通江湖泊石臼湖鱼类群落结构现状及其季节变化

石臼湖是长江下游唯一的自然通江湖泊,为掌握其鱼类资源状况,本研究于2017年1月至2018年3月采用多目刺网和定制串联笼壶采集石臼湖渔获物,分析了石臼湖鱼类群落结构及其季节变化.结果显示,共采集到鱼类36种,隶属于6目7科28属,其中鲤科鱼类最多,占总物种数的69.44％;鱼类物种组成以定居性、杂食性、中上层鱼类为主,...     

饮用水水源地盐龙湖鱼类群落结构特征及调控策略研究

为探明饮用水水源地盐龙湖鱼类群落结构特征,于2015年10月-2016年10月对盐城市饮用水水源地盐龙湖的鱼类群落结构特征及其物种多样性进行了多网目复合刺网和电捕的调查研究。结果显示:盐龙湖现有鱼类6目9科36种,其中鲤形目种类最多,为27种,占物种总数的75%。群落优势种均为小型鱼类,分别占总渔获量和渔获物个体总数的65.87%和76.67%。主要优势种为似鳊(Pseudobrama simony)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、■(Hemiculter leucisculu)、短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)。代表物种多样性特征的Shannon-Wienner多样性指数(H_N)为2.08,Wilhm改进指数(H_W)为2.30,Simpson优势度指数(λ)为0.21,Piesous均匀度指数(J)为0.59,Margalef物种丰富度指数(D)为4.49;相对稀有种数(R)为63.89%。这些结果表明:盐龙湖鱼类群落结构简单、小型化形势严峻,且食鱼性鱼类鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、翘嘴鲌(Channa argus)和乌鳢(Culter alburnus)等密度和生物量偏低,无法对小型鱼类进行有效控制。因此,水源地湖泊中应采用提高食鱼性鱼类生物量的经典生物操纵手段对鱼类群落进行调控,以利于生态系统健康和水质保护。     

基于稳定同位素技术的阳澄湖鱼类群落营养结构研究

为探究阳澄湖水域鱼类群落的营养结构特征, 于 2017 年夏季(7 月)、秋季(10 月)、2018 年春季(4 月)对该水域进行了渔业资源调查, 并利用稳定同位素技术对鱼类群落的碳(δ¹³C)、氮(δ¹⁵N)值特征及其营养结构进行了分析。 研究结果显示, 阳澄湖水域共采集到鱼类 42 种, 隶属于 5 目 10 科 33 属。鱼类的 δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N 和营养级均值分别为 (–24.85±1.77)‰、(15.34±2.19)‰和 3.06±0.64。其中, δ¹⁵N 值与营养级均存在极显著的鱼类食性和季节性差异(P< 0.01), 而 δ¹³C 值在鱼类食性和季节性上未出现显著差异(P>0.05)。阳澄湖鱼类群落的营养结构存在季节差异, 鱼类群落的营养层次(NR)、基础食物来源(CR)、生态位总空间(TA)、群落的整体密度(NND)、聚集均匀程度(SDNND) 和核心生态位空间(SEAc)从 2017 年夏季至秋季再到 2018 年春季, 呈逐渐上升的趋势; 表明 2018 年春季食物源多样性高, 营养冗余程度低。本研究初步构建了阳澄湖鱼类连续营养谱, 丰富了对阳澄湖鱼类群落营养结构方面的研究, 以期为湖泊生态管理和渔业可持续发展提供参考。     

蓄水运行时长对鱼类群落结构及生态类型的影响——以乌江下游银盘电站为例

为研究梯级电站修建及运行不同阶段导致的河流生境变化对鱼类群落结构和生态类型的影响,本研究于2005-2017年间在乌江下游银盘电站坝上坝下江段开展了蓄水前（2005、2008-2009年）、蓄水后两年内（2011-2012）蓄水6年后（2017年）共6个年度鱼类资源监测,采用多样性指数和多元统计方法分析了该江段鱼类种类组成、群落结构特征及其变化。6年共监测到鱼类93种,鱼类种类数随蓄水进行呈现先降低后升高的趋势。受生境变化影响,鱼类优势物种发生变化,电站蓄水前后差异较大,特别是蓄水后两年内差异尤其显著。蓄水前后鱼类群落结构也发生了变化,在61.79%的Bray-Curtis相似性水平上,蓄水前鱼类聚为一组,蓄水后两年内鱼类聚为一组,2017年单独一组,在0.05水平上差异显著。总体上看,生态类型组成上以缓流型、底层、定居性、杂食性和产粘性卵鱼类占优;蓄水后两年内中上层鱼类和静水型鱼类个体数占比显著增大。     

Management and restoration of fish communities in Lake Taihu, China

The economic development of the cities around Lake Taihu, China, has caused both environmental changes and ecological succession. The biodiversity of Lake Taihu has declined since 1970. Migratory fish, including anadromous, catadromous and semi-migratory fish, are either extinct or on the verge of extinction in Lake Taihu. Only lake dwellers persist. Several measures have been taken, such as restocking, closed seasons, sanctuaries for enhancement and even introductions to restore some original fish communities. Although these measures have achieved a certain degree of success, increased fishing activities or over-fishing have offset the benefits obtained. Moreover, cultural eutrophication of the lake and the pollution of the waterways connected with the lake are getting worse. This jeopardizes the remaining economically valuable species in the lake. Measures are required not only to control eutrophication and pollution, and to reduce the intensity of fishing, but also to address the wider biodiversity issues.     

