Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet

Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.     

Brazil: energy options and current outlook

Brazil's energy options and current outlook are examined, and a summary of known reserves of fossil and renewable energy resources is given. Brazil has abundant renewable energy resources but very modest reserves of fossil fuels. Consequently, the emphasis in the future will have to be on the utilization of solar energy, hydroelectric power, and biomass in a program designed to preserve local traditions and culture.     

中国生物质能源发展现状及问题探讨

当前世界正面临着严重的化石能源危机,生物质能源发展已受到越来越多国家的关注。文章综述了生物燃气、生物液体燃料、微藻能源、固体成型燃料等生物质能源技术的主要进展,分析了我国生物质能源产业发展中出现的一些问题,并基于此提出了完善和修改生物质能源产品价格补贴、强制性生物质液体燃料收购、鼓励生物质液体燃料消费等激励政策,设立专项加快开发和应用具有自主知识产权的国产化技术,以及大力度发展非粮生物质能源和利用边际土地建立生物质能源基地等政策建议。     

Energy dilemmas in Asia: the needs for research and development

Outside of China, the countries of southern and eastern Asia contain 30 percent of the world's population but only 2 percent of the known fossil fuel resources. Economic growth has resulted in increasing imports of petroleum and petroleum products. Because of the tenfold rise in oil prices since 1972, several of these countries are faced with two dilemmas-one short range and one long range. Unless they can discover more fossil fuel resources within their own borders, they must either incur dangerously growing foreign exchange deficits or drastically slow their economic growth. Research and development in energy production, conversion, and conservation should eventually allow local energy sources, of which the most promising is biomass energy, to be substituted for imported fuels. But diverting scarce land and water to plantations of fast-growing trees or other kinds of biomass may seriously limit food production in these crowded countries.     

木质纤维素类生物质转化生物乙醇预处理B2B工艺的发展研究

在能源问题日益紧张的时局下,寻求可再生的清洁能源成为目前亟待解决的关键问题,而乙醇燃料无疑是化石类能源的最佳替代能源。生物质转化为生物乙醇（简称B2B）工艺无论是从可行性、清洁性抑或是经济性来看都具有可大规模工业化应用的前景。基于木质纤维素物质来源广、成本低等特点,这类原料制备生物乙醇的研究取得了很大的进展。详细综述了木质纤维素类生物质转化生物乙醇中的预处理工艺进展和发展方向,并对各种预处理工艺的优缺点进行了论述,此外,对于双螺杆挤出爆破工艺也进行了详细阐释。     

生物质能在NH_3/H_e吸收式制冷系统中应用的热力计算与分析

[目的]找出生物质成型燃料在NH3/He吸收式制冷系统中应用的影响因素。[方法]基于NH3/He吸收式制冷系统,分别对分段式燃烧技术的半气化炉和吸收式制冷系统进行热力分析。[结果]半气化炉真正地实现了生物质的清洁、高效燃烧,降低了煤等化石燃料的燃烧对环境带来的污染;吸收式制冷系统所需热源的加热功率不能过大,可以利用生物质能等低品位能源作为热源,为生物质能的利用开辟了一条新的途径。[结论]该研究实现了生物质能在制冷系统中的利用。     

Hydrogen: Its Future Role in the Nation's Energy Economy

In examining the potential role of hydrogen in the energy economy of the future, we take an optimistic view. All the technology required for implementation is feasible but a great deal of development and refinement is necessary. A pessimistic approach would obviously discourage further thinking about an important and perhaps the most reasonable alternative for the future. We have considered a limited number of alternative energy systems involving hydrogen and have shown that hydrogen could be a viable secondary source of energy derived from nuclear power; for the immediate future, hydrogen could be derived from coal. A hydrogen supply system could have greater flexibility and be competitive with a more conventional all-electric delivery system. Technological improvements could make hydrogen as an energy source an economic reality. The systems examined in this article show how hydrogen can serve as a general-purpose fuel for residential and automotive applications. Aside from being a source of heat and motive power, hydrogen could also supply the electrical needs of the household via fuel cells (19), turbines, or conventional "total energy systems." The total cost of energy to a residence supplied with hydrogen fuel depends on the ratio of the requirements for direct fuel use to the requirements for electrical use. A greater direct use of hydrogen as a fuel without conversion to electricity reduces the overall cost of energy supplied to the household because of the greater expense of electrical transmission and distribution. Hydrogen fuel is especially attractive for use in domestic residential applications where the bulk of the energy requirement is for thermal energy. Although a considerable amount of research is required before any hydrogen energy delivery system can be implemented, the necessary developments are within the capability of present-day technology and the system could be made attractive economically .Techniques for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis, from coal, and directly from thermal energy could be found that are less expensive than those now available; inexpensive fuel cells could be developed, and high-temperature turbines could be used for the efficient conversion of hydrogen (and oxygen) to electricity. The use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel would be a key factor in the development of a hydrogen energy economy, and safe storage techniques for carrying sufficient quantities of hydrogen in automotive systems can certainly be developed. The use of hydrogen in automobiles would significantly reduce urban pollution because the dispersed fossil fuel emissions would be replaced by radioactive wastes generated at large central stations. The conversion of internal or external combustion engines for combustion of hydrogen fuel would probably have less economic impact on the automotive industry than the mass introduction of electric automobiles. However, this is a subject that requires more detailed study. All of the safety aspects of hydrogen utilization will have to be examined, especially the problems of safety in the domestic use and the long distance transport of hydrogen in pipelines at high pressures. It is our opinion that the various energy planning agencies should now begin to outline the mode of implementing hydrogen energy delivery systems in the energy economy. The initial transition to hydrogen energy derived from available fossil fuels such as coal should be considered together with the long range view of all the hydrogen being derived eventually from nuclear energy. By the year 1985 when petroleum imports may be in excess of the domestic supply, these plans could set the stage for the transition period from fossil to a predominantly nuclear energy economy able to supply abundant synthetic fuels such as hydrogen. Synthetic fuels will obviously be more expensive than fuels now derived from petroleum; however, there may be no other viable choice. Thus, it is essential that the analysis and technological feasibility of a hydrogen energy system be considered now. It is of vital importance to the nation to develop some general-purpose fuel that can be Produced from a variety of domestic energy sources and reduce our dependence on imported oil.     

甘肃省能源消费的CO_2排放研究

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年提出的能源碳排放计算方法,计算了甘肃省1995～2009年化石燃料消费的CO2排放量。结果表明,1995年以来,甘肃省化石燃料消费的CO2排放量呈增加趋势,排放强度不断下降,由1995年的11.01 t/万元下降到2009年的3.42 t/万元。甘肃省化石燃料消费增长迅速,但化石燃料消费结构变化不大。未来甘肃省节能减排压力巨大,要提高化石燃料的利用效率,同时加大可再生能源在能源消费结构中的比重,尤其加大对太阳能和风能的利用。     

4株小球藻缺陷培养条件的优化及藻株CE14的分子鉴定

通过采集海口周边热带淡水水样,用平板分离纯化法获得158株纯藻,选择其中4株（CE1,CE14,CE18,CE31）经初步鉴定的小球藻进行缺陷培养（HSM,HSM-N,HSM—S,HSM-P4种培养基培养）及油脂含量测定,结果显示：N和S2种元素缺乏对这4株小球藻生物量影响较大,且使这4株小球藻的含油量显著高于在HSM培养基培养的含油量;P元素的缺乏对这4株小球藻生物量影响较小,仅使CE1和CE18的油脂含量显著上升。CE14生长迅速,油脂含量高,其在HSM-S培养基中的油脂含量高于其他3种培养基,占细胞干重的86．55％。对CE14进行18S rDNA鉴定,得出CE14藻株属于绿藻门,绿藻纲,绿球藻目,小球藻科,小球藻属,与Chlorella vulgaris的18S rDNA基因的相似度为99％。     

Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt

Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a "biofuel carbon debt" by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on degraded and abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and can offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages.     

Photosynthetic pathway and biomass energy production

The current interest in locating new or alternative sources of energy has focused attention on solar energy capture by crops that can be subsequently utilized as a substitute for fossil fuels. The very high productivity of sugarepane and the fact that it accumulates sugars that are directly fermentable to alcohol may have caused seemingly less productive crops to be overlooked. We show here that recoverable alcohol from achievable commercial yields of pineapple can actually equal that of sugarcane, with the pineapple crop requiring only a fraction of the water used by sugarcane. Pineapple is well adapted to the subhumid or semiarid tropics and thus is particularly well suited for exploiting large areas not now under cultivation with any crop of commercial value.     

用排气管温度加热气化醇类燃料在柴油机上的试验研究

 针对高原地区空气含氧量低,发动机功率不足,以及有限的石油和空气污染严重等问题。结合柴油机的结构特点、醇类燃料的特性,在不改变原机结构的前提下,增设一套醇类燃料（甲醇或乙醇）供给装置,醇类燃料供给装置供给的醇类靠排气温度加热气化并同进气流一同流入气缸。醇类燃料供给装置与原供油装置相互配合,实现辅助燃料（轻柴油）引燃,主要燃料为甲醇或乙醇,从而在达到不降低发动机功率的状况下,醇类燃料替代柴油,并且有效降低排放的目的。试验表明：此方法简单可行,除在单缸柴油机上采用外,可向多缸机推广应用,这对解决能源紧缺,降低排放,实现可持续发展,有较强的现实意义。同时对改善高原地区发动机动力性,有着其特殊的作用。     

