甜菜碱对热应激肉鸡生产性能的影响

选用1日龄的肉仔鸡(麻鸡与隐性白的杂交一代)120只在常规状态下饲养至17日龄后进行试验.在试验期内,肉鸡被随机分成3组,并饲养在热应激环境中,对照组喂基础日粮,第Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、 0.3%的甜菜碱.试验期内,定期测定采食量,增重等生产性能指标,81日龄时测定屠宰率.结果表明在17～57日龄,与对照组相比较,第Ⅰ组公鸡平均增重提高了278.9克/只,母鸡平均增重提高了218.7克/只,差异极显著(P<0.01).与对照组相比较,第Ⅱ组公鸡平均增重提高了0.2克/只、母鸡平均增重提高了17.6克/只,差异不显著(P＞0.05);在采食量方面,对照组、第Ⅰ组、第Ⅱ组分别是公鸡61.05克/只·日、 66.12克/只·日、 65.84克/只·日,母鸡46.68克/只·日、 54.97克/只·日、 53.59克/(只·日), 三组差异不显著;与对照组相比较,第Ⅰ组公鸡饲料转化率提高了0.5,差异显著(P<0.05);第Ⅰ组母鸡饲料转化率提高了0.19,差异显著(P<0.05);与对照组相比较,第Ⅱ组公鸡饲料转化率减少了0.22,差异显著(P<0.05);第Ⅱ组母鸡饲料转化率减少了0.26,差异显著(P<0.05);对照组、第Ⅰ组、第Ⅱ组肉鸡的屠宰率分别是公鸡91.15%、 90.90%、 91.05%,母鸡91.70%、 91.55%、 91.85%,各组的屠宰率差异不显著(P>0.05).结果证明,适量甜菜碱可以缓解热应激对肉鸡的不良影响,提高肉鸡生产性能.     

不同季节肉鸡的饲养密度

平养2808只肉鸡,以每平方米8、10、12、14、16和18只的饲养密度进行冬、夏生产性能的比较。从出雏到育肥结束,冬季平均增重1817克,夏季平均增重1682克。冬季饲养密度对增重没有显著影响,但夏季饲养密度为8—10只鸡的增重(1710—1726克)好于较高密度(12、14、16和18只/m~2)的增重(1610—1696克,P<0.05)。在各密度下,公鸡增重(平均1894克)都高于母鸡(1606克)。群体密度对饲料转化率和死亡率没有显著影响。8周龄公鸡成活97.4%,母鸡成活99.0%(P<0.05)。公鸡冬、夏季饲料转化率指数为2.31和2.38,母鸡冬、春季饲料转化率指数为2.44和2.46。     

补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡屠宰品质的影响

试验旨在探讨饲喂全价基础日粮的基础上补饲青绿饲料对不同性别肉仔鸡屠宰品质的影响。选择1日龄健康AA肉鸡360只(公母各半),根据不同性别随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每重复30只。分别设为Ⅰ♂、Ⅱ♂、Ⅰ♀、Ⅱ♀组。Ⅰ♂和Ⅰ♀为对照组,饲喂全价基础日粮,Ⅱ♂和Ⅱ♀为试验组,全期补饲新鲜青绿饲料。分别于第14、28、42日龄(d)时取样进行屠宰品质分析。结果表明:①各试验日龄公鸡的体重高于母鸡(P<0.05或<0.01);42日龄时公鸡的屠宰率和半净膛率高于母鸡(P<0.05),腹脂率低于母鸡(P<0.05)。②补饲青绿饲料能显著提高肉仔鸡胸肌率(P<0.05)和降低腹脂率(P<0.05),42日龄时公鸡和母鸡的胸肌率分别提高了14.9%和16.4%,腹脂率分别降低了20.8%和22.2%。③补饲青绿饲料对肉仔鸡屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率和腿肌率无显著影响。④总体上补饲青绿饲料对母鸡屠宰品质的影响作用更大。     

