民勤绿洲土壤水盐空间分布特征及盐渍化成因分析

根据2010年民勤绿洲230个采样点的土壤水盐分析资料,运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法对该地区土壤水盐空间分布特征及土壤盐渍化成因进行了研究。结果表明:民勤绿洲土壤水分整体呈现出西南高、东北低的趋势;土壤含盐量呈现出从南到北、由西到东逐渐增大的趋势,沿坝区至湖区,土壤浸提溶液电导率从0.07dS/m增加到5.99dS/m;根据土壤盐渍化分级标准,民勤绿洲非盐渍化土占区域总耕地面积的50.01%,轻、中、重度盐渍化土分别占19.13%、10.44%和16.96%;分析认为,干旱的气候、丰富的盐分来源、高矿化度地下水的存在以及人类不合理的水土资源利用方式是引起民勤绿洲土壤盐渍化的主要原因。     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

层状土壤水盐动态研究与分析

针对我国西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状结构和土壤的盐渍化面积逐年增加的实际情况,概述了国内外入渗和蒸发条件下非均质层状土壤水盐运移的研究动态,总结了其主要研究成果,明晰了成果之间的相互关系及其实际应用价值,探讨了研究中目前存在的主要问题,为灌溉和排水等措施的拟定以及进一步的研究提供参考信息。     

秸秆覆盖对盐渍化土壤水盐动态的影响

研究了不同秸秆覆盖量下盐渍化土壤蒸发量、不同生育期各土层的含水率及含盐量的动态变化规律.结果表明:秸秆覆盖后,盐渍化土壤蒸发量比对照低,随着秸秆覆盖量的增加,蒸发量逐渐减少,当秸秆覆盖量为0.75 kg/m2(C2)时,日蒸发量减少幅度平缓,趋于稳定.与对照相比,秸秆覆盖量为1.05 kg/m2(C1),0.75 kg...     

膜下滴灌水量对土壤水盐运移及再分布的影响

通过对2009年膜下滴灌土壤水盐运移的试验研究,结果表明:膜下滴灌条件下土壤水分的再分布决定了土壤盐分的分布特征,土壤平均含水率在棉花全生育期内呈现逐渐上升的趋势.在棉花生长阶段,随着灌水量的增加,土壤盐分峰值位置呈现下移的趋势.当灌水量从3 000 m3/hm2增加到4 800 m3/hm2时,盐分峰值位置向垂直方向...     

地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移研究

综述了国内外地下水浅埋条件下土壤盐分运移机理研究,滴灌条件下盐碱地土壤盐分运移机理研究,土壤盐分运移模型研究的相关研究成果,为滴灌技术在改造和利用地下水浅埋盐碱土地资源的应用提供了思路,为预报土壤盐碱化提供科学依据,并为地下水浅埋盐碱土滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的进一步研究提出一些建议,认为地下水浅埋区盐碱地滴灌条件下土壤盐分运移规律的研究仍是今后土壤科学的研究重点.     

伊犁河谷地下水及土壤盐分分布特征

利用化学分析和地统计学法,分析了研究区地下水以及土壤盐分含量、离子组成特征及其分布规律.结果显示:地下水矿化度平均值为2.37 g/L,pH值平均值为7.63,地下水中各阴离子含量由高到低依次为Cl-＞SO42-＞HCO3-＞CO32-,阳离子含量由高到低依次为Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+＞K+,地下水属于Cl--Ca2...     

垄作沟灌条件下灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布和制种玉米耗水的影响

通过田间试验对垄膜沟灌条件下,不同灌溉定额对土壤水盐分布及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明:灌溉定额对垄顶和沟底0~100 cm土层水盐分布具有不同的影响,随着灌水定额的增加,垄顶土层盐分累积效应明显高于沟底土层,深层土壤水分含量高于浅层土壤水分含量;灌水阶段,表层土壤脱盐量随着灌水定额的增加而增大,土壤蒸发阶段,灌水定额大的处理表层土壤盐分累积效应明显;作物耗水量及土壤的储水能力受灌溉定额影响显著,当灌水定额大于400 m~3·hm~(~(-2))时能显著增加沟底土壤水分的垂直运动,促进水分在深层土壤中储存;随着灌溉定额的增加,制种玉米的穗长、穗行数、行粒数呈增加的趋势。从节水增产角度考虑,制种玉米全生育期灌水5次(播后、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽穗期、灌浆期),灌水定额为500 m3·hm~(~(-2)),灌溉定额为2 500 m~3·hm~(~(-2)),土壤盐分累积效应最低且作物水分利用效率(0.825 kg·m~(~(-3)))和产量效应(4 219.91 kg·hm~(~(-2)))最优。     

