Site-specific production functions for variable rate corn nitrogen fertilization

Specific recommendations for variable rate nitrogen (VRN) fertilization in corn (Zea mays L.) are required to realize the potential environmental and economic benefits of this technology. However, recommendations based on algorithms that consider the processes controlling crop response to nitrogen fertilizer (NF) within fields have not yet been developed. The objectives of this study were to develop site-specific corn yield production functions for VRN fertilization and to determine the site-specific variables controlling corn response to NF. The experiments were conducted on eight commercial production fields. Fields were divided into 13–20 sections composed of five plots. Each plot received one NF rate. Site-specific variables included primary and secondary terrain attributes, and the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT). Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased corn yield and it interacted with at least one site-specific variable. The ISNT was the site-specific variable that interacted with NF in most fields where the CV of ISNT was larger than 10%. The parameter estimates indicate that ISNT had a positive effect on corn yield and that it reduced the response to NF. Terrain attributes also affected corn yield and its response to NF. In general, parameter estimates indicated that well drained areas (i.e. small specific catchment area, moderate slopes) had higher yields and responded less to NF than areas where water is expected to accumulate. These results indicate that terrain attributes as surrogates for soil water content and the ISNT as a measure of soil mineralizable nitrogen are site-specific characteristics that affect corn yield and its response to NF.     

Coupling proximal sensing,seasonal forecasts and crop modelling to optimize nitrogen variable rate application in durum wheat

Precision Agriculture - Nitrogen (N) fertilization in durum wheat has traditionally been managed based on yield goals without considering temporal and spatial variability of yield potential related...     

The profitability of variable rate lime in wheat

Grid sampling allows a variable rate of lime to be applied and has been marketed as a cost saver to producers. However, there is little research that shows if this precision application is profitable or not. Previous research on variable-rate lime has considered only a small number of fields. This paper uses soil sampling data from 111 fields provided by producers in Oklahoma and Kansas. The 5-year average net present values are compared between variable-rate and uniform-rate lime for grain-only wheat production, dual-purpose wheat grain and forage production, and a wheat–soybean rotation. Sensitivity analysis was done for varying grain prices as well as grain yield potential. When using historical average yields and recent prices for Oklahoma, variable rate was not profitable on average for these 111 fields for either a grain-only, dual-purpose, or wheat–soybean production. However, when yield or prices were above average, variable rate was profitable. Thus, variable rate liming can be profitable for these fields, but it requires either above average yields, a high value crop, or above average prices.

     

播期和施氮量互作对小麦产量性状的影响

[目的]为了确保小麦产量提高,通过播期的调整实现氮肥的低投入,并揭示播期与施氮量互作对小麦产量的作用规律和机理,制定适宜该区域小麦高产与低氮肥投入的适宜播期。[方法]2014-2015年,在德州市农科院试验田,以济麦19为供试材料,开展了播期与施氮量互作对小麦产量影响的研究工作。[结果]小麦的产量及其农艺性状因播期和施氮量互作组合的不同而存在差异,供氮水平相同条件下,产量随播期的推迟而降低;在播期相同条件下,小麦产量随施氮量的不同差别较大,表现为早播低氮处理显著高于高氮处理,而晚播时显著低于高氮处理,中播不同氮处理对产量的影响不显著。通径及相关分析表明,播期与施氮量互作条件下公顷穗数的增加是减少氮肥投入实现产量提高的重要因素,对于穂长、小穗数和不孕小穗数是伴随公顷穗数的增加而表现出的相应变化,在小麦产量提高中也起到重要作用。[结论]播期和施氮量互作通过改善公顷穗数而实现小麦高产,以N_1_1处理的效果最佳(即:播期10月5日+施氮量103.5kg·hm~(-2)组合),既实现了氮肥的低投入,又提高了小麦产量。     

基于光谱指数的冬小麦变量施肥冠层光谱特征研究及产量分析

 【目的】由适时获得的高光谱数据代替传统繁琐的实验室土壤养分测定数据来进行变量施肥，实现冬小麦高产优质的目标。【方法】本研究利用冬小麦起身期和拔节期冠层光谱数据，选用反映冬小麦长势信息的优化土壤调节植被指数（OSAVI，optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation index）和变量施肥模型进行变量施肥管理（变量区），以相邻地块常规非变量（均一）施肥区（对照区）为对照，研究了不同氮肥处理冬小麦冠层光谱特征及其施肥效应。【结果】变量施肥之后两种氮肥处理在敏感波段670 nm和760～900 nm处反射率差异明显，而670nm和760～900nm是氮素和冠层的敏感波段，说明进行变量施肥时，利用基于这两个波段组合的光谱指数OSAVI优于其它波段组合的光谱指数；SAVI不同生育时期的变化情况，反映了变量施肥在调控作物长势及群体结构上的优势；与对照区相比变量区提高产量达378.72 kg•ha-1，并降低了各小区产量之间的变异,变量区土壤硝态氮浓度降低，氮肥利用率提高，生态效益较为明显。【结论】该技术通过改善冬小麦群体质量，延缓了植株衰老，促进干物质和氮积累，增加冬小麦产量和氮肥利用率。     

Profitability and downside risk implications of site-specific nitrogen management with respect to wheat grain quality

Precision Agriculture - Profitability analyses of site-specific nitrogen (N) management strategies have often failed to provide satisfying reasons for adoption of precision farming technologies....     

