农兽药残留检测中样品前处理技术的研究进展

样品前处理技术是农兽药残留分析的关键步骤,直接影响着检测的结果。近年来,出现了一些新的样品前处理技术,有效地减少了分析过程中样品前处理带来的误差,具有需要样品量少、特异性和选择性高、自动化处理、减少人工操作、环境友好和使用有机试剂少等特点。文章对这些新技术的基本原理、特点及在农兽药残留分析中的应用进行了综述,以期为提高农兽药残留的检测效率提供一些帮助。     

兽药多残留分析中前处理与检测技术研究进展

以动物源性食品为检测基质,对兽药多残留分析中样品前处理和检测技术进行总括,综述了常用兽药氟喹诺酮类(FQs)、磺胺类(SAs)等药物多残留分析的国内外文献,并对兽药多残留分析的研究方向进行了展望.     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测技术研究进展

氟喹诺酮类兽药是近年发展起来的一类广谱抗菌药,随着该类药物使用量的增多和人们对食品安全的关注,兽药残留问题越来越被人们所重视.用于氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测的方法主要有微生物法、免疫分析法、液相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等.目前主要的检测方法是高效液相色谱法,但该方法样品前处理比较繁琐,不适合大量样品的快速检测;微生物法是一种抗菌药物残留检测的快速筛选方法,但该法的检测限量高于欧盟所规定的最低检测限量;免疫分析技术是以抗原抗体的结合反应为基础的分析技术,其特点是特异性强,简单、灵敏、快捷,可用于大量样品的快速检测.     

兽药残留分析中样品前处理技术综述

兽药残留样品前处理对兽药分析技术至关重要,文章简要介绍7种兽药残留样品前处理技术：液-液萃取、固相萃取、基质固相分散萃取、磁性固相萃取、免疫亲和色谱、超临界流体萃取、QuEChERS方法。     

兽药残留分析技术

随着兽药特别是抗生素在畜牧生产中应用的增加,导致动物性食品中尊药残留问题日益突出。动物性样品的分离纯化是兽药残留分析技术中的重点和难点,也是当前研究的热点。其难点在于样品基质复杂,干扰物质多,而且残留物浓度很低,因而不易从样品中分离、纯化。因此,研究和发展一些新的样品分离纯化技术已成为兽药残留分析领域中的关键技术之一。文章从样品的前处理和检测方法两方面对兽药残留分析技术现状以及发展动向进行了阐述。     

奶及奶制品中兽药残留高通量检测方法研究进展

在生产中兽药的滥用可能导致牛奶中的兽药残留并对消费者健康造成风险。由于兽药种类较多,单一检测效率较低,而高通量检测技术可以一次性检测多种兽药残留,省时省力,因此成为当前研究的热点。在样品前处理方面,分散固相萃取技术（如QuEChERS方法）由于其简单、快速、成本低等特点,广泛应用于样品净化过程;另一方面,超高效液相色谱串联质谱由于其分离快、灵敏度与准确度高等特点,展示出比高效液相色谱法更好的分析能力和应用前景。随着新技术的应用和新仪器的使用,兽药残留检测在前处理效率、仪器灵敏度和高通量检测方面发展迅速。作者结合近些年发表的文献,综述了奶及奶制品中兽药残留前处理技术（液液萃取法、固相萃取法、QuEChERS和盐析支持液液萃取）和高通量检测技术（高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用、超高效液相色谱串联质谱和液相色谱-飞行时间质谱法）,为今后相关检测研究提供参考。     

磁性纳米材料在兽药残留检测应用中的研究进展

磁性纳米材料是一种具有稳定磁学性能、极小生物背景干扰以及丰富化学性能的新型功能复合型材料,与免疫技术、分子印迹技术及传感器技术等结合,开始应用于兽药残留检测中的样品前处理与检测过程,以此提高检测的灵敏度。本文主要对其中的磁固相萃取、磁性分子印迹技术、磁免疫层析技术以及磁生物传感器技术进行介绍,综述了其在兽药残留分析中的研究进展。     

动物性食品中兽药残留分析检测技术研究进展

兽药作为动物疾病防治的重要保障,对改善动物生产性能和产品品质、保持生态平衡等多方面具有重要功能,是畜牧业健康发展、食品安全和公共卫生的重要保障。但不合理使用和滥用兽药及饲料药物添加剂的情况普遍存在,既造成了动物食品中有害物质残留,又对人类健康造成损害,同时还威胁到环境和畜牧业持续健康发展。为保证人类健康,迫切需要开发简洁、快速、高灵敏度、高通量且低成本的兽药残留检测技术。本文对动物性食品中兽药残留分析的样品前处理方法和检测技术进行了研究探讨。     

己烯雌酚的临床应用、毒负作用及其残留检测方法研究进展

己烯雌酚(Diethylstilbestol，DES)是一种人工合成的非甾体类雌激素，具有酚羟基结构，其与天然雌激素的性质不同，应用之后，易在动物体内残留并产生严重的毒负作用。为此，欧美等许多国家已禁止在动物性饲料中添加己烯雌酚。本文就己烯雌酚的临床应用、毒负作用及其残留检测方法作一综述。     

己烯雌酚残留检测技术的研究进展

己烯雌酚是一种人工合成的非甾体雌激素,能有效促进动物生长,因而广泛应用于畜牧养殖业,但由于其易在动物体内残留并产生严重的致癌作用,许多国家已经禁止在饲料中添加己烯雌酚,但其偷用现象依然存在。本文就己烯雌酚的危害、残留及检测方法作一综述。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …