苦杏仁去皮热风干燥适宜温度提高油脂品质

为探索适宜的杏仁热风干燥温度,以热烫去皮处理后的湿杏仁为试验材料,研究了热风干燥不同温度对杏仁及其油脂的感官、理化和营养品质的影响。结果表明,经热烫去皮、干燥处理后可以得到颜色较浅的杏仁油,有利于提高杏仁油的感官品质,但会造成杏仁油过氧化值显著升高(P0.05),油酸、亚油酸、十七碳烯酸、二十碳一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的比例和甾醇含量降低,棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、十七碳烷酸、二十碳烷酸、二十碳一烯酸的比例和总生育酚含量升高,对杏仁油的理化特性和营养品质产生影响。但不同脂肪酸及其伴随物种类、不同温度处理变化幅度不同。随着干燥温度的提高,干燥速率逐渐加快,杏仁及杏仁油的颜色逐渐加深,杏仁油亮度下降,酸价略有升高,但不同干燥温度之间差异不显著(P0.05);过氧化值呈上升趋势,且80℃以上干燥处理显著高于40℃和60℃干燥处理(P0.05);总不饱和脂肪酸、油酸、亚油酸、十七碳烯酸、二十碳烷酸的比例及β-生育酚、δ-生育酚及总生育酚含量总体呈下降趋势,棕榈油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸的比例和β-谷甾醇、总甾醇含量总体呈升高趋势。低温干燥有利于提高杏仁油中生育酚含量,而提高干燥温度则有利于杏仁油中植物甾醇含量的提高。尤其是干燥温度为80℃以上时,杏仁油的品质变化加快。因此,为提高杏仁油理化与营养品质,杏仁脱皮后的干燥宜在80℃以下的较低温度条件下进行。研究结果可为杏仁干燥和高品质杏仁油加工提供参考。     

不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕脂肪酸组成及主成分分析

为比较不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕肌肉中脂肪酸组成的变化,本研究通过气相色谱技术测定墨瑞鳕幼鱼、成鱼、亲鱼肌肉中脂肪酸含量,并对脂肪酸组成进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个不同生长阶段墨瑞鳕的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)总量分别为52.2%、58.2%、60.1%;在高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)中DHA含量均最高。随着鱼体生长,墨瑞鳕棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸含量均呈上升趋势,从高到低依次为亲鱼>成鱼>幼鱼;肉豆蔻酸、花生一烯酸、花生四烯酸、EPA、DHA 含量呈下降趋势,从高到低依次为幼鱼>成鱼>亲鱼;UFA总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈上升趋势,从高到低依次为亲鱼>成鱼>幼鱼;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总量和必需脂肪酸(EFA)总量含量呈先升后降趋势,从高到低依次为成鱼>亲鱼>幼鱼。墨瑞鳕不同生长阶段脂肪酸含量大部分存在显著差异,特别是幼鱼与成鱼的脂肪酸含量(除二十碳三烯酸外)均存在显著差异;肉豆蔻酸、花生一烯酸、花生四烯酸、EPA和DHA等5种脂肪酸是墨瑞鳕的主要特征脂肪酸,这5种主要特征脂肪酸之间均互呈强正相关。随着墨瑞鳕的生长发育应及时提高相应阶段功能性脂肪酸的比例,降低相应阶段呈强负相关的主要特征脂肪酸的比例。本研究结果为墨瑞鳕的开发利用以及饲料营养需求等提供了理论参考。     

琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的变化

为探讨琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸合成的变化规律,采用脂肪酸甲酯气相色谱法(GC-FAME)对琉璃苣种子发育过程中脂肪酸成分的相对含量进行测定。结果表明,琉璃苣种子主要含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸、花生一烯酸和芥子酸等8种脂肪酸成分;成熟种子不饱和脂肪酸成分占总脂肪酸的84.05%,其中亚油酸最高(38.20%),γ-亚麻酸次之(24.59%);随着种子发育,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸的相对含量不断下降,其它不饱和脂肪酸成分的相对含量不断增加;棕榈酸与α-亚麻酸呈显著正相关,二者与其它脂肪酸成分呈负相关。本研究结果为进一步揭示琉璃苣种子脂肪酸的代谢及其调控机制提供了数据支持。     

