烟蚜茧蜂繁殖利用研究

烟蚜茧蜂在沈阳以老熟幼虫在僵蚜内越冬,越冬场所主要在窖藏白菜及萝卜上,在温室条件下无滞育现象。烟蚜茧蜂的发育有效积温为308.28日度,在沈阳一年约可完成11～12个世代。用萝卜饲养桃蚜繁殖烟蚜茧蜂方法简便,一株萝卜平均可获僵蚜1296头,最多3856头。烟好苗蜂的寄生能力受温度的影响,以20～23℃中获得僵蚜数最多,一头雌蜂可获僵蚜117～143头。烟蚜茧蜂子代的雌雄性比,在18～25℃中为1:0.73。烟蚜茧蜂的寄主桃蚜在13～30℃温度中均能繁殖,20～27℃中繁殖速度最快。在塑料大棚内释放烟蚜茧蜂防治辣椒及黄瓜上桃蚜效果显著,而在不释放的对照区则施用了6次农药。     

不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化率、寄生率和重寄生的影响

为明确不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化的影响,分别设置5个温度和5个烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度,在云南省弥渡县红花大金元特色烟叶研发基地进行试验.结果表明,在烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度相近时,20℃条件下僵蚜的羽化率最高,羽化率达84.50％;烟蚜茧蜂的死亡率随温度升高而逐渐提高,且重寄生蜂在10～15℃条件下基本不羽化;而在25～3...     

影响两种蚜茧蜂日产卵量因素的研究

本文以桃蚜为寄主,研究了寄主密度、接蜂时间和环境温度对烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂的日产卵量及寄生率的影响。结果表明3种因素均对两种蚜茧蜂的产卵量有不同程度的影响。两种蚜茧蜂的日产卵量随寄主密度增加而增加,在27～32℃时,烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂活动频繁,羽化后第一天的产卵量多于低温(≤23℃)下的产卵量,从第二天起日产卵量下降,说明持续高温不利于雌蜂产卵。本研究认为:人工繁殖烟蚜茧峰时,温度为23℃,寄生蜂与寄主比为1:100的条件较为适宜。     

球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响

室内评价了一株球孢白僵菌Bb0062对天敌昆虫烟蚜茧蜂寄生行为的影响。直接喷雾接菌进行生物测定,结果表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂具有较高毒性,随着接种剂量的增加,致死中时(LT50)缩短。利用烟蚜茧蜂寄生接菌和未接菌的桃蚜,发现寄生蜂对健康桃蚜的寄生率为52.54%,明显高于对接菌桃蚜的寄生率40.19%,表明球孢白僵菌可通过侵染蚜虫间接影响寄生蜂的寄生行为。以喷雾接菌当天(0天)、1、3和5天的寄生蜂寄生桃蚜,寄生率分别比对照下降21.0%、17.2%、33.3%和30.4%,寄生时间分别比对照下降35.9%、38.7%、53.1%和39.7%。由此表明,球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂的寄生行为有不利影响。     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂寄生苜蓿蚜影响因子研究

通过对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂(Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson)寄生苜蓿蚜(Aphis craccivora Koch)的一些影响因子(寄主龄期、寄主密度、雌蜂龄期及接蜂时间)的研究结果表明,在混合虫态寄主中,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂通常选择较小龄期的若蚜寄生。其中2龄若蚜的相对被寄生率最高,为41.96%,其次是1龄若蚜,为32.61%;3、4龄若蚜的相对寄生率较低。茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂在不同寄主密度下的寄生率有显著差异。雌蜂蜂龄对寄生有明显影响。随着蜂龄的延长,寄生率逐渐降低;随接蜂时间的延长,寄生率也逐步增加。但达到寄生高峰的接蜂时间,再延长接蜂时间,寄生率亦不再明显增加。     

4种寄主植物的繁蚜－繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力比较

为比较不同寄主植物繁蚜,继而繁育烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis的潜力,促进烟蚜茧蜂扩繁,从烟田采集供试烟蚜与烟蚜茧蜂,比较了烟草、萝卜、油菜和小白菜共4种常用寄主植物的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力。结果显示:(1)烟草和萝卜的单株繁蚜速率较快、繁蚜量大,表明两者的繁蚜能力强于小白菜和油菜;(2)4种寄主植物上的僵蚜羽化率没有显著差异,烟蚜茧蜂对烟草和萝卜繁育烟蚜的寄生率显著高于小白菜和油菜,表明在烟草和萝卜上繁蜂能力强于油菜和小白菜;(3)烟草上繁育的子代蜂寿命及其后足胫节长度均显著大于在其他3种寄主植物上繁育的寄生蜂的相应参数,表明烟草上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的营养状态优于在其他3种寄主植物上得到的烟蚜茧蜂。总体而言,烟草的繁蚜-繁蜂能力和子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力均强于其他3种寄主植物,更适用于烟蚜茧蜂扩繁;萝卜上繁育的子代烟蚜茧蜂的寄生潜力不及烟草,但明显优于小白菜和油菜,可作为一种烟蚜茧蜂繁育的替代寄主植物,用于提纯、复壮烟蚜和烟蚜茧蜂。     

烟蚜茧蜂种内寄主识别与内部竞争

为明确寄生桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的单性内寄生蜂烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead的种内识别与内部竞争,研究测定不同寄主密度对烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂卵的分布影响,以及不同产卵时间间隔对自身和同种寄主识别、种内内部竞争的影响。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂在寄主密度为30头以下时,过寄生率高于31.16%;而寄主密度为50头以上时,过寄生率低于6.64%。在24 h以上的产卵时间间隔下,烟蚜茧蜂的自身过寄生率高于37.04%,而同种过寄生率在22.45%~25.93%之间;而且龄期较高的幼虫在种内内部竞争中获胜的概率高于72.00%。表明烟蚜茧蜂在低寄主密度下倾向于过寄生,在高寄主密度下有避免过寄生的趋势;烟蚜茧蜂倾向于自身过寄生,而对同种过寄生表现出一种产卵限制;在烟蚜茧蜂的种内内部竞争中,龄期较高的幼虫一般具有优势。     

陕西烟蚜茧蜂冬季保种寄主及规模化繁殖的适宜条件研究

在温室中对烟蚜繁育的最适替代寄主展开筛选,测定蚜茧蜂羽化的最适温、湿度,并对烟蚜与僵蚜回接烟苗后的成活率和羽化率进行了测定。结果表明:(1)小白菜繁殖蚜虫量较大,效果优于萝卜和油菜寄主,回接烟苗后烟蚜成活率达85%以上,可作为替代寄主用于烟蚜的冬季保种及规模化繁殖。(2)蚜茧蜂僵蚜羽化的最适温度为20~25℃,最适相对湿度为80%~90%。     

桃蚜体内次生共生菌沙雷氏菌对宿主抵御寄生蜂和高温胁迫的影响

为明确桃蚜Myzus persicae体内次生共生菌沙雷氏菌Serratia symbiotica对宿主抵抗不良环境的影响,利用叶碟法测定短翅蚜小蜂Aphelinus asychi对自然感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜、自然未感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜和人工感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜的寄生特性和取食特性,并测定烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis对这3种处理桃蚜的寄生特性及这3种处理桃蚜经高温胁迫后的生长繁殖特性。结果显示,短翅蚜小蜂在人工感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜上的产卵率比在自然未感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜上的下降近1/2,羽化率下降1/3左右,致死率、取食率、僵蚜率均无显著差异;烟蚜茧蜂对这3种处理桃蚜的致死率、过寄生率、僵蚜率及其产卵率和羽化率等均无显著差异;这3种处理桃蚜的2龄若蚜经高温胁迫后,发育时间和寿命均显著延长,开始产蚜时间明显推迟,繁殖力和日繁殖率显著降低,繁殖历期无明显变化;高温胁迫后,人工感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜比自然未感染沙雷氏菌桃蚜开始产蚜时间提前3.9 d,繁殖力增加7.0头。表明人工感染沙雷氏菌可以提高桃蚜对短翅蚜小蜂和高温胁迫的防御作用,对烟蚜茧蜂的寄生无明显效果。     

福建烟区不同世代烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的寄生效应

为探究不同代数烟蚜茧蜂的寄生效应,在室内续代饲养8代的条件下,测定了不同密度及不同代数烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的寄生率和羽化率。试验结果表明：烟蚜密度为50头/株、25头/株时,烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的寄生率较高,分别为19.33%、14.67%。烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率与雌蜂密度呈正相关,且雌蜂密度为3头/株时对烟蚜的寄生率最高,为28.67%,而其羽化率不受雌蜂密度变化的影响。从F1代到F8代,烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的寄生率逐渐下降。其中,F1代的寄生率高达64.00%,F8代的寄生率为46.40%。前7个世代烟蚜茧蜂的羽化率均在87.50%以上,但F7与F8之间的羽化率差异显著,其羽化率分别为87.50%、69.64%。所以,室内续代饲养的烟蚜茧蜂,其各项能力均会显著下降,7代后更为明显。因此,在室内续代饲养7代后要及时复壮,以保持烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的正常寄生力。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.