花团锦簇

从2001年到2007年,北京市政府大力加强城市园林绿化工作。城市园林绿地增加了1万公顷,树木增加了2271万株,草坪增加了4653万平方米,大大改善了市区的生态环境,使市民亲身感受到了绿色奥运带来的实惠。城市增添了绿色,市民增加了氧吧。     

红色老人的绿化人生——记“中国绿化老人”单昭祥

树活百千年而无语,默默地装点着群山、河流、田野、村庄与城市。树多就成林,林大即为森,巍巍群山有了茂密的树木,才会有长流不息的清清溪水滋润着的田野、村庄与城镇。有了树就有了水,有了水就有了田,有了田就有了粮,有了粮就有了人。可见,树与人类的生存有着密切的关系。森林,对于人类的重要性不言而喻,我们的城市也需要树木来装点。     

解放思想 与时俱进 走具有自己特色的公园发展之路──北京市直属公园行业改革开放30年回顾与思考

2008年12月,我们已迎来我国改革开放30周年的日子。30年来,我国改革开放事业取得了巨大的成就,前不久结束的北京奥运会,从一个侧面展示了改革开放30年的辉煌成就。公园行业也同整个国家一样,通过改革开放,获得了极大发展,公园的生态更加浓厚了,公园的景观更加美丽了,公园的文化内涵文化活动更加丰富了,公园的人气更加旺盛了,公园在人民生活中的地位更加突出了。     

穿越枫林

初冬的早晨,我们告别纽约,乘车前往华盛顿。车子驶出了市区,公路两旁出现了树林,让人感到有了绿色,有了自然景观,心情不由得开朗起来。再接着公路两旁出现了大片茂密的枫林,色彩十分斑斓,也十分耀眼,顿时引起了我们的好奇。随行的人急忙打开车窗,拿起相机和摄像机,拍摄这些难得的风景。开车的导游理解我们的心情,有意放慢了车速。     

基于数据仓库的城市生态系统评估体系研究

为了准确反映城市生态系统的基本状况,设计了评估指标体系,利用数据仓库技术,构建了采集指标数据的网络系统,确定了数据仓库的体系结构,规划了数据维表和事实表;在此基础上形成了数据仓库的星形模型,搭建了评估平台,应用结果令人满意。     

中国对木材非法采伐说“不”——专访国家林业局发展规划与资金管理司副司长张艳红

近年来,国际木材非法采伐和相关贸易成为国际社会关注的热点问题,也引起了全球非政府组织和环境保护机构的关注。非法采伐不仅直接导致森林资源的严重破坏,诱发森林火灾和病虫害,影响生物多样性,而且侵占了木材生产国政府和社区的财政收入,加剧了地区贫困和利益冲突,扰乱了国际木材市场秩序,损害了合法经营者的利益,严重影响了全球生态、经济、社会的可持续发展。为此,中国政府采取了一系列有效措施,重拳打击国际木材     

培育杉苗的技术革新

广东省信宜县林业示范场,五五年开始经营以来,成果累累。58年春在总路线精神的鼓舞下,解放了思想,鼓足了干劲,破除了迷信,获得了更大的胜利。完成育苗面积70.4亩,为任务的106.7%,产苗500多万株,其中杉15.74亩,亩产19万株,破除了"杉苗爱荫,丘陵不长"的迷信,实行了育杉     

山东省沿海防护林工程建设的实践与探索

结合国家重点林业生态工程营造林综合核查,对山东省沿海防护林工程进行了调研,简要回顾了山东省沿海防护林的发展,介绍了所采取的工程措施,客观评价工程取得的成效,指出了存在的问题,并探索了沿海防护林的发展方向,提出了做好工程建设的合理化建议。     

北方丘陵地区高速公路绿化工程设计及养护管理

近年来,随着经济的飞速发展即国家可持续发展政策的不断深化和对环保工作的重视,各条高速公路在建设期间都投入了大量资金进行了绿化美化,有的甚至进行了综合景观设计,建成了景观大道,不但稳固了路基,保护了环境,美化了路容,还给司乘人员减轻了疲劳,降低了交通事故。下面就高速公路绿化工程设计阶段和施工及养护、管理等几个方面谈几点建议。     

黔南州公益林管理现状浅析及建议

森林生态效益补偿是国家为了巩固生态建设成效,对林权所有者和使用者进行适当补助的惠民政策,自实施以来得到了林区广大群众的拥护和支持,生态得到了保护和发展,林农得到了实惠。本文在对黔南州公益林管理现状进行了深入调研的基础上,分析了黔南州公益林管理存在的问题,并提出了解决问题的办法及建议,促进了公益林管护水平的提高。     

The effect of climate on radial growth of horse chestnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aesculus hippocastanum</Emphasis> L.) in the Świętokrzyski National Park in central Poland