香叶树作为生物柴油原料树种的研究现状及其开发前景

生物柴油作为一种可再生的燃料,用来替代传统能源、缓解能源危机已变得越来越重要,开发利用林业生物质能源资源是解决我国生物柴油发展原料短缺问题的重要途径之一。香叶树广泛分布于我国南方,尤其在西南有比较集中的野生资源,其果实含油率达41%~47%,是加工生物柴油的良好原料。介绍了当前国内外的生物柴油原料,香叶树的研究现状,展望了香叶树在生物柴油开发利用方面的前景,并根据现阶段存在的问题,提出了一些建议。     

马铃薯生产燃料乙醇的性能分析

我国能源安全正面临严峻挑战,洁净的可再生能源燃料乙醇被认为是化石能源的理想替代物。首先介绍了马铃薯的基本属性和以其为原料生产燃料乙醇的必要性;其次在同其它几种原料比较了生产性能的基础上,认为发展马铃薯燃料乙醇具有一定的优势;最后指出以马铃薯为原料生产燃料乙醇在我国有较好的产业化前景。     

西藏农村生物质能利用与可持续发展对策（摘要）

[目的]为实现西藏农村能源的可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]综述了西藏能源资源情况,分析了西藏农村生物质能利用的特点及潜力,并提出了西藏薪柴替代成略的可持续发展对策。[结果]西藏可再生能源十分丰富,主要有水能、地热能、太阳能、风能和以薪柴和畜粪为主的生物质能,而常规化石能源资源稀缺,石油、煤炭资源比较少,能源消耗以生物质能为主。这种低水平的传统的能源消费结构使脆弱的高原生态植被遭到破坏,致使生态环境恶化,水土流失加剧,土壤肥力下降。[结论]西藏未来的能源发展战略迫切需要改变目前能源的消费结构,积极实施薪柴替代战略,大力发展太阳能、风能、农村小水电替代目前以生物质能为主的能源消费结构,加快小城镇化进程,重点发展农村沼气,因地制宜,多能互补,减少因能源消费对西藏生态环境的破坏。     

Net energy analysis of alcohol production from sugarcane

Energy requirements were calculated for the agricultural and the industrial phase of ethyl alcohol production from sugarcane grown in Louisiana. Agricultural energy requirements comprised 54 percent of all energy inputs, with machinery, fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer representing most of the energy subsidies. Overall net energy benefits (output:input) for alcohol production ranged from 1.8:1 to 0.9:1 depending on whether crop residues or fossil fuels were used for industrial processes.     

Solar biomass energy: an overview of u.s. Potential

The U.S. annual biomass production for food, lumber, paper, and fiber, if used exclusively for energy, would provide 25 percent of current energy requirements. The collection of unharvested wood residues and cull trees for direct use as fuel for small nearby space-heating applications-especially for peak winter conditions-is an important near-term solar energy opportunity. Improved management of hundreds of millions of acres of productive forest land is an important opportunity for the long term. Harvest of cropland residues for energy values, new biomass production using intensive short-rotation silviculture, resubstitution of natural products for petroleum-based synthetics, and forest management for large-scale production of electricity and synthetic fuels are judged to be less appropriate directions for the U.S. energy system to take.     

浅谈能源植物的开发和利用

随着对化石能源的不断开采,对矿物燃料的过度依赖,使得化石能源已经濒临枯竭,寻找一种新能源来代替化石能源是21世纪的科研主题。目前,对于能源植物的开发和利用备受人们的关注,它与石油资源不同,是可再生资源,且燃烧产物没有污染。本文通过对能源植物的开发和利用进行简单的介绍和粗浅的分析,进而发表一些浅见。     

Hybrid cars now, fuel cell cars later

We compare the energy efficiency of hybrid and fuel cell vehicles as well as conventional internal combustion engines. Our analysis indicates that fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen from fossil fuels offer no significant energy efficiency advantage over hybrid vehicles operating in an urban drive cycle. We conclude that priority should be placed on hybrid vehicles by industry and government.     

我国生物质能源产业科技创新发展对策研究

随着化石能源的过度开采和使用,世界各国面临着不同程度的化石能源短缺和生态危机,开发和利用清洁可再生能源已成为各国关注的焦点,对于正处于经济结构转型时期的我国也有重要的战略意义,不仅可以缓解能源短缺,而且其双向清洁性对于保护生态环境和减排温室气体具有现实意义。深入剖析了在我国发展生物质能源产业的战略意义、面临的机遇及挑战,提出了对策措施和政策建议,对生物质能源产业在我国的发展具有一定的参考意义。