钐-甘氨酸-维生素B6对酸雨胁迫下大豆幼苗的影响

试验研究钐-甘氨酸-维生素B_6(Sm-Gly-VB_6)对模拟酸雨伤害大豆幼苗的防护作用结果表明,在pH2.5酸雨胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/b值下降,细胞质膜透性增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降。而同一强度酸雨胁迫下经50mg/kg Sm-Gly-VB_6预处理的大豆幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、细胞质膜透性与过氧化氢酶活性损伤较轻,对酸雨伤害大豆幼苗有一定缓解效应。     

酸雨对勋章菊保护酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽方法,以不同pH值(5.6、4.5、3.5、2.5)的模拟酸雨胁迫试验,探讨其对勋章菊(Gazania Hybrids)叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,随pH值的降低,勋章菊叶片质膜透性和MDA含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,且二者呈显著正相关;SOD、CAT和POD活性呈先升高后下降的单峰曲线变化,其中SOD、CAT和POD活性最大值均出现在pH4.5处理;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b的含量、叶绿素a/b、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φps.Ⅱ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随pH值的降低而下降,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)随pH值的降低而升高.模拟酸雨对勋章菊叶片隐形伤害的阈值为pH≤3.5,表明勋章菊对酸雨具有较强的耐受性,可作为酸雨危害较严重地区的园林绿化地被植物之一.     

酸雨对木芙蓉幼苗光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以pH 5.6为对照,采用pH 4.0、pH 3.0、pH 2.0强度的酸雨对2年生木芙蓉进行人工模拟胁迫,研究酸雨胁迫对木芙蓉叶片可见伤害、质膜透性(Membrane Permeability,MP)、叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl)含量、抗氧化酶系统及气体交换参数的影响.研究结果表明,pH 2.0和pH 3...     

小麦对模拟酸雨的反应

小麦三个品种 Arthur71,Abc 和 OAsis 的幼苗用硫酸和硝酸调制的模拟酸雨(pH 分别为5.6、4.3、4.0、3.3、3.0和2.3)处理。测定的项目有:叶重,分蘖数和每盆中枯斑超过叶片面积10%的叶片数。结果表明,相当于自然降雨平均酸度(pH4.3或4.0)的模拟酸雨使 Arthur71和 Abc 这两个品种的生长缓慢,对 Oasis 品种的生长没有影响。当模拟酸雨的酸度超过自然降雨的酸度时(pH2.3),三个品种的生长都受到促进,Abc 品种的分蘖数却相对     

利用冠层和叶片水平的反射光谱研究模拟酸雨对小麦的影响

通过光谱分析技术,研究了模拟酸雨（SO-42：NO-31=5：1）对小麦产量和生理特性的影响。结果表明,模拟酸雨伤害了小麦叶片的结构和功能,降低了叶绿素含量和光合速率,从而显著降低了小麦的产量,经过pH为2的酸雨处理后的小麦产量降幅达19.1%。通过对植被指数的分析可以看出,小麦冠层叶绿素含量在开花期以后逐渐降低,而旗叶的叶绿素含量则在灌浆期以后开始下降,两者的下降幅度都随着酸雨pH的下降而增大。光合速率表现出与叶绿素含量相同的变化。另外,对小麦产量与不同生育期冠层和叶片水平的植被指数的相关分析表明,灌浆期的小麦冠层水平的NDVI、mND705和WI与酸雨处理后小麦的产量显著相关。总之,利用光谱分析技术可以快速、无损伤地监测不同酸雨处理对小麦的生长和营养状况的影响。     

模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以中性溶液（pH=7.0）为对照,研究了pH值为1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0和6.0模拟酸雨对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标随着pH值的降低而降低,弱酸（pH5.0～6.0）条件下小麦种子能够正常萌发和生长,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标与对照没有显著差异（P > 0.05）;在pH低于5.0时,小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长严重受阻,种子萌发和幼苗生长各指标均显著低于对照（P < 0.05）;pH为1.0时,小麦种子则完全失去活性;不同pH值模拟酸雨胁迫对小麦幼苗生理指标影响较大,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、保护酶（SOD,POD,CAT）和非保护酶（PPO,PAL）活性随酸性的增强呈降低趋势,而相对电导率和丙二醛（MDA）含量呈上升趋势。综合分析认为,小麦幼苗生长比种子萌发对模拟酸雨的响应更为敏感。     

