) denitrification was the dominant N₂O emitting process, and (3) a relationship exists between nitrifier and denitrifier community composition, their abundance, and N₂O emission. Comparisons were made among soils from three CW and three UW at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to compare community composition, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to estimate community size. Incubation experiments on re-packed soil cores with ¹⁵N-labeled nitrate were performed to assess the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to total N₂O emission. Results indicate: (1) nitrification was the primary source of N₂O emission, (2) cultivation increased nitrifier abundance but decreased nitrifier richness, (3) denitrifier abundance was not affected by cultivation but richness was increased by cultivation, and (4) differences in nitrifier and denitrifier communities composition and abundance between land-use and landform did not correspond to differences in N₂O emission.     

Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues

Abstract. Emissions of N₂O were measured from different agricultural systems in SE Scotland. N₂O emissions increased temporarily after fertilization of arable crops, cultivation of bare soil, ploughing up of grassland and incorporation of arable and horticultural crop residues, but the effect was short-lived. Most of the emission occurred during the first two weeks, returning to 'background' levels after 30–40 days. The highest flux was from N-rich lettuce residues, 1100 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ being emitted over the first 14 days after incorporation by rotary tillage. The magnitude and pattern of emissions was strongly influenced by rainfall, soil mineral N, cultivation technique and C:N ratio of the residue. Comparatively large emissions were measured after incorporation of material with low C:N ratios. Management practices are recommended that would increase N-use efficiency and reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils.     

Interactive effects of ammonium application rates and temperature on nitrous oxide emission from tropical agricultural soil

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, from agricultural soil have been recognized to be affected by nitrogen (N) application and temperature. Most of the previous studies were carried out to determine effects of temperature on N₂O emissions at a fixed N application rate or those of N application rates at a specific temperature. Knowledge about the effects of different ammonium (NH₄⁺) application rates and temperatures on N₂O emissions from tropical agricultural soil and their interactions is limited. Five grams of air-dried sandy loam soil, collected in Central Vietnam, were adjusted to 0, 400, 800 and 1200 mg NH₄-N kg^–1 soil (abbreviated as 0 N, 400 N, 800 N and 1200 N, respectively) at 60% water holding capacity were aerobically incubated at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C or 35°C for 28 days. Mineral N contents and N₂O emission rates were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Cumulative N₂O emissions for 28 days increased with increasing NH₄⁺ application rates from 0 to 800 mg N kg^–1 and then declined to 1200 mg N kg^–1. Cumulative N₂O emissions increased in the order of 35°C, 20°C, 30°C and 25°C. This lowest emission at 35°C occurred because N₂O production was derived only from autotrophic nitrification while other N₂O production processes, e.g., nitrifier denitrification and coupled nitrification-denitrification occurred at lower temperatures. More specifically, cumulative N₂O emissions peaked at 800 N and 25°C, and the lowest emissions occurred at 1200 N and 35°C. In conclusion, N₂O emissions were not exponentially correlated with NH₄⁺ application rates or temperatures. Higher NH₄⁺ application rates at higher temperatures suppressed N₂O emissions.     

New method for the estimation of nitrous oxide emission rates from an agricultural watershed

Abstract

We developed a new and improved method, the ‘high-emission-incorporation (HEI) method’, for estimating soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission rates at a watershed level based on nitrogen (N) input (consisting of fertilizer, manure, slurry and excreta N) and N surplus (calculated by subtracting the amount of crop yield and consumed N from the N input) of different sites in a livestock farm located in a watershed. The main characteristic of this method is the inclusion of extremely high N₂O emission rates, ‘outlier’, which are normally excluded from estimation. High N₂O emission rates were estimated using the regression model obtained from the measured N₂O values and the amounts of N surplus; normal N₂O emission rates were estimated using the regression model obtained from the measured values and the amount of N input. The probability of occurrence of a high flux was used to incorporate calculated high and normal N₂O emissions into one. The annual N₂O emission rate from the livestock farm in the watershed (467?ha), estimated using the HEI method, was 1156?±?147?kg?N?year^?1 over a 5-year period. The annual N₂O emission rates calculated using the site-specific emission factor (EF?=?0.0789) and the emission factor of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (EF?=?0.01) were 1838?±?585?kg?N?year^?1 and 673 (522–1103) kg?N?year^?1, respectively. The estimated value using the measure-and-multiply method, in which each land-use area is multiplied by the representative emission rate for each land-use type, was 964 (509–1610) kg?N?year^?1. The N₂O emission rates estimated by our newly developed method were consistent with the values calculated by the measure-and-multiply method and offered improvement over this measure because the new measure can also predict future N₂O emission rates from the watershed.     

菜地氮肥用量与N2O排放的关系及硝化抑制剂效果

通过连续种植四季蔬菜近一年的大田试验,探究高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系及其机理,并研究硝化抑制剂减少菜地N2O排放的效果.结果表明,在氮肥施用水平为N 0～1 733 kg hm-2a-1间,无论氮肥中是否添加硝化抑制剂,N2O总排放量与氮肥施用量均呈指数函数关系,即氮肥施用量高时,N2O排放率也高.在各氮肥水平处理下,硝化抑制剂均能降低N2O排放,抑制率为8.75％ ～ 25.28％,且这种减排效果随着施氮量增加而增加.在氮肥施用量为N 300或400 kg hm-2季-1时,施用硝化抑制剂减少N2O排放所带来的效益略高于其成本,因此,即使不考虑氮肥利用率的提高等因素,施用硝化抑制剂仍是一种有利的选择.     

菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律

为了解不同集约化类型菜地土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子,选取京郊20年露地老菜地(OV20)、3年菜地种植历史的露地新菜地(OV3)、3年大棚菜地(GV3),以及相邻的当地典型粮田玉米地(Maize)4个类型地块,研究了春黄瓜生育期间土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子。结果表明:1)春黄瓜生育期间的土壤CO2排放通量主要受土壤5 cm处温度(指数关系)和土壤水分(对数关系或二次抛物线关系)影响;期间玉米地土壤CO2平均排放通量为(346.8±56.5)mg.m-2.h-1,20年露地菜地、3年露地菜地有机肥处理、3年露地菜地配施处理、3年大棚菜地的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别是玉米地的1.38、1.21、1.39和1.56倍。2)土壤N2O排放通量与施肥活动密切相关,排放高峰都出现在氮肥施用后,并受土壤温度和水分的影响。基肥后土壤温度低(15～20℃),排放峰出现在第5 d,排放峰持续时间(长达20 d)与施肥量相关;追肥后土壤温度高(>20℃),排放高峰发生早(追肥后第3 d),但因追肥用量低,因此持续时间短(仅一周)。3)黄瓜生长期内玉米地N2O累积排放量为N(1.95±0.10)kg.hm-2,20年老菜地、3年大棚菜地和3年新菜地N2O累积排放量分别是同期大田玉米地的1.67、1.95和1.99倍。4)本实验中春黄瓜生长季菜地土壤化肥氮N2O排放系数在1.86%～4.71%之间,显著高于IPCC旱地排放缺省值1%。其中,新菜地排放系数高于老菜地,设施菜地排放系数高于露地菜地;但有机肥氮的N2O排放系数则远远低于化肥氮的排放系数,仅为0.11%。