The objectives of this study were to construct a site tree-ring width chronology of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) growing in a single locality situated in the Świȩtokrzyski National Park, and to determine its sensitivity to the two main climatic elements of air temperature and precipitation. Fifteen horse chestnut trees, growing on a moist site and not attacked by the leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić), were selected for the study. Relationships between monthly values of air temperature, precipitation, and width of tree rings during 1932–2003 were analyzed, in addition to using bootstrapped response and correlation functions for single and multiple time intervals (the computer program DENDROCLIM2002 was used). High air temperature of the previous winter, as well as the air temperature of August of a given growing season positively affected the radial growth of horse chestnut. The cambium activity was also favored by ample precipitation in December preceding a given growing season. Excessive precipitation in August, which raised the existing high water table, had a negative effect on tree-ring width. The tree-ring chronology, elaborated for horse chestnut during this study, may be a local growth standard of this species. Thus, the model of climate–tree radial increment relationships may depend on characteristics of the locality where the trees are growing. Therefore, it would be advisable to undertake comparative studies.     

Response of bat species to sylvo-pastoral abandonment

We assessed the effect of abandonment of sylvo-pastoral practices in chestnut orchards (Castanea sativa) on bats in southern Switzerland to determine practical recommendations for bat conservation. We compared bat species richness and foraging activities between traditionally managed and unmanaged chestnut orchards, testing the hypothesis that managed orchards provide better foraging opportunities and harbour more bat species. Echolocation calls of foraging bats were sampled simultaneously at paired sites of managed and unmanaged orchards using custom made recorders. Vegetation structure and aerial insect availability were sampled at the recording sites and used as explanatory variables in the model. In a paired sampling design, we found twice the number of bat species (12) and five times higher total foraging activity in the managed chestnut orchards compared to the unmanaged ones. Bat species with low flight manoeuvrability were 14 times more common in managed orchards, whereas bats with medium to high manoeuvrability were only 5 times more common than in abandoned orchards. The vegetation structure was less dense in managed orchards. However, management did not affect relative insect abundance. Bats primarily visited the most open orchards, free of undergrowth. As a result of restricted access into the overgrown forests, the abandonment of chestnut orchards leads to a decline in bat species richness and foraging activities. Continued management of chestnut orchards to maintain an open structure is important for the conservation of endangered bat species in the southern Swiss Alps.     

浙江省板栗病虫害种类调查及其名录

采用普查与重点调查相结合的方法,对浙江省板栗主要产区的病虫害种类、分布范围、为害部位及为害程度进行了较为系统的调查,根据有关病虫害分类资料,将采集到的病虫害标本进行了核对、鉴定和分类统计,结果显示,浙江省全省板栗板虫害共分布有263种,比科技查新获知种类156种增加了107种,同时查清了近年来新增病虫害的种类动态变化、分布范围及其为害程度.     

Geographic distribution of chestnut feeding insects in Greece

Greece has been traditionally considered as a chestnut-producing country; yet, chestnut production has experienced a dramatic decline in the last decades, mainly due to chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica and chestnut feeding pests. Though chestnut blight is partially under control, little attention has been granted on chestnut feeding pests in Greece. Two species are described as major pests, i.e., Cydia splendana and Curculio elephas, without any information regarding their distribution. This study aimed to identify species diversity that feed on chestnuts trees using genetic markers and further to obtain insight into their distribution. Besides C. splendana and C. elephas, three additional species were determined namely Cydia fagiglandana, Curculio glandium as well as a Curculio sp. that has never been genetically determined before. The distribution of these species was inhomogeneous in Greece. These results demonstrate clearly the need for a carefully planned pest management approach adapted to the local mixture of chestnut feeding pests of each area rather than one general approach.     

孝感板栗象的发生规律及防治研究

孝感地区板栗主要害虫剪枝栎实象、栗实象、板栗雪片象对板栗生产构成严重威胁，影响板栗的产量与质量。3种象虫的成虫出土期各不相同，分布为害程度也有差异。根据各地虫情，在板栗象成虫出土期前10d，在树盘、园地进行了土壤药剂处理，同年在堆果场、仓库进行了土壤、地面药剂处理、用全生境土壤、地面药剂处理法来防治板栗象虫，能有效控制其为害。     

石棉县干旱河谷区板栗病虫害的调查

本文报道了石棉县干旱河谷区板栗病虫害的种类及重要种类的分布危害与板栗品种、环境条件和经营管理水平的关系，并提出了改良品种、加强经营管理、对不同环境条件的栗园分类治理的防治策略。     

