Biotechnology of production of virus-free seed potatoes in Bukovina (Ukraine)1

In the past, the Ukrainian Plant Quarantine Research Institute used to produce true-to-type virus-free potato cultivars by in vitro propagation for its research on pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum and Globodera spp. Use of virus-free seed potatoes has considerably declined in the 1990s as potato production has passed almost entirely into private hands. The Institute now has a role to fill in supplying virus-free seed potatoes to local growers and has greatly increased its production in consequence. The techniques used for seed-potato production in Bukovina are described.     

Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions

Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE.     

Protection of potatoes against pests in Ukraine1

Potato production in Ukraine is now mainly in the private sector, and the phytosanitary state of potato crops leaves much to be desired. Control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata is generally well managed, but potato late blight (Phytophthora infestons) is out of control. Potato wart disease continues to cause problems in areas where it occurs because of the unavailability or unacceptability of resistant cultivars. Potato viruses and the losses they cause are little studied or taken into account. Other fungal, bacterial and insect pests are causing increasing problems in the field and in store. Integrated pest management systems are proposed by scientific institutions, including adequate forecasting of potato blight and use of certified seed potatoes of cultivars resistant to wart and cyst nematodes, but these systems do not adequately reach private growers. The range of plant protection products authorized for sale to the general public is very limited, and this is a serious obstacle to adequate plant protection in potato.     

Effect of growth media, storage environment, soil temperature and delivery to soil on binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-G for protection of potato from Rhizoctonia canker

Binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates propagated for 20 days at 24°C on oat kernels and for 30 days on vermiculite amended with potato broth were recovered from an average of 62% of whole kernels, 100% of chopped kernels and 71 % of vermiculite particles within the cultures, respectively. Viability of BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 was higher when stored at 5 than at 24°C, and was slightly affected by the vacuum used to reduce the O₂ level. After 17 weeks of storage at 5°C in air, BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 maintained similar viability (75% viability on whole oat kernels and 100% viability on chopped oat kernels), but in vermiculite amended with potato broth, viability of isolate 232-CG remained at 100% while that of JF-3S4-3 was 28%. In the glasshouse, BNR isolates 232-CG and JF-3S4-3 protected potato plants from Rhizoctonia canker caused by R. solani in soil maintained at 11, 17 and 23°C. Protection from Rhizoctonia canker was greater when BNR was delivered to soil than when placed on seed pieces. BNR-colonized-whole oat kernels placed in soil (15 g m of row) gave the greatest protection from Rhizoctonia canker in all experiments. In two field experiments in soil naturally infested with R. solani AG-3. the amount of BNR-colonized oat kernels was reduced from 15 g/m of row to 1-9 g m of row without affecting protection of potato plants from Rhizoctonia canker.     

Exclusion of viroids from potato resources and the modified use of a cDNA probe1

Threats from potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) to potato breeding and centralized elite seed-tuber production have been identified in world potato genetic resources. In the UK effective diagnostic testing has proved essential in preventing acquisition. Inoculation of potato nucleic acids to tomato and subsequent viroid detection by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) has proved a sensitive, but cumbersome, test over 8 years. Additionally, over 2 years, ³²P-labelled PSTV cDNA was used to probe denatured sap and nucleic acid extracts: 10^-4 of peak viroid concentrations in tissue could be detected. Spurious positives were seen in particular circumstances, but could be avoided. Probing of non-denatured samples was not as sensitive. Tubers became infected and PSTV was readily detected by PAGE in leaves of potato experimentally inoculated and maintained below 20°C, but the cDNA probe could not detect infection in tuber sprouts growing at 8–10°C in darkness. Otherwise similar green-leaved sprouts were faintly positive. Detection for all sprouts was unproblematic after movement to 25°C and light for 10 days.     

绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯水分生产函数及灌溉制度优化

通过田间试验研究了绿洲膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯各生育期耗水规律及其影响因素,建立了以Jensen模型为基础的水分生产函数并对马铃薯灌溉制度进行了优化。结果表明:块茎膨大期马铃薯水分敏感指数最大,块茎形成期次之,苗期和淀粉积累期较小;块茎形成期轻度调亏对马铃薯产量无显著影响(P0.05),而块茎形成期中度调亏、块茎膨大期轻度和中度调亏对其产量均有显著影响(P0.05);块茎形成期轻度调亏的水分利用效率比块茎形成期中度调亏、块茎膨大期轻度调亏和全生育期充分灌水分别提高了6.2%、8.3%和6.7%;膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯产量随耗水量增加而增加,水分利用效率随之降低,全生育期充分灌水比块茎膨大期中度水分调亏耗水量增加22.4%,产量增加20.4%,水分利用效率降低14.0%。采用遗传算法并结合水分生产函数进行灌溉制度优化,结果表明:河西绿洲区膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期灌溉定额为225 mm时,产量最高,为43.86 t·hm-2,灌溉水利用效率为19.5 kg·m-2;灌溉制度为苗期灌水20~30 mm,块茎形成期灌水70~75 mm,块茎膨大期灌水100~115mm,淀粉积累期灌水20~25 mm,灌水间隔为7 d。因此,膜下滴灌调亏在降低马铃薯耗水量的同时,提高了水分利用效率,在块茎形成期轻度水分调亏不影响产量,可达到节水增产的目的。     

Production of seed potatoes in Ukraine1

The Institute for Potato Research is one of the major producers of healthy potato material in Ukraine. Under its leadership, an increasing proportion of elite seed-potato production (about 70% at present) is based on healthy material propagated in vitro (mainly minitubers and vitro plants). The Institute is investigating the cost effectiveness of elite propagation based on different types of healthy starting material. Against the background of an overall fall in seed-potato production, the Institute has an important responsibility to maintain its collection of healthy potato material, to sustain the national system for seed-potato production, and to support the breeding of new potato cultivars.     

Optimized loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[potato]</Emphasis> detection in potato leaves and tubers

Apical leaf curl disease of potato is caused by a whitefly transmitted begomovirus, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-[potato] (ToLCNDV-[potato]) in India. Detection of this virus is essential to manage the disease, particularly in healthy potato seed production systems. Large scale testing of micro-plants demands a simple, rapid and sensitive assay. Hence, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed for specific detection of ToLCNDV-[potato]. Six primers that recognize the coat protein gene sequence of ToLCNDV-[potato] were designed and LAMP assay was optimized using different concentrations of magnesium sulphate, betaine, dNTPs, Bst DNA polymerase and temperature. The results were assessed by visual observation of turbidity, colour change using SYBR green dye and also by gel electrophoresis. The assay successfully detected the virus in infected plants collected from potato fields whereas no cross-reactions were observed with healthy plants and other potato viruses. The optimized assay was as sensitive as PCR assay and could detect up to 0.002 pg of total DNA. The assay could detect the virus in infected potato tubers and also in asymptomatic plants. Print-capture LAMP assay was developed and its application could reduce the cost and time of the assay in large scale testing under seed production.     

湖南省马铃薯病毒病发生情况调查

为了解湖南省马铃薯种薯质量和主要病毒病发生情况,2019年-2020年马铃薯秋作和冬作期间,对长沙、益阳、湘潭、澧临等马铃薯生产区的155个马铃薯样品,运用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附检测(DAS-ELISA)技术,筛查6种主要马铃薯病毒,包括马铃薯X病毒Potato virus X(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒Potato virus Y(PVY)、马铃薯M病毒Potato virus M(PVM)、马铃薯S病毒Potato virus S(PVS)、马铃薯A病毒Potato virus A(PVA)、马铃薯卷叶病毒Potato leaf roll virus(PLRV)。检测结果表明:6种马铃薯病毒病在湖南均有不同程度的发生,单一和两种病毒复合感染植株占比最高,其次是3种病毒复合感染,存在极少数植株复合感染4～5种病毒病情况。在秋作马铃薯中,PVY检出率达到29.41%;PVS和PVA检出率均为27.94%;PVM、PVX、PLRV的检出率分别为20.59%、19.12%、17.65%。在冬作马铃薯中,PVX检出率最高,达到31.03%;其次是PLRV,...     