乳酸菌对肉鸡生长性能、死亡率和屠宰率的影响

为了研究不同水平下乳酸菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪链球菌)对肉鸡的影响,选取1日龄肉鸡576羽,采取完全区组设计(CRD)将肉鸡随机分成四组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮上,分别每吨添加600g、800g、1000g乳酸菌,试验期间对采食量、增重等进行统计,试验结束时进行屠宰试验。研究表明,不同水平乳酸菌对试验全期肉鸡采食量和增重影响差异显著(P<0.05),各组之间末重差异极显著(P<0.01),胸肌率差异显著(P<0.05),公鸡与母鸡相比,饲料采食量、增重、屠宰率、胴体率、腿肌率和肝重之间差异显著(P<0.05),末重差异极显著(P<0.01)。本研究结果还显示,与对照组相比,乳酸菌处理组的死亡率大幅下降(P<0.05)。结论:乳酸菌对肉鸡的生产性能有明显的改善,根据本试验的结果,推荐每吨饲料添加800g乳酸菌。     

黄芪多糖对肉仔鸡生产性能和部分免疫指标的影响

本文研究了黄芪多糖对不同性别肉仔鸡不同阶段生产性能及部分免疫指标的影响。试验选用1200只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理设12个重复,每个重复20只鸡,公母各半,分笼饲养。对照组饲喂基础日粮,其他各处理组分别在对照组日粮的基础上添加黄芪多糖500、1000、2000、3000mg/kg。试验期为7周,分为试验前期(0～21日龄)和试验后期(22～49日龄)。结果表明:(1)试验前期,各添加黄芪多糖处理组公鸡饲料转化率无显著变化,但平均日增重降低,其中2000mg/kg组变化显著(P0.05);各处理组试验前期母鸡的饲料利用率显著提高(P0.05),平均日增重提高,其中1000mg/kg和2000mg/kg组变化显著(P0.05)。试验后期,除母鸡3000mg/kg组平均日增重较对照组显著降低外(P0.05),其他各处理组公母鸡平均日增重和饲料转化率均无显著变化。(2)试验前期,各处理组公母鸡胸腺指数均无显著差异,1000mg/kg组显著提高公母鸡新城疫抗体效价(P0.05);试验后期,公鸡1000mg/kg组胸腺指数、2000mg/kg组法氏囊指数和脾脏指数均较对照组显著增加(P0.05),而母鸡各处理组免疫器官指数、公母鸡新城疫抗体效价与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂肉羊试验及效果评价

试验选取60只3月龄、体况相近的小尾寒羊公羔,随机分成试验组和对照组,每组30只,分别进行全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂和单一饲料逐一饲喂.试验期为90d,其中预饲期15d,正饲期75d.通过测定两组羔羊的日采食量、日增重、屠宰性能,比较分析全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂肉羊对肉羊生产性能的影响.结果表明:试验组日采食量比对照组日采食量高,差异显著(P<0.05);平均日增重较对照组高92.54%,差异极显著(P<0.01);饲料转化率比对照组高33.10%,差异显著(P<0.05);宰前活重、胴体重、净肉重分别比对照组高40.57%、47.29%、47.50%,差异极显著(P<0.01);屠宰率和净肉率分别比对照组高2.36和2.55个百分点,差异显著(P<0.05).结论:全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂技术饲料浪费少,营养均衡,在饲料配方相同的情况下,全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂技术饲喂的肉羊,日增重、饲料转化率、屠宰性能等指标都比使用单一饲料逐一饲喂的肉羊优秀,二者差异显著.因此,全日粮饲料颗粒化饲喂技术能显著提高肉羊增重速度和产肉性能,具有良好的经济效益,有较大的应用推广价值.     

不同锌水平对1～21日龄肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

选用384只1日龄AA肉用雏,公母各半,按体重随机分成4个处理组,每个处理组设8个重复,每个重复12只鸡,研究在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中添加锌水平分别为40mg/kg、80mg/kg、120mg/kg和160mg/kg对1~21日龄肉仔鸡生长性能的影响。结果表明:不同锌水平间各个日龄对肉仔鸡体增重、平均日增重、耗料量的影响均差异不显著(P>0.05),只有对仔鸡料重比的影响在7日龄差异极显著(P<0.01),14日龄时差异显著(P<0.05),21日龄时差异不显著(P>0.05);不同性别间对肉仔鸡体增重、平均日增重在7日龄和21日龄时差异极显著(P<0.01),14日龄时差异显著(P<0.05),但对仔鸡耗料量的影响在7日龄时差异不显著(P>0.05),14日龄时差异显著(P<0.05),21日龄时差异极显著(P<0.01);对料重比的影响在7日龄时差异极显著(P<0.01),14日龄和21日龄时差异不显著(P>0.05)。公鸡平均日增重、体增重、耗料重均大于母鸡,只有公鸡的料重比总体小于母鸡。研究结果表明,当锌水平在80~120mg/kg时能更好的促进肉仔鸡的生长发育。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和体液免疫应答能力的影响