施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收利用、土壤中硝态氮积累和籽粒产量的影响

为通过控制施氮量来实现高肥力条件下小麦的高产、高效、安全生产提供依据,以冬小麦品种‘藁8901’为材料,研究了高肥力条件下不同施氮水平对小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量和土壤中硝态氮含量的影响。试验结果表明:在高肥力条件下,随着施氮量的增加,冬小麦的籽粒产量和植株吸氮量均是先增加后降低,籽粒产量和植株吸氮量均以N150最高,氮素生产力则以N0最高。在冬小麦的拔节期和成熟期,土壤NO3-N含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,减少氮肥施入量能降低冬小麦拔节期和成熟期土壤0-100 cm土层中的硝态氮含量。施用氮肥能提高小麦拔节期和成熟期植株全氮积累量和土壤NO3-N积累量,但两者并非同步增加,土壤NO3-N积累量增加的幅度远远大于植株全氮积累量的增长幅度。在施氮量0-180 kg/hm2范围内时,植株全氮积累量有所增加,且土壤中硝态氮的积累量增加较为缓和;而在施氮量180 kg/hm2的基础上继续提高氮素用量,植株全氮积累量下降,而土壤硝态氮积累量却开始大幅度增加。据此综合考虑,冬小麦‘藁8901’的适宜施氮量应控制在150 kg/hm2左右。     

氮肥用量对安农9192面包小麦加工品质的影响

通过田间试验和室内分析研究氮肥用量对安农9192 面包小麦加工品质的影响。结果表明, 该品种的优良性状要在较高氮肥用量下才能较充分表达。氮肥用量 (N) 为270～360 kg/hm 2 的处理, 面粉蛋白质和面筋含量及沉降值均比270kg/hm 2 以下处理的高, 粉质仪测定的评价值达58～64 分, 拉伸仪测定的R5/E为4.1～3.1, 曲线面积超过250 cm 2, 面包体积达810～815 m L, 比容5.3～5.4 m L/g, 面包烘焙质量评分超过92.0 分。     

小麦适宜氮肥用量研究

为了探讨我市小麦适宜的氮肥用量，为大面积小麦生产合理使用氮肥提供依据，同时为明确颗粒碳铵的增产效果，我们于1999年麦季在黄桥镇，广陵镇和七圩镇三处设立了不同氮肥用量及颗粒碳铵肥效田间试验。现将试验情况小结如下。     

施氮量与追肥时期对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量和品质的影响

以扬麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及其追肥时期对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:增加施氮量可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值以及籽粒硬度等主要指标,降低弱筋小麦品质;拔节期以后追施氮肥对产量形成影响最大;追氮时期推迟,可显著提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值以及硬度等主要品质指标。在该试验条件下,弱筋小麦生产中适宜施氮量为240 kg.hm-2左右,适宜追肥时期为8.1~10.1叶龄期。     

Variable rate nitrogen fertilizer response in wheat using remote sensing

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application can lead to increased crop yields but its use efficiency remains generally low which can cause environmental problems related to nitrate leaching as well as nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to: (i) to demonstrate that properly identified variable rates of N fertilizer lead to higher use efficiency and (ii) to evaluate the capability of high spectral resolution satellite to detect within-field crop N response using vegetation indices. This study evaluated three N fertilizer rates (30, 70, and 90 kg N ha^?1) and their response on durum wheat yield across the field. Fertilizer rates were identified through the adoption of the SALUS crop model, in addition to a spatial and temporal analysis of observed wheat grain yield maps. Hand-held and high spectral resolution satellite remote sensing data were collected before and after a spring side dress fertilizer application with FieldSpec, HandHeld Pro^® and RapidEye?, respectively. Twenty-four vegetation indices were compared to evaluate yield performance. Stable zones within the field were defined by analyzing the spatial stability of crop yield of the previous 5 years (Basso et al. in Eur J Agron 51: 5, 2013). The canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI) discriminated crop N response with an overall accuracy of 71 %, which allowed assessment of the efficiency of the second N application in a spatial context across each management zone. The CCCI derived from remotely sensed images acquired before and after N fertilization proved useful in understanding the spatial response of crops to N fertilization. Spectral data collected with a handheld radiometer on 100 grid points were used to validate spectral data from remote sensing images in the same locations and to verify the efficacy of the correction algorithms of the raw data. This procedure was presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the satellite data when compared to the handheld data. Variable rate N increased nitrogen use efficiency with differences that can have significant implication to the N₂O emissions, nitrate leaching, and farmer’s profit.     

