牦牛的环境生理特征

牦牛是青藏高原上的一个景观牛种。在独特的高原生态环境条件下,经过长期的自然选择和人工培育,该牛种形成了适应青藏高原生境的生活习性和体型外貌特征及特殊的血液和呼吸系统机能,使它能够在高原环境中生存和生产。     

建设具有高原特色青海环湖区绿色牦牛肉干生产基地的探析

牦牛是青藏高原及其毗邻地区特有的优势畜种,是惟一能充分利用青藏高原牧草资源生存繁衍的牛种.由于高海拔无污染,青海湖环湖区牦牛更具有生产"绿色肉食品"的独特优势.如何建设具有高原特色青海湖环湖区绿色牦牛肉干生产基地,是畜牧业科学高效发展亟待解决的问题.     

大通县引进野血牦牛杂交示范试验效果分析

牦牛是我国高原山地特有的牛种,长年栖息于海拔3000m以上寒冷地区,被誉为世界屋脊上的牛,是我国草原地区进行动物性生产、提供多种畜产品的宝贵资源,是青藏高原牧民衣、食、住、行不可缺少的赖以生存的重要生产生活资料。1基本概况大通县位于青海省东部农业区,是省会西宁市直辖县,地处青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡地带,海拔2280     

大通县环湖型牦牛血清无机磷和血清葡萄糖含量的测定

牦牛是牛属动物中惟一生活在海拔3 000 m以上高寒地区的特有牛种资源.主要分布在青藏高原及其相邻的高山地区[1].它能在其他牛种难以生存的低氧环境中健康生长和繁衍后代;由于牦牛在青海省分布的地区和生态的不同,将青海牦牛分为高原型、环湖型和白牦牛3个类型[1].青海环湖型牦牛分布于青海湖周边地区.     

牦牛生产资源现状及发展对策

牦牛有"高原之舟"的美誉,是适应高原山区草场自然资源的牛种,对高山草原环境具有适应性强、耐粗饲等特点.牦牛的肉、乳、毛、皮等产品是高山草原牧业的主要生活资源和轻工原料的来源之一.     

发现15对肋骨的牦牛

牦牛是我国高寒牧区的特有畜种,分布于青藏高原及毗邻地区,是唯一能充分利用青藏高原牧草资源进行动物性生产的牛种,也是高寒地区牧民赖以生存和发展的生产、生活资料,在其分布地区具有不可替代的生态、经济地位.其发展对提高藏族人民的生活水平,繁荣牧区经济具有十分重要的意义.     

全球首款牦牛婴幼儿配方奶粉上市

正[本刊辑]2017年7月2日,全球首款注册婴幼儿牦牛奶配方奶粉发布会在成都举行。高原之宝全球首款注册婴幼儿牦牛奶配方奶粉上市,弥补了市场空白,增强了中国奶业在国际市场上的竞争力。牦牛是青藏高原特有的牛种,现存三种源种动物之一。牦牛以超强的耐寒、抗缺氧、抗疲劳和免疫力而著称。牦牛奶粉具有安全环保、体质优良、免疫力出众等独特优     

牦牛瘤胃和肠道微生物多样性及影响因素研究进展

牦牛是中国青藏高原地区的特有牛种,残酷的高原环境促使牦牛进化出独特的适应机制。瘤胃和肠道微生物对反刍动物的健康、生长、发育和繁殖具有重要影响。高通量测序技术可有效鉴定牦牛瘤胃和肠道内的微生物种类。该文回顾了现有牦牛瘤胃和肠道微生物多样性的相关研究论文,阐述了牦牛瘤胃和肠道微生物群落结构与饲料、饲养方式、年龄等因素的关系,以期为牦牛生产养殖中的应用提供理论指导。     

迪庆黄牛血液蛋白多态性及其在中国黄牛中的地位

本研究采用淀粉凝胶电泳法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定云南迪庆黄牛血清白蛋白（Ａ１ｂ）、血清运铁蛋白（Ｔｆ）、血清碱性磷酸酶（Ａｂｐ）和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）等四个位点的基因频率。为分析迪庆黄牛这一高原类型地方牛种在中国黄牛中的地位，利用本研究的迪庆黄牛以及文献报道的中国１０种黄牛的四个多态位点的等位基因频率资料，计算标准遗传传距离，并进行聚类分析。结果表明：迪庆黄牛独自一类，来自于青藏高原的迪庆黄牛在中国黄牛中占有十分重要的地位．结合文物考证资料，推测青藏高原很可能是中国黄牛的发源地。     

浅谈我国牦牛业生产现状及发展思路

牦牛是中国古老而又原始的牛种之一，是唯一能在青藏高原生态环境下生存繁衍的牛种，是青藏高原特有的优势畜种，具有独特的生态学特性及经济价值。牦牛除分布于我国青海、西藏、四川、甘肃、新疆、云南省外，在北京(灵山)、河北(围场)及内蒙古自治区西部等地也少有分布。经过千百年的自然选择与进化，牦牛形成了其独特的遗传性能和对高寒缺氧恶劣环境的适应能力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.