Using a topological approach to identify keystone species of fish in eutrophic lake ecosystems: A case of Zhushan Bay,Taihu Lake

Eutrophication is a global aquatic environmental problem. Traditional biomanipulation targeting keystone species has been effective for restoring eutrophic lakes. In this study, we conducted monthly fishery assessments and identified keystone species in Zhushan Bay of Taihu Lake, the most representative lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. We built the topological structure of Zhushan Bay's food web based on feeding relationships and calculated network indices of fish groups in the food web using network analysis, combined with Key Player Problem operation. Culter mongolicus, Culter alburnus, Protosalanx hyalocranius and Salangichthys tangkahkeii were the keystone species in Zhushan Bay's food web. Culter mongolicus and Culter alburnus had the greatest impact on the food web after removal. Protosalanx hyalocranius had the fastest speed of transmitting information. Salangichthys tangkahkeii was the key baitfish with the strongest ability to determine structure of species in higher trophic levels. Our study provided a reference for scientific management of shallow lake ecosystems and biological solutions for restoration of eutrophic lakes.     

Effects of hydrologic regulation on icefish population dynamics,assemblage structure and fishery yield in Lake Nanyi,China

Stock dynamics and demographic parameters of a family of annual icefishes (Salangidae) were investigated in Lake Nanyi in eastern China before and after construction of irrigation infrastructure. After hydroregulation, two of four icefish species, a migratory species (Hemisalanx brachyrostralis) and a previously rare species (Neosalanx tangkahkeii) were absent from survey samples. The relative abundance of the remained icefish stocks changed greatly. The spring and autumn stocks of N. taihuensis increased from 9.9% and 1.7% to 74.8% and 4.8%, respectively, and N. oligodontis decreased from 84.8% to 20.4%. Total icefish density (CPUE) and yield doubled under the new hydrologic regime. Average adult body size and absolute fecundity of the three persistent icefish stocks decreased, and this could have resulted from slower rates of growth and development of larvae and juveniles in response to greater density of icefishes overall and more intense competition for planktonic food resources during summer and fall.     

Potential direct and indirect effects of climate change on a shallow natural lake fish assemblage

Much uncertainty exists around how fish communities in shallow lakes will respond to climate change. In this study, we modelled the effects of increased water temperatures on consumption and growth rates of two piscivores (northern pike [Esox lucius] and largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides]) and examined relative effects of consumption by these predators on two prey species (bluegill [Lepomis macrochirus] and yellow perch [Perca flavescens]). Bioenergetics models were used to simulate the effects of climate change on growth and food consumption using predicted 2040 and 2060 temperatures in a shallow Nebraska Sandhill lake, USA. The patterns and magnitude of daily and cumulative consumption during the growing season (April–October) were generally similar between the two predators. However, growth of northern pike was always reduced (?3 to ?45% change) compared to largemouth bass that experienced subtle changes (4 to ?6% change) in weight by the end of the growing season. Assuming similar population size structure and numbers of predators in 2040–2060, future consumption of bluegill and yellow perch by northern pike and largemouth bass will likely increase (range: 3–24%), necessitating greater prey biomass to meet future energy demands. The timing of increased predator consumption will likely shift towards spring and fall (compared to summer), when prey species may not be available in the quantities required. Our findings suggest that increased water temperatures may affect species at the edge of their native range (i.e. northern pike) and a potential mismatch between predator and prey could exist.     

Effects of a rock‐ramp fishway on summer fish assemblage in a Lake Huron tributary

The use of nature‐like fishways to increase ecosystem connectivity has increased in recent years, but their effectiveness has rarely been evaluated. A rock ramp was constructed in the Shiawassee River in 2009, and post‐construction effects (2011–2012) were evaluated on the summer fish assemblage by comparing fish assemblage composition to a nearby free‐flowing river and a nearby river with a dam. Patterns of fish species richness, mean catch‐per‐unit‐effort and proportional abundance in reaches upstream and downstream of the rock ramp, dam and comparable sites in the free‐flowing river were evaluated. Overall, species richness by site and proportional abundance in the rock‐ramp river were more similar to the free‐flowing river, while species richness by reach was more similar to the dammed river. These findings suggest that the rock ramp has improved connectivity for the summer fish assemblage, but has not fully restored conditions to the level observed in a free‐flowing river.     