不同氮肥用量对机械条播小麦产量的影响

以‘扬麦16'为材料,在机械条播下,研究了氮肥用量及运筹技术对小麦产量的影响。结果表明:机械条播下,基蘖肥:穗肥=8:2,施氮量315 kg/hm~2时,小麦产量最高,增效明显;在施纯氮量为270 kg/hm~2水平下,适当提高穗肥比例至30%,可实现节氮增效效果。     

施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质与氮素利用的影响

为探究施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质和氮素利用的影响,以弱筋品种宁麦13与皖西麦0638为材料,设置4个施氮量(折纯N 0、120、180、240 kg·hm-2),研究其对弱筋小麦籽粒产量、品质性状与氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明,在0～240 kg·hm-2的施氮量范围内,随着施氮量增加,供试弱筋小麦的籽粒产量先增加后减少...     

不同土壤质地施用氮肥对优质小麦产量和角质率的影响

试验结果表明,三种不同质地的土壤施用氮肥,对增加优质专用小麦的产量和提高角质率的效应非常显著,其中中壤土和中黏土保水保肥力强,对肥水的吸收利用率高于沙壤土。每公顷的最佳施氮范围在N180-N270之间为宜。     

不同施氮量和底追比例对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

通过可控制试验和大田示范 ,研究了不同施氮量和底追比例对优质强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响 ,综合分析了不同施氮量和底追比例与强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质、蛋白质产量和氮素利用效率之间的关系。结果表明 ,强筋小麦高产、优质、高效的最佳施氮量为 1 80～ 2 4 0kg/hm2 ,底追比例为底肥 ( 3)∶起身—拔节肥 ( 5 )∶孕穗肥 ( 2 )。     

施氮量对甘蔗叶绿体超微结构和光合速率的影响

[目的]研究施氮量对甘蔗叶片叶绿体超微结构和光合速率的影响,明确氮素影响甘蔗光合作用的细胞学机理,为甘蔗合理施肥提供科学依据.[方法]以甘蔗品种GT11、ROC22和GXB9为试验材料,在温室内进行桶栽试验,设低氮、中氮和高氮3个施氮水平,即分别施用0、150和300 kg/ha尿素,于伸长期取叶片样品分析叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、叶面积、比叶重和叶绿体超微结构,并测定光合速率.[结果]3个甘蔗品种叶片的SPAD和叶面积均随施氮水平的增加而增加.GT11和ROC22的比叶重随施氮量的增加显著降低(P<0.05,下同),GXB9的比叶重在中氮水平最低.GT11在高氮水平下叶绿体超微结构正常;ROC22在中氮水平下叶绿体数量最多,但基粒片层数量显著少于高氮水平;GXB9在中氮水平下叶绿体数量最多,基粒片层与高氮水平时无明显差异.GT11和ROC22的净光合速率随施氮水平的增加而增加,GXB9净光合速率在中氮水平最高.[结论]甘蔗光合速率与叶绿体数量、叶绿体超微结构及基粒片层数量密切相关,且均受甘蔗品种和施氮量的共同影响.     

Maximum benefit of a precise nitrogen application system for wheat

Research is ongoing to develop sensor-based systems to determine crop nitrogen needs. To be economic and to achieve wide adoption, a sensor-based site-specific application system must be sufficiently efficient to overcome both the cost disadvantage of dry and liquid sources of nitrogen relative to applications before planting of anhydrous ammonia and possible losses if weather prevents applications during the growing season. The objective of this study is to determine the expected maximum benefit of a precision N application system for winter wheat that senses and applies N to the growing crop in the spring relative to a uniform system that applies N before planting. An estimate of the maximum benefit would be useful to provide researchers with an upper bound on the cost of delivering an economically viable precision technology. Sixty five site-years of data from two dryland winter wheat nitrogen fertility experiments at experimental stations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. were used to estimate the expected returns from both a conventional uniform rate anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) application system before planting and a precise topdressing system to determine the value of the latter. For prices of $0.55 and $0.33 kg⁻¹ N for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and NH₃, respectively, the maximum net value of a system of precise sensor-based nitrogen application for winter wheat was about $22–$31 ha⁻¹ depending upon location and assumptions regarding the existence of a plateau. However, for prices of $1.10 and $0.66 kg⁻¹ N for UAN and NH₃, respectively, the value was approximately $33 ha⁻¹. The benefit of precise N application is sensitive to both the absolute and relative prices of UAN and NH₃.This is journal paper AEJ-260 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, project H-2574.     

基于生长模型的小麦变量施肥决策系统构建与应用

在集成专家系统与作物生长模型的基础上,以小麦生长过程中的叶面积指数为变量,构建了基于生长模型的小麦变量施肥决策系统.采用组件对象模型实现了与专家系统的有效衔接,并与其中的数据库、小麦生长模型库等形成一套完整的体系,可以对不同地区不同小麦品种进行施肥指导,包括播前氮、磷、钾总量和播后氮肥的精确追施量.河南省郑州市和鹤壁市两地的小麦试验验证结果表明,该系统可以兼顾天气、土壤及作物长势等因素,为今后精确农业的推广打下了良好的基础.     

尿素深施对小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响

不同深度的小麦追肥(尿素)试验结果表明,冬小麦的追肥深度以5~10 cm较好,比表面撒施小麦产量提高2.72%~11.57%,氮肥利用率提高7.2~12.8个百分点。