镧对西葫芦幼苗模拟酸雨胁迫的缓解效应

以西葫芦为材料, 研究了模拟酸雨胁迫下适量镧（La）对幼苗生长及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果显示, 镧处理对酸雨胁迫有一定的缓解作用. 在pH 3.5和3.0 时,幼苗鲜重均显著高于模拟酸雨组,并恢复到对照的94.7%和78.6%;但在其他胁迫强度下, 镧处理的缓解效应不显著。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白的含量变化与幼苗鲜重类似,在pH 3.0时镧处理的缓解效应最显著;pH 3.5时镧处理的可溶性蛋白含量超过对照。脯氨酸含量呈现持续上升趋势,且镧处理可增加脯氨酸的积累,但只有pH 3.5和3.0 时显著高于模拟酸雨组。表明镧处理只对中强模拟酸雨胁迫有显著的缓解效应。     

农业环境保护中的酸雨监测技术

酸雨伤害植物的监测技术包括对植物叶片表观伤害监测与生理伤害监测,后者选择的参数主要有植物光合速率、气孔导度、细胞质膜透性、叶绿素含量消长、细胞pH变化、活性氧防御系统的应激反应等。本文在介绍测定方法同时,比较分析了各种方法的优点与不足,探讨了酸雨监测技术在农业环境监测、环境评价、酸沉降区域农业区划与环境保护中的作用,指出今后研究应重视完善监测体系和拓展监测对象。     

五酸钾对酸雨胁迫伤害香青菜的缓解效应

采用人工模拟酸雨的实验设计,以国家农业地理标志产品香青菜（Brassica chinensis L.）为实验材料,以叶片喷施蒸馏水为对照（CK）,设置直接喷施pH3.0的酸雨（SY）和10mg·L−1浓度五酸钾溶液预处理后再喷施pH3.0的酸雨（WS）两个处理组。测定并比较分析各处理组香青菜根系活力、质膜透性（MP）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、超氧阴离子自由基产生速率和脯氨酸（PRO）含量,研究酸雨胁迫对香青菜主要生理指标的影响和五酸钾对酸雨胁迫伤害香青菜的缓解效应,从而探索五酸钾对酸雨胁迫下植物幼苗的防护效果。结果表明,叶面喷施浓度10mg·L−1的五酸钾溶液能够显著提高酸雨胁迫下香青菜根系活力、CAT活性,保护了细胞质膜,有效降低香青菜体内PRO含量及超氧阴离子自由基产生速率。说明五酸钾可缓解酸雨对香青菜的生理伤害,对提高香青菜抗酸雨伤害能力具有优良效果。     

模拟酸雨对红壤中铝和水溶性有机质溶出及重金属活动性的影响

在模拟酸雨作用下 ,研究了重金属污染和未污染的酸性红壤和黄红壤中铝和水溶性有机质的溶出以及对重金属活动性的影响。结果表明 ,随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,土壤pH值和盐基饱和度明显降低 ,而交换性酸度明显增加 ,污染土壤中交换性氢含量比未污染土壤高 ,而交换性铝含量比未污染土壤低。铝溶出量与模拟酸雨pH值密切相关 ,当模拟酸雨pH值在 5 .60～ 3.5 0时 ,供试红壤浸出液中铝浓度几乎在同一水平 ;当pH≥ 4 .5 0时 ,供试黄红壤中溶出铝亦未明显变化 ;当模拟酸雨pH =3.5 0时 ,未污染黄红壤中铝溶出明显增多 ;当pH =3.0 0时 ,供试土壤中铝溶出量急剧增加。随模拟酸雨pH值下降 ,污染土壤中铝溶出比未污染土壤低 ,而有效态重金属活动性明显增加 ;污染土壤中水溶性有机质比未污染土壤溶出明显增加 ,水溶性有机质 -重金属络合体促进了重金属的溶解迁移行为。     