利用微生物杀菌剂防治马铃薯黄萎病

马铃薯黄萎病是一种重要的世界性土传兼种传维管束病害,危害大且防治困难。利用活体微生物杀菌剂是防治作物土传病害的有效措施之一。本研究通过盆栽试验评价了微生物杀菌剂枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯出苗和生长的安全性,在河北省马铃薯主产区开展田间小区试验,研究了该制剂有效防治马铃薯黄萎病的使用方法和适宜施用剂量,并在河北省涞源县、围场县和永年区3县区分别开展了田间示范应用。盆栽试验和田间试验结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂15、30和45 kg/hm²拌种处理对马铃薯出苗安全,对马铃薯生长没有不良影响;田间小区试验表明,在围场县试验田中,该制剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理单独使用或30 kg/hm²拌种加15 kg/hm²初花期滴灌使用均能显著减轻马铃薯黄萎病的发生,分别增产15.53%和17.10%;在新乐市试验田,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理显著增加马铃薯产量16.38%。田间示范应用结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理在涞源县和围场县防治马铃薯黄萎病效果显著,防效分别为84.22%和72.93%,两地分别显著增产24.30%和9.27%;在邯郸市永年区,相比化学药剂对照处理,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm²拌种处理显著增加马铃薯产量19.73%。本研究表明,枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂对马铃薯黄萎病具有显著的防治效果和显著的增产效果,为该制剂在马铃薯生产中高效应用提供了科学依据。     

Weed management challenges in small-holder potato systems in Bhutan

Over the past four decades potato has emerged as the most important cash crop for Bhutanese mountain farmers. Farmers' feedback and field observations were used to describe weed populations, weed management and weed-production environment-yield interactions in small-holder potato production systems. Weed species across a range of locations in order of declining importance are: Persicaria runcinata , Galium aparine , Fagopyrum dibotrys , Digitaria ciliaris , Commelina maculata , Galinsoga parviflora and Persicaria nepalensis. The same species were common in the traditional buckwheat and maize production systems as well as the more recently established potato production systems. Limited associations between soil properties, management practices, weed species abundance and potato yield were observed. Species emerging as potential problem weeds, especially P. runcinata and F. dibotrys , are little known outside the Himalayan region. The increase in P. runcinata , reported by 42% of the respondents, was attributed to the use of metribuzin, cutting of rhizomes by plough or spade, high inputs of fertiliser and continuous cultivation of potato by 61%, 17%, 9%, 9% and 4% of respondents respectively. Metribuzin application reduced growth of P. runcinata but could not fully control it. Metribuzin is an effective and affordable weed management tool for small-holder potato farmers, but perennial weed species need further research, combining mechanical and chemical methods with cropping strategies.     

马铃薯根系分泌物组分对不同种植模式的响应

作物根系分泌物与作物连作障碍密切相关,为寻求减小作物连作障碍的途径,在轮作(大豆-马铃薯)、固定间作(马铃薯/大豆)和马铃薯连作3种种植模式下,分离鉴定了马铃薯根系分泌物的主要组分。结果表明:与轮作处理相比,固定间作和连作处理马铃薯根系分泌物种类分别增加了13.79%和17.24%,烷烃类物质的相对含量分别增加了52.17%和52.60%,酸类物质的相对含量分别增加了65.41%和14.79%。连作处理马铃薯根系分泌物中鉴定出乙胺、N-乙基吗啉和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的相对含量分别为1.46%、2.87%和5%,而在轮作和间作处理中均未检测到。与轮作处理相比,间作和连作处理N,N-二乙基乙酰胺相对含量分别高出123.29%和47.95%,棕榈酸相对含量分别高出23.18%和40.0%,硬脂酸相对含量分别高出27.36%和39.80%。说明大豆-马铃薯轮作可有效降低马铃薯根系分泌物组分的种类和含量。因此,生产实践中,可通过大豆-马铃薯轮作克服因某一种马铃薯化感物质累积而造成的毒害作用。     

基于气象因子驱动的阴山地区马铃薯产量预测模型

为了及时掌握马铃薯产量,提高产中、产后气象服务能力,指导马铃薯生产,以内蒙古阴山旱作区马铃薯生产为例,利用16个旗县1980-2007年气象和产量资料及发育期等其它相关资料,采用相关和回归分析等方法,分区域分析了影响马铃薯产量的关键气象因子,并建立了气象产量预测模型.结果表明:(1)降水是影响产量的关键因子,温度次之;前山地区高温胁迫的影响大于后山,降水不足的影响则相反;干旱少雨、高温胁迫是制约该地区马铃薯产量提高的主要因素.(2)用逐步回归方法建立的幼苗期-结薯期、幼苗期-淀粉积累期、结薯期-淀粉积累期和生长季4个时间段的气象产量预测模型均达到极显著水平,拟合率75％以上,产量预测平均误差11.1％,误差变幅0.34％ ～ 27.9％,近85％的预测值准确率超出80％,对区域预测结果好于各旗县;(3)结薯期是对水热最敏感的时期;不同时间段模型中以生长季和幼苗-结薯期模型预测结果较好.所建模型可以在马铃薯产量预测业务中应用.     

锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效研究

马铃薯晚疫病(Phytothora infestans de Bary)是世界马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,由于马铃薯晚疫病菌的变异性及其能形成稳定遗传的抗药性,开发新型杀菌剂成为防治马铃薯晚疫病的有效措施。近年来,锰锌.氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂作为新型杀菌剂对卵菌纲真菌的防治效果突出。为验证该药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果,本文在黑龙江省马铃薯主产区内随机选择了3个试验点,并于2008年和2009年连续2年进行了该药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效研究,结果表明:在各供试处理中,锰锌.氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 125ga.i./hm2)对马铃薯晚疫病具有很好的防治效果(平均防效>85%),锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,750ga.i./hm2)和霜脲.锰锌72%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 080ga.i./hm2)的防效相当(平均防效均在80%左右),也表现出对抗晚疫病有较好的防治作用;并且,各供试药剂处理均能提高马铃薯产量,锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂(3次,1 125g a.i./hm2)的增产率最高,2008年平均增产率为19.51%,2009年平均增产率为21.08%。这表明,锰锌·氟吗啉50%可湿性粉剂不仅对马铃薯晚疫病有较好的防治效果,还可以保证马铃薯稳产、增产。     

Cumulative and residual effects of different potato cropping system management strategies on soilborne diseases and soil microbial communities over time

Soilborne potato diseases and soil microbial community characteristics were evaluated over 8 years in different potato cropping systems designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement and disease suppression. Results were compared to a standard rotation and non‐rotation control in field trials in Maine. Standard rotation consisted of barley underseeded with red clover, followed by potato (2‐year). Soil‐conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3‐year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). Soil‐improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to SC, and the disease‐suppressive system (DS) featured crops with known disease‐suppressive capability (3‐year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Systems were established in 2004, evaluated with and without irrigation, and actively managed until 2010, with potato also planted in 2011 and 2012 to examine residual effects. All rotations reduced soilborne diseases black scurf and common scab, and increased yield after one rotation cycle (3 years), but diseases increased overall after two rotation cycles. DS maintained lower soilborne disease levels than all other rotations, as well as high yields, throughout the study. Cropping system effects became more pronounced after multiple cycles. SI system and irrigation both resulted in higher yields, but also higher levels of soilborne disease. Cropping system and irrigation effects were significant even after systems were no longer maintained. Soil microbial community data showed significant changes associated with cropping system, and differences increased over time. Cropping system strategy had significant and lasting effects on soil microbiology and soilborne diseases, and can be used to effectively enhance potato production.     

Improving cost‐effectiveness of brown rot control: the value of bio‐economic modelling*

Since 1995, the Dutch potato production chain has been hit by several outbreaks of brown rot, a quarantine disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2. To avoid establishment of brown rot in the potato production chain and avert the consequences on potato export, the Dutch government has implemented an intensive and costly control policy. It is unknown whether this policy is cost‐effective. A bio‐economic model was developed that can be used to simulate the effect of a control policy on the epidemiology and economic consequences of brown rot in the Dutch potato production chain. Two applications of this model are presented, based on which the potential contribution of the model to cost‐effective control of brown rot is discussed.     

宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型和生理小种研究

为明确宁夏回族自治区马铃薯主产区晚疫病菌的交配型种类以及生理小种的类型、组成和分布,为宁夏有针对性地选育马铃薯抗晚疫病品种提供科学依据。利用A1、A2交配型标准菌株和含有11个主效抗性基因的鉴别寄主,对2018年-2019年从原州区、泾源县、彭阳县、隆德县、西吉县、盐池县、海原县采集得到的130个马铃薯晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型和生理小种鉴定。结果表明,宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体的交配型和生理小种存在多样性,采集地交配型有A1、A2、SF(自育型)3类,分别占被测菌株的30%、63.8%、6.2%;生理小种有8种类型,其中生理小种1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11发生频率最高,占被测菌株总数的44.62%,是宁夏马铃薯主栽区的晚疫病菌优势小种,在各测试地均有分布;次优势小种为3.4.10和1.2.3.5.6.7.8.11,发生频率分别为12.31%和10.77%。宁夏不同种植区域马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型组成复杂,采集地组成差异较大,但西吉县、原州区交配型年度间的变化基本趋于一致。宁夏马铃薯晚疫病菌群体组成日趋复杂,生产中要合理布局已有抗病品种,挖掘培育抗病水平高的新品种,综合防控马铃薯...     

The effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of potato late blight in the humid highland tropics

ABSTRACT A field study at three highland sites near Quito, Ecuador, was conducted to determine whether host-diversity effects on potato late blight would be as important as recently found in studies conducted in temperate areas. We compared three potato mixtures and use of mixtures in combination with different planting densities and two fungicide regimes. Treatment comparisons were made by absolute and relative measures of host-diversity effects and incorporating a truncated area under the disease progress curve as a means of standardizing comparisons across sites. Potato-faba intercrops consisting of only 10% potato provided an estimate of the effects of dilution of susceptible host tissue. Host-diversity effects were very different across study sites, with a large host-diversity effect for reduced disease only at the site most distant from commercial potato production. Planting density had little influence on host-diversity effects or on late blight in single-genotype stands. Fungicide use in combination with potato mixtures enhanced a host-diversity effect for reduced late blight. Potato-faba intercrops produced only a small decrease in potato late blight. Effects of host diversity on yield were variable, with the greatest increase in yield for mixtures treated with fungicides at the site most distant from commercial potato production. The effects of host diversity on late blight severity may be less consistent in the tropical highlands than in the temperate zone, but can contribute to integrated disease management.     

30亿CFU/g芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂的研制及其对马铃薯黄萎病和疮痂病的防治效果

黄萎病和疮痂病是马铃薯生产上的重要土传病害,严重影响马铃薯的产量与品质,但缺乏有效的防治药剂。本研究以枯草芽胞杆菌HMB26553和解淀粉芽胞杆菌PHODG36为有效成分,通过对润湿剂、分散剂及紫外保护剂的筛选,确定了30亿CFU/g芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂的配方(质量分数):HMB26553菌株母药10%、PHODG36菌株母药10%、润湿剂LT-569 1%、分散剂MF 2%、紫外保护剂抗坏血酸1%和滑石粉76%。该制剂芽胞数量37.6亿 CFU/g,杂菌率2.8%,pH 7.8,细度98.2%,干燥减量1.6%,润湿时间95.7 s,悬浮率80.7%。温室盆栽试验结果表明:该可湿性粉剂15~45 kg/hm2拌种处理对马铃薯出苗安全,对生长无不良影响,对马铃薯黄萎病的防治效果为45.1%~47.4%。田间小区试验结果表明:该可湿性粉剂15~45 kg/hm2拌种处理能显著减轻马铃薯疮痂病的发生,其中30 kg/hm2拌种处理防治效果高达72.0%,增产率达15.5%。不同地区的田间示范试验应用结果表明:该可湿性粉剂30 kg/hm2拌种处理对马铃薯黄萎病的防治效果为50.8%~62.1%,疮痂病为63.9%~65.7%,增产率为14.3%~29.4%。本研究结果表明,30亿CFU/g芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂能有效防治马铃薯土传病害且增产作用明显,为该制剂在马铃薯生产上应用提供了科学依据。     

Potato production and protection in Poland in the 1990s1

Potato is an important crop for Polish agriculture, now grown on an area of 1.8 million ha, with an annual production of about 35 million t. The crop is used for fodder (pork production), human consumption and as a raw material for various branches of industry. High quantity and quality are essential for proper utilization. The main limiting factors in Polish potato production are: water (shortage or excess), seed potato quality, cultivation practices, and damage by pests, diseases and weeds. Improving the economics of potato production depends on decreasing the acreage and increasing the extent of proper protection. The major constraint is late blight (Phytophthora infestans) which causes yield losses estimated at 22.8%. Blight control is indispensable. The level of resistance among Polish cultivars, both in haulm and tuber, is not satisfactory, so more intensive resistance breeding is needed. Chemical control has increased in popularity, but improper use of phenylamides has created new problems. Further progress will depend on cost-effective methods of control and reliable use of fungicides.