文章旨在研究丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和体液免疫应答能力的影响,试验将90只1日龄麻黄鸡苗随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,所有鸡于第1和21日龄分别用同种疫苗同样方式进行二次免疫。对照组饲喂基础日粮,丁酸梭菌低剂量组在基础日粮中添加2×10⁵CFU/g丁酸梭菌,高剂量组在基础日粮中添加5×10⁵CFU/g丁酸梭菌,定期测量免疫器官指数、肠道指数、平均日增重、饲料转化率、新城疫抗体效价和禽流感抗体效价。结果表明,对42日龄内的肉鸡,丁酸梭菌高剂量组肉鸡的肠道指数、日增重和饲料转化率略高于对照组(P> 0.05);对42日龄以上的肉鸡,丁酸梭菌高剂量组的日增重和饲料转化率显著高于对照组(P <0.05),但与丁酸梭菌低剂量组相比无显著差异,而丁酸梭菌低剂量组鸡的饲料转化率和禽流感抗体效价最高值显著高于对照组(P <0.05),丁酸梭菌高剂量组鸡的新城疫和禽流感抗体效价低于对照组(P> 0.05)。综合考虑,在肉鸡饲料中添加2×10⁵CFU/g的丁酸梭菌可以改善肠道指数,提高日增重和饲料转化率,...     

瘤胃源菌粉对雪山鸡生长性能、屠宰性能与激素分泌的影响

为研究瘤胃源益生菌菌粉(BPR)对雪山鸡生长性能、屠宰性能与激素分泌的影响,选择1日龄健康雪山鸡234只,公母各半,随机分成3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1%BPR。结果表明,1~20日龄时,与对照组相比,试验1、2组平均日采食量极显著降低(P<0.01);20~42日龄时,与对照组相比,试验1组平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),平均日增重试验1、2组显著升高(P<0.01),饲料转化率显著降低(P<0.01);1~42日龄时,与对照组相比,试验1、2组平均日采食量分别降低1.63%(P<0.01)、0.80%(P<0.05),平均日增重显著升高(P<0.01),饲料转化率显著降低(P<0.01);公鸡屠宰率显著提高(P<0.01),公母合并试验2组提高2.60%(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验2组四碘甲酰原氨酸(T4)含量极显著升高(P<0.01),胰岛素(Ins.)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。综上,BPR能显著改善雪山鸡血清中T4和胰岛素水平及其生长和屠宰性能。     

0～21和22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡可消化蛋氨酸需要量的研究

试验一和试验二分别选用1日龄和22日龄岭南黄鸡各2 000只和1 600只,按性别和体重分成10处理组(公、母鸡各5组),每组4重复栏,每栏50(试验一)和40只鸡(试验二)。2个试验均采用5(饲粮蛋氨酸水平)×2(性别)两因子试验设计,试验一和二分别设0.35%、0.40%、0.45%、0.50%和0.55%以及0.30%、0.35%、0.40%、0.45%和0.50%5个饲粮蛋氨酸水平。结果表明:随着饲粮蛋氨酸水平提高,0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡每日总蛋氨酸摄入量和真可消化蛋氨酸摄入量呈线性或二次曲线升高(P<0.05);0～21日龄公、母鸡的日增重呈二次曲线升高(P<0.05),0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡的饲料增重比呈二次曲线降低(P<0.05或0.1)。可见,在基础饲粮中添加适量蛋氨酸改善了黄羽肉鸡的生产性能。根据二次回归模型估测黄羽肉鸡获得最佳生产性能95%处的总蛋氨酸需要量和真可消化蛋氨酸需要量,0~21日龄母鸡为0.433%~0.435%和0.404%~0.406%,公鸡为0.445%~0.454%和0.416%~0.425%,22～42日龄母鸡为0.463%和0.437%,公鸡为0.375%和0.349%。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.