Pansteatitis in polluted Olifants River impoundments: nutritional perspectives on fish in a eutrophic lake,Lake Loskop,South Africa

This study compares the aetiology of pansteatitis in Lake Loskop, relative to two other impoundments along the Olifants River. Macroscopic and microscopic pathology, age determination and analysis of stomach content, fatty acids and stable isotopes explain the high prevalence of pansteatitis in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and several other species in Lake Loskop. All the dietary indicator comparisons between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish fail to support a systemic cause. Pansteatitis in Lake Loskop was linked to size and weight of O. mossambicus, but not to ontogenic age. Fish in Lake Loskop showed abnormally high omega‐3 to omega‐6 fatty acid ratios normally only found in marine fish with no significant difference in degree of assimilation of these fatty acids between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish. This explains the vulnerability to, but not the occurrence of, pansteatitis. As a cause for the pansteatitis, these results point towards sporadic vitamin E‐depleting trigger events, known sporadic fish die‐off occurrences that provide surviving fish with a rich source of rancid fats on which to scavenge. The mechanism ties pansteatitis to eutrophication and trophic cascade effects, the intrinsic drivers of the disease and suggests an adaptive management strategy that might be applied by relevant conservation authorities.     

基于Sentinel-2多光谱遥感的低盐湖泊盐度反演——以西藏错鄂湖为例

为探索遥感数据反演低盐湖盐度的能力, 以西藏错鄂湖为例, 利用 Sentinel-2 多光谱数据, 对比了可见光和近红外波段光谱反射率与水表盐度的相关性, 基于波段反射率和归一化水体指数(normalized difference water index, NDWI), 采用线性回归模型对西藏错鄂湖水表盐度进行反演研究。研究结果表明, 绿波段反射率与盐度的相关性高于其他波段, 当盐度低于 3 时, 近红外波段反射率与盐度相关性最高; 9 种变量组合的盐度反演模型中, NDWI 变量的加入能够提高模型的反演精度, 且 NDWI、近红外波段、蓝波段 3 个变量组合的线性回归模型反演盐度的精度最高, 平均绝对误差(the mean absolute error, MAE)为 0.103, 决定系数 R2 最大, 为 0.5696, 说明盐度实测值和预测值拟合结果较好。从对全湖的预测结果看, 错鄂湖的水表盐度空间分布总体呈现出岸边、河口低, 湖泊内部高且分布较为均匀的格局, 预测盐度均值约 4.14, 与实测均值 4.15 十分接近, 验证了反演方法的有效性。研究结果表明多光谱遥感数据在预测错鄂湖泊水表盐度方面具有准确度高、快速便捷的优势, 对利用多光谱遥感数据进行低盐湖泊水表盐度反演具有指导意义, 对水生生物资源保护和可持续利用具有借鉴价值。     

Modelling functional fish habitat connectivity in rivers: A case study for prioritizing restoration actions targeting brown trout

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Phosphorus,total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from fish cages in a tropical lake (Lake Palminhas,Espirito Santo,Brazil)

Cage fish farming in natural and artificial lakes has become increasingly popular in recent years in tropical countries. The most commonly farmed tropical fish species is the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The aim of this study was to characterize the concentration of phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen and chlorophyll a from existing fish farms (FF) in Lake Palminhas, located in Linhares/ES, Brazil. Three transects were drawn from 0 to 500 m from each of the four FF (FF1 to FF4) in the lake during six trials (three in the rainy season and three in the dry season). The lake presented a monomictic‐hot pattern, with stratification during the rainy season. Dilution of the monitored parameters did not occur sufficient over a distance of up to 500 m from the FF. The location of the FF in the lake and the input of N and P were critical to ensure optimal mixing conditions because the worst results was observed for the fish farm (FF1) located on a finger of the lake, where the highest concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a occurred. It was also noted that there was possible total phosphorus interference between FF3 and FF4. The results of this study demonstrate that Lake Palminhas had a low dilution power, and these findings may inform environmental assessments of cage fish farming in this region, providing instruments that may support environmental control of cage fish farming.     

Effects of fish stocking on the zooplankton community structure in a shallow lake in China

Abstract  Changes in the zooplankton community structure in relation to fishery practices in Lake Donghu, Wuhan, China were examined. The number of Protozoa species increased slightly, whereas the number of rotifers and crustaceans decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The total annual average densities of zooplankton increased 15–20 times in the 1990s compared with the 1960s. This increase was largely attributed to Protozoa, which contributed 93.4% by number of the total zooplankton density in 1991. Cladoceran densities decreased markedly from 1987. Changes in densities of rotifers and copepods were not evident. Trends in zooplankton biomass were similar to density. Large changes in zooplankton community structure coincided with markedly changes in concentration of chlorophyll a and transparency in Lake Donghu in 1987. The year 1987 seems to be the threshold year when the zooplankton community structure changed considerably. These changes were related to continuously increasing fish stock biomass in the lake. It was suggested that fish stocking and fish biomass should be a better managed for improvement of the quality of the lake's environment.