模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了模拟酸雨和外源铝对茶树铝及一些营养元素吸收积累的影响,以期为酸沉降区茶园管理提供资料。结果表明,随着外源铝浓度的增加,茶树根、茎和叶中铝含量增加,在适度浓度外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨促进茶树根、茎和叶对铝的吸收与积累,高酸高铝则抑制茶树各器官中铝的积累。外源铝促进茶树根、茎和叶对磷、铜和铁的吸收与积累,促进茶树茎和叶对钾的吸收与积累,对茶树根中钾含量没有明显的影响,外源铝抑制茶树根对钙、镁和锌的吸收与积累,但不影响它们在茶树中的运输,茎和叶中含量增加。模拟酸雨对茶树根和茎中磷含量没有明显影响,pH4.5的模拟酸雨有利于茶叶磷的积累,模拟酸雨对茶树根、茎和叶中钾、钙、镁、铜和锌含量没有明显的影响。无外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨降低茶树根系中铁的含量,对茎和叶中铁含量没有明显影响,外源铝处理下,模拟酸雨明显降低茶树根、茎和叶中铁的含量,并且外源铝处理浓度越高,模拟酸雨对根、茎和叶中铁含量的降低幅度越大。     

A two-year experience on 15N-urea fertilization of a corn field amended with fly ash

Soybean seedlings (Glycine max) were exposed to simulated acid rain containing sulfate ion only or a mixture of sulfate, nitrate and chloride anions, using a continuous rain generating system in a side opened glasshouse. Plants were subjected to acid rain treatment twice a week, for a 1 or 3 hr period at a rate of 2.2 or 5.0 mm hr^?1, respectively. Dry seed yield in plants treated with simulated acid rain at pH 2.0, in the three of 4 experiments conducted over a 3 yr period, was significantly less than that at pH 3.0 or higher. Simulated acid rain treatment at pH 3.0 or higher did not significantly affect yield compared to pH 5.6; however, plants exposed to simulated acid rain at pH 4.0 tended to yield more than those treated with pH 5.6 rain. Based on the current 3 years of research in which results from 4 experiments were combined, rain acidity at current levels in Japan would not directly affect seed production of selected cultivars of soybean.     

Effect of simulated acid rain on the growth of soybean

Soybean seedlings (Glycine max) grown in a glasshouse were exposed to simulated acid rain using a solution of deionized water containing sulfate, nitrate and chloride in concentrations and proportions equivalent to those in ambient rain water. Plants were subjected to acid rain treatment twice a week during the growing season, for a 1 hr period at a rate of 5 mm hr^?1. When the acid rain was below pH 3.0, visible symptoms developed in the young trifoliate leaves. However, at a pH above 3.0 there was no evidence of visible leaf injury; also tissue dry weights and leaf areas were not affected even after 7 weeks of exposure. The number of root nodules in plants exposed to acid rain at pH 4.0 tended to be higher than those of control plants maintained at pH 5.6, but decreased subsequently with decreasing pH. Based on our results current ambient levels of rain acidity in Japan should not have an adverse impact on seedling growth in soybean.     

Interaction between simulated rain and barren rock surface

During the latter decades extensive fish kills have been observed in the mountainous areas of southernmost Norway. These kills have been attributed to the increased acidity of the river-water. The increased acidity is generally assumed to be caused by acid precipitation. However, the relationship between precipitation and runoff quality is very complex. The present paper is concerned with the relationship between chemical composition of simulated rain and that of runoff from bare granitic rock, partly covered by lichens. When supplying simulated rain with a pH value of approximately 5 the very first runoff had pH values between 4.1 and 4.3. However, the pH in the runoff increased rapidly and leveled out at values between 4.6 and 4.7. When supplying simulated rain with pH approximately 3.5, the pH in the first runoff varied between 3.8 and 3.6. The pH then gradually decreased to the same values as those in the simulated rain. Runoff from ‘rain’ with pH 4.3, obtained the same pH value as that of the ‘rain’. The pH of the runoff was dependent not only on the rain acidity, but also on its content of neutral salts.     

Response of wheat,canola and alfalfa to simulated acidic precipitation

Wheat, canola and alfalfa were subjected to simulated acidic precipitation with pH ranging from 5.6 to 2.6 under controlled growth room conditions. The number of simulated precipitation events were 12, 10 and 21 for wheat, canola and alfalfa, respectively. In this short-term experiment, wheat, canola and alfalfa do not appear to be sensitive to the simulated acid rain treatments used. Wheat and canola showed no visible symptoms of injury with any of the treatments. The pH 2.6 resulted in whitish spots on alfalfa leaflets. The economic yield was not affected at any of the acidity levels used in this tudy. Dry weight of the aboveground vegetative parts of wheat and canola was stimulated by the most acidic treatment (pH 2.6), apparently as a result of the higher nutrient content of the simulated acidic rain. Although below ground biomass for any of the species tested was not affected by rain acidity, the shoot: root ratio was significantly higher at pH 2.6 than with the control. Chorophyll a concentration in alfalfa leaves was reduced at only the highest acidity treatment. Chlorophyll b was not affected. While K levels in alfalfa leaves were significantly reduced at pH 2.6, no change in the concentration of Ca, Mg and P was noted. Sulfur and N concentrations increased, mainly at pH 2.6, reflecting the composition of the simulated rain solution.     

Assessment of relative sensitivities during early growth stages of selected crop species subjected to simulated acidic rain

Under greenhouse conditions, experiments were performed to assess the cultivar sensitivity (during early growth stages) to simulated acidic rain treatments of six economically important crop species. The accumulation of dry biomass was investigated for the following crops: alfalfa, barley, cabbage, corn, cucumber, and soybean. For each crop, treatments consisted of eight acidity levels in simulated rain — pH 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, and 5.6. Crops varied in response to increased rain acidity. Overall, exposure of cultivars to a range of acidities in simulated rain had very little effect on the dry biomass accumulation of shoot and root components. With the exception of cabbage, the crop species examined were highly resistant to injury and dry biomass reduction after exposure to acidic rainfall. The results also demonstrated that plant response to simulated acid rain was not only species dependent, but also cultivar dependent.     

镉和模拟酸雨胁迫对苦楝幼苗镉含量及叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨苦楝在重金属Cd和酸雨的单一及复合胁迫下的生理响应特征,采用人工配置土壤盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg^-1)和3个梯度模拟酸雨(pH值5.6、4.5、3.5)单一及复合处理对苦楝幼苗生物量、Cd含量及叶片保护性酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明,除低浓度Cd(≤30 mg·kg^-1)单一及其与pH值4.5酸雨复合处理对幼苗地上部、地下部生物量有促进作用外,其他处理均表现出抑制作用,其中复合处理对苦楝幼苗的抑制作用更明显,表现为叠加效应;单一Cd处理时,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗根、茎、叶中Cd含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶,复合处理抑制了植物对Cd的积累,对叶片的抑制作用最强;Cd和酸雨单一及复合处理下叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均有所增加,分别在60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值5.6,60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值4.5和90 mg·...     

Simulated acid rain: Effects on leaf quality and yield of broadleaf tobacco

Simulated acid rains of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, or 2.0 were applied to leaves of broadleaf tobacco twice per week for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weeks. Only those plants receiving rain of pH 2.0 were injured and, among those, the plants receiving fewer applications had less severe injury. Foliar symptoms resembled weather fleck (O₃ injury) at first, but become distinguishable from them with time.     

Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Pinus densiflora: Inhibition of Net Photosynthesis by the Pheophytization of Chlorophyll

This research addressed the effects of simulated acid rain on the chlorophyll contents of leaves of Pinus densiflora, on the net photosynthetic rate on a unit chlorophyll basis, and on chlorophyll degradation. When NO₃- concentrations in rain water increased, the chlorophyll_a+b contents of the leaves increased in parallel, even though the pH of the simulated rain decreased. The nitrogen content of the rain was sufficient to stimulate the production of chlorophyll and was able to override any degradative effect expected due to the H⁺ input from acid rain. The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll extracted from the leaves exposed to acid rain showed peaks at 665, 606 and 535 nm, characteristic of pheophytin a, indicating degradation of chlorophyll to pheophytin. Net photosynthetic rate on the basis of chlorophyll content was reduced by acid rain, even though the total chlorophyll content of the leaves was increased. The acid rain does, therefore, simultaneously increase chlorophyll content and reduce the efficiency of the use of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. This reduced efficiency may be linked to the increase in the rate of degradation of chlorophyll to pheophytin.