基于脂肪酸组成特征的沙丁鱼油掺伪检测

为了解决鱼油原料市场日益突出的掺伪问题,本研究采用气相色谱法测定沙丁鱼及5种可能掺伪海水鱼的鱼油脂肪酸组成,并运用主成分分析（PCA）探究鱼油中各脂肪酸的变化规律,筛选出可能掺伪的海水鱼鱼油;运用偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）和多元逐步线性回归分析建立沙丁鱼油的掺伪鉴别模型。结果表明,5种鱼油与沙丁鱼油的脂肪酸组成有不同程度的差异,其中鳀鱼油与沙丁鱼油脂肪酸组成最为接近。PCA分析的总贡献率为89.8%,说明分析结果具有良好的代表性,鳀鱼油可以拟作沙丁鱼的掺伪油。PLS-DA分析认为沙丁鱼掺伪油的6种特征脂肪酸分别是二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、二十二碳烯酸和油酸。沙丁鱼油掺伪鉴别模型所得相关系数（R2）分别为0.927、0.963、0.987、0.991,各模型平均误差分别为2.20%、1.38%、1.19%、0.83%,表明模型准确性较好。因此,该模型可实现鳀鱼油掺伪沙丁鱼油的定量识别,在鉴别沙丁鱼油掺伪上具有一定的可行性。     

不同氮效率油菜品种产量和品质对供氮水平的反应

为探明不同氮效率油菜产量和品质对供氮水平的反应动态,揭示油菜氮效率与品质的关系,本文采用砂培试验,研究了两种氮效率油菜品种在06、3、6、12、15 mmol/L 5种不同氮水平下（用N1N5表示）的氮效率、子粒产量和品质的变化。结果表明, 随着供氮水平的提高,油菜子粒产量、油分产量和蛋白质含量增加,氮效率和油分含量下降; 而子粒脂肪酸组成变化较小,所测定的7种脂肪酸中,芥酸和花生烯酸含量随着氮水平的增加略有下降,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量则没有明显的变化; 与氮低效品种相比,氮高效品种的子粒产量、芥酸和花生烯酸含量随供氮水平的变化幅度更大,油分含量下降幅度更小。所有氮水平下,氮高效品种的子粒产量、油分含量和油分产量均高于氮低效品种,亚油酸含量略高于而亚麻酸含量略低于氮低效品种,子粒蛋白质、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸含量两品种没有差异。总之,提高氮水平有利于增加油分产量,氮高效品种的增加幅度大于氮低效品种,但对脂肪酸组成的影响较小。因此,氮高效品种不会因高效吸收利用氮素而降低油分含量或使油菜品质变劣。     

辐照杀菌对核桃粉品质的影响

研究了60Co γ辐照杀菌对核桃粉主要营养成分变化及感官品质的影响。结果表明：剂量为2.0～8.0kGy时,辐照对核桃粉中的总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响;辐照后的粗纤维含量有一定的增加,但不显著;辐照对核桃粉中的月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸含量基本没有影响,对棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和亚麻酸含量有一定的影响,但不显著;辐照后核桃粉中的油酸含量随辐照剂量的上升而显著增加,剂量达到8.0kGy时,油酸含量增加了4.3%。8.0kGy以下辐照对核桃粉色泽、气味、口感无明显改变。可以得出结论低于8.0kGy的辐照不会对核桃粉的营养品质和感官品质有不良影响。     

种植密度和施肥水平对高油大豆品质性状的影响

采用二因素裂区试验,研究了不同种植密度和施肥水平对高油大豆品质性状的影响。结果表明,高油大豆的油脂含量随着种植密度的降低和施肥水平的升高而升高,蛋白质含量则相反; 不同品种间以农大15751油脂含量最高。中等种植密度处理硬脂酸和油酸含量较高,而高密度处理下亚油酸和亚麻酸含量较高,棕榈酸含量差异不显著。不同施肥水平对高油大豆脂肪酸含量影响较大,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量在高肥处理下较高,亚油酸和亚麻酸在低肥处理下含量较高。     