膜下滴灌条件下盐荒地土壤盐分变化规律研究

基于对下野地灌区、金沟河灌区的试验监测,从土壤盐分年内、年际变化及其与地下水埋深的关系两个方面,研究膜下滴灌条件下盐荒地土壤盐分变化规律。研究结果表明:在年际间,下野地灌区、金沟河灌区实施膜下滴灌6～8 a的盐荒地块,深度在60～100 cm的土层土壤含盐率分别保持在0.5%、0.8%上下,形成稳定积盐层,在60cm以上土层土壤盐分基本处于动态平衡;在年内,盐荒地土壤盐分整体上呈现随生育期的推后而降低的趋势,0～60cm土层脱盐效果较为明显,春秋季是两个积盐的高峰期;下野地灌区、金沟河灌区地下水埋深年际均值为3.60、2.26 m,土壤含盐率年际均值为0.49%、0.77%,土壤盐分随地下水埋深的减小而增加,说明石河子垦区土壤含盐量受地下水埋深影响较为明显。     

不同土壤水分条件下夏玉米蒸发蒸腾特征研究

以郑单958为材料,在防雨测坑模拟试验条件下,研究了不同土壤水分条件下夏玉米蒸发蒸腾特性.试验结果表明:夏玉米在不同土壤水分条件下,土壤蒸发与土壤水分含量有关,干旱条件下土壤蒸发日变化低于适宜土壤水分条件,充足水分条件下土壤蒸发量高于适宜水分处理.蒸腾速率日变化则是适宜水分75%最高,单叶瞬时蒸鹰速率比干旱处理和充足水分处理分别高11.8%、4.3%.茎流量日变化蜂值随水分含量的增高而增高,其峰值比蒸腾峰值要延迟约2 h.     

不同留茬覆盖模式对土壤蒸发和表层土壤含水量的影响

秸秆覆盖模式可显著影响土壤蒸发量和土壤含水量。本研究根据小麦机械收获的特点,设置不同的小麦留茬高度和覆盖量,研究了不同留茬高度和覆盖量组合对冬小麦收获后土壤表层含水量和土壤蒸发量的影响。试验结果显示冬小麦留茬高度0~35 cm对表层土壤含水量和土壤蒸发影响较小,而覆盖会明显改善土壤含水量和降低土壤蒸发量。当留茬高度为0~15 cm、田间剩余秸秆覆盖量为0.348~0.470 kg/m2时,试验期间(31 d)土壤累积蒸发量较无覆盖减少了16%~51%。考虑机收特点,建议小麦留茬高度为5~15 cm,其余残留碎杆覆盖在土壤表面,以减少土壤蒸发和提高水分利用效率。     

风速和秸秆覆盖对土壤水分蒸发影响的模拟试验研究

通过室内模拟试验方法,研究了不同风速(静风、0.5、1.5m/s)和秸秆覆盖量(0、4 120、8240kg/hm2)对土壤水分蒸发的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤水分蒸发受风速和秸秆覆盖的明显影响,当土壤含水量大于田间持水量的70%、覆盖量一定时(0、4120 kg/hm2)时,风速0 m/8与1.5 m/s之间的土壤日...     

滴灌条件下土壤水分再分布过程研究

对均质风干砂壤土在滴灌条件下水分再分布过程进行研究发现:距离供水滴头较近的点,水分再分布过程开始后该点土壤含水量突然下降1~2个百分点,随后该点土壤含水量随时间延长而减少,前期较快,后期变缓;原湿润锋边缘处各点的土壤含水量在再分布过程前期表现为继续增加,后期则随时间的延长而缓慢减少。土壤水分的再分布运动使得湿润体内的土壤含水量均有不同程度的下降,土壤水分由高含水区向低含水区运移。在试验条件下水平湿润锋增长幅度6%,垂直方向增长幅度为9%,垂直方向大于水平方向;灌溉结束24 h后土壤水分运动达到暂时的平衡,此后土壤含水量变化很小,土壤湿润锋几乎不再扩展。     

Comparing phreatic evaporation at zero water table depth with water surface evaporation

Salt-affected soils are mostly found in irrigated areas within arid and semi-arid regions where the groundwater table is shallow. Soils of this type have become an increasingly severe problem because they threaten both the environment and the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture. A tool to estimate phreatic evaporation is therefore urgently required to minimize the salinization potential of salt-affected areas. In this context, phreatic evaporation at zero water table depth (E₀) is a key parameter for establishing a model for calculating phreatic evaporation. The aim of this study was to explore the law of phreatic evaporation and to develop structurally rational empirical models for calculating phreatic evaporation, based on E₀ data of six types of soil (i.e., gravel, fine sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam, and heavy loam) observed using the non-weighing lysimeter and water surface evaporation (E₆₀₁) data observed using a E601 evaporator of same evaporation area with a lysimeter-tube at the groundwater balance station of the Weigan River Management Office in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, during the non-freezing period (April to October) between 1990 and 1994. The relationship between E₀ and E₆₀₁ was analyzed, the relationship between the ratio of E₀ to E₆₀₁ and the mechanical compositions of different soils was presented, and the factors influencing E₀ were discussed. The results of this study reveal that E₀ is not equal to E₆₀₁. In fact, only values of the former for fine sand are close to those of the latter. Data also show that E₀ values are related to soil texture as well as to potential atmospheric evaporation, the ratio of E₀ to E₆₀₁ and the silt-clay particle content (grain diameter less than 0.02 mm) is negatively exponentially correlated, and that soil thermal capacity plays a key role in phreatic evaporation at E₀. The results of this analysis therefore imply that the treatment of zero phreatic depth is an essential requirement when constructing groundwater balance stations to study the law of phreatic evaporation.     