云南板栗害虫名录及主要种简述

在1978～1981年云南全省森林病虫害普查的基础上，1992～1995年又专门对全省的板栗病虫害进行了调查。经整理分析，云南板栗的害虫，分属6个目32个科计97种，本文按目分科记录了97种害虫的名称，为害部位和分布情况，并对其中5种主要害虫作了简述。     

Chestnut Red Stain: Identification of the fungi associated with the costly discolouration of Castanea sativa

In Europe, fungal pathogens have reduced the overall productivity of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) stands and continue to threaten the economic viability of forestry operations. Chestnut Red Stain (CRS) in north‐eastern Spain, locally referred to as Roig, is capable of decreasing the market value of chestnut timber to the point of rendering chestnut coppices uneconomical. Despite its economic importance, the specific cause of this red discolouration is unknown. With the objective of verifying the presence of fungi within the symptomatic wood, and identifying the fungus or suite of fungi associated with the red stain, wood samples were collected and cultured from 37 stumps found in eight recently harvested stands in the Montseny and Montnegre‐Corredor Natural Parks. To separate the fungi associated with CRS from other species inhabiting the chestnut wood, the origin of each fungal culture was mapped in every stump. The fungi were isolated from cultures and identified by sequencing the ITS region. The results provide insight into the fungal community inhabiting chestnut wood and the potential cause of CRS; nine species were identified including two species known to cause decay in chestnut. One of them, Fistulina hepatica, appears to be a likely candidate for the causal agent of CRS. This is the first study reporting the fungi associated with CRS and opens the door to new epidemiological studies focused on F. hepatica.     

Leaf physiology and morphology of Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh., Castanea mollissima Blume,and three backcross breeding generations planted in the southern Appalachians,USA

Backcross breeding programs have been used to transfer disease resistance and other traits from one forest tree species to another in order to meet restoration objectives. Evaluating the field performance of such material is critical for determining the success of breeding programs. In eastern North America, The American Chestnut Foundation has a backcross breeding program that uses Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) to introduce resistance of the fungal pathogen chestnut blight [Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr.] to the native American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.]. We compared physiological and morphological characteristics among seedlings of American chestnut, Chinese chestnut, and BC₁F₃, BC₂F₃, and BC₃F₃ hybrid chestnuts during their fourth growing season after field-planting. American chestnut and the BC₃F₃ breeding generation displayed photosynthetic light-response curves that were similar to each other but different from Chinese chestnut. Rates of photosynthesis were higher for American chestnut and the BC₃F₃ breeding generation when compared to Chinese chestnut for light levels ≥800 μmol m^?2 s^?1 photosynthetic photon flux density and for maximum photosynthetic capacity. Leaf morphology variables were not different between American chestnut and any of the breeding generations, but leaf area (on a per leaf basis) of Chinese chestnut was lower than that of any other chestnut type. Our results suggest that backcross breeding can be used to transfer desirable traits for restoration of native species threatened by non-native pathogens.     

Solute accumulation of chestnut oak and dogwood leaves in response to throughfall manipulation of an upland oak forest

To determine the biochemical basis of osmotic adjustment, seasonal and treatment differences in foliar water- soluble organic solutes and inorganic ions were investigated for two hardwood species that exhibited osmotic adjustment in a Throughfall Displacement Experiment at the Walker Branch Watershed near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Leaf samples of overstory and understory chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) and understory dogwood (Cornus florida L.) were collected during the 1994 (wet) and 1995 (dry) growing seasons from each of three treatments: dry (-33% throughfall), ambient (control) and wet (+33% throughfall). Foliar soluble carbohydrates and organic acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. During May 1994, when the demand for sucrose was greatest, dogwood accumulated small amounts of glucose, quinic acid and Mg2+, offsetting a decline in nitrate concentration. As the mild drought continued and tree growth slowed, there was a significant accumulation of sucrose in dogwood in the dry treatment in June, and a trend toward increased K+. In overstory chestnut oak in the dry treatment over the same period, there were significant accumulations of fructose, glucose and K+, and a trend toward increased quinic acid accumulation. Sucrose did not become a key osmotically active compound in chestnut oak until August 1994. In 1995, with the exception of understory chestnut oak, there was no accumulation of K+ in either species. During the severe drought of 1995, monosaccharides, particularly glucose and fructose, accounted for most of the osmotic adjustment in both species. Among solutes, glucose constituted the largest accumulation in dogwood in the dry treatment in August 1995, followed by fructose and sucrose. There was only a moderate increase in solutes in chestnut oak trees in 1995, with fructose and glucose constituting over 50% of the predicted solute accumulation in July. Both species accumulated a wider array of solutes during the dry year than during the wet year, but treatment differences in solute accumulation in chestnut oak were partially limited by drought. The greater dehydration tolerance of chestnut oak than dogwood was evident in the higher baseline concentrations of organic solutes and the greater array of solutes accumulated in response to drought.