生物炭对塿土持水能力的影响

通过连续6年定位试验,探究较长时间施用生物炭对土壤保水作用的影响,以期为塿土区水土保持和土壤改良提供理论参考。田间试验于2011年开始,设4个生物炭施用梯度：对照,不施生物炭（B0）;5 t·hm^-2（B5）;10 t·hm^-2（B10）;20 t·hm^-2（B20）。在2017年测定了土壤含水量、土壤基础理化性质和水分累积蒸发量等。结果表明：生物炭能够显著减小土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量和田间持水量,且随着生物炭施入量的增加,各指标变化幅度也增大,B20与B0处理相比,土壤容重减少了8.28%,毛管孔隙度增加了20.17%,饱和含水量与田间持水量分别增加了22.17%和14.86%;生物炭显著增加了土壤团聚体稳定性,B20与B0处理相比,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加了19.00%,团聚体破坏率和不稳定团粒指数分别降低了11.34%和9.61%;生物炭还可有效抑制土壤水分的蒸发,B10和B20处理的土壤累积蒸发量分别比B0处理减少了7.45%和10.18%。结合逐步回归分析与通径分析发现,生物炭对土壤结构的改良是其促进土壤持水能力的主要原因。土壤孔隙度和有机碳含量是影响土壤饱和含水量的主要因子,影响土壤毛管持水量的主要因子为有机碳含量和土壤毛管孔隙度,而毛管孔隙度与水稳性团聚体含量则解释了绝大部分土壤田间持水量的变化。研究表明生物炭施用可以显著改良土壤结构,提升塿土持水性能,增加干旱半干旱地区土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity. This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil. Using the indoor soil column method, we studied the effects of three application patterns (A (0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil), B (0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil), and C (0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)), four application amounts (0% (control, CK), 1%, 2%, and 4% of mixed-based biochar in dry soil), and two particle sizes (0.05-0.25 mm (S1) and <0.05 mm (S2)) of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil. We separately used five infiltration models (the Philip, Kostiakov, Horton, USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Kostiakov-Lewis models) to fit cumulative infiltration and time. Compared with CK, the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration. Under application patterns A, B, and C, the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were, the lower the migration speed of the wetting front. With the same application amount, cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest. Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example, the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%_(S2), A4%_(S1), A4%_(S2), A1%_(S1), C2%_(S1), and B1%_(S1) were higher than 30%, which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth. The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size (R²>0.980), but the R² values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments (except for the treatment B2%_(S2)). Compared with CK, all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration, except for B4%_(S2). With the same application amount, cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small. Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation. The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%_(S1), C4%_(S2), C2%_(S1), and C2%_(S2) were over 15.00%. Therefore, applying 2% of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer (10-20 cm) could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation. Moreover, application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation. Further, there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process (application amount×particle size with the most important interaction), while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process. The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.     

秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发规律研究

在大田条件下,研究分析多覆盖(覆盖量6 000 kg/hm2),少覆盖(覆盖量3 000 kg/hm2)和不覆盖处理对冬小麦棵间蒸发的影响,结果表明:冬小麦逐日棵间蒸发表现为10月中旬、3月下旬和6月上旬较大,多覆盖、少覆盖和对照三个处理逐日变化量和逐日累计量有相同变化趋势;三个处理日均棵间最大蒸发量均出现在灌浆～成熟期、最小值出现在越冬～返青期;覆盖处理对对照抑制率都是在播种～分集期最大,越冬～返青期最小;覆盖处理中,多覆盖抑蒸效果最好.     

环渤海平原区土壤盐分分布特征及影响因素分析

通过环渤海低平原区2010年4-5月份采集的70组0-60cm土样和水样的全盐量、八大离子和pH值的测试数据,查明了环渤海低平原强蒸发条件下土壤盐分空间特征,并对影响因素进行了相关分析。结果表明:土壤盐分与浅层地下水埋深之间表现为线性负相关,相关系数为0.7312;土壤盐分与地下水矿化度之间可以用指数函数关系进行拟合,决定系数为0.73-0.76;在其他因素不变的情况下,土壤含盐量与蒸发量之间的关系为线性正相关,在土壤积盐因素中有17.3%与蒸发量有关;在浅层地下水埋深较大的中西部地区,两者之间表现为线性负相关,相关系数为0.7021;在浅层地下水埋深较小的滨海平原,两者之间表现为线性正相关,相关系数为0.6035;土壤自身的理化性质对盐分的滞留和阻隔作用同样重要。在空间分布上,随着自西向东浅层地下水埋深逐渐变小、矿化度逐渐增高、降水量越来越大和蒸发量的变化,土壤盐分逐渐增高的趋势也验证了土壤盐分与上述因素之间的相关性。