环境因子与胡麻产量及品质相关性研究

利用气相色谱仪对不同环境条件下的胡麻品种进行脂肪酸组分分析,研究环境因子对胡麻籽中脂肪酸组分、产量及含油率的影响。结果表明,随着各环境因子指标的增长或提高,各脂肪酸质量分数趋势各不相同。其中棕榈酸和硬脂酸质量分数变化不大;亚油酸的变化比较平缓,升降幅度不大;油酸和亚麻酸质量分数趋势基本相反,呈负相关,但相关系数不显著。海拔与所有胡麻品种含油率均呈负相关,说明海拔对含油率有抑制作用;年降水量与含油率除均呈正相关,说明年降水量对含油率有一定的促进作用。     

降温方法对不同采收期鸭梨采后果心褐变和膜脂组分的影响

为了探讨缓慢降温抑制采后鸭梨果实褐变的机理,研究了不同降温方法对不同采收期鸭梨果心膜脂脂肪酸组分、含量、膜相变温度、脂氧合酶（LOX）活性以及果心褐变的影响。结果表明：鸭梨果心含有月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、珠光酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其中含量较多的是亚油酸、棕榈酸和油酸。缓慢降温提高了早采鸭梨果心的亚麻酸和亚油酸相对含量及不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸比值（U/S）,降低了果心的膜相变温度,明显抑制了果心LOX活性和褐变。推迟采收提高了鸭梨果心的U/S值,降低了膜相变温度,但由于采收期晚,果实衰老较快,后期果心LOX活性快速升高,膜脂过氧化严重,导致晚采果更容易褐变。总之,适当早采结合缓慢降温可以提高鸭梨果心膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量和U/S值,抑制果心褐变。     

脂肪酸甲酯生物柴油改善低硫柴油的润滑性能

生物柴油可作为改善低硫柴油润滑性能的天然添加剂。该文将豆蔻酸甲酯(C14:0)、棕榈酸甲酯(C16:0)、硬脂酸甲酯(C18:0)、油酸甲酯(C18:1)、亚油酸甲酯(C18:2)、亚麻酸甲酯(C18:3)、蓖麻醇酸甲酯(C18:1 OH)及蓖麻油甲酯和餐饮废油甲酯按照0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和3.0%的体积分数添加到低硫柴油中,在高频往复试验机(high-frequency reciprocating rig,HFRR)上进行润滑性能测试,探究脂肪酸甲酯的碳链长度、不饱和度及含羟基等结构特征对润滑性能的影响。结果表明,长碳链脂肪酸甲酯一般比短链润滑效果好;碳链长度为十八的脂肪酸酯中,不饱和程度即碳碳双键数目越高则润滑性能越好;而在相同碳链长度和不饱和度条件下,含羟基的蓖麻醇酸甲酯的润滑改善效果优于油酸甲酯。由多种脂肪酸酯构成的混合物生物柴油的润滑性能要优于某单一的纯脂肪酸甲酯。在低硫柴油中,当某饱和脂肪酸甲酯的体积分数比例达3.0%时,或不饱和酯的体积分数达到1.5%时,或生物柴油的体积分数达1.0%时,可使低硫柴油的润滑性能指标满足相关标准。研究脂肪酸甲酯的各种结构特征对其润滑性能的影响及作用机制,有助于筛选合适的生物柴油组分及其添加浓度作为低硫柴油的润滑添加剂。     

不同灌水处理对干旱区滴灌核桃树土壤温度的影响

为探究不同灌水处理对干旱区滴灌核桃树土壤温度的影响,通过大田小区试验,研究6年生核桃树在不同灌水处理（灌水定额为15 mm滴灌C₁;灌水定额为30 mm滴灌C₂;灌水定额为45 mm滴灌C₃;灌水定额为30 mm涌泉灌C₄）对核桃树土壤温度的影响。结果表明:灌前0-20 cm的含水率对0-20 cm的土壤温度有显著影响,灌前20-40 cm的含水率对0-40 cm的土壤温度有显著影响;灌后0-20 cm土壤含水率对0-40 cm的土壤温度的影响要显著大于20-40 cm的土壤含水率对其影响。各处理各土层日均土壤温度在各生育期都呈单峰曲线。C₁,C₂,C₃处理各层日均土壤温度随着深度增大呈先增大而后减小的趋势,而C₄处理的涌泉灌各层日均温度随着深度增大呈减小趋势,且C₄处理各层灌前灌后土壤温度变化幅度最大。由于灌溉方式不同,灌后C₄处理土壤温度要小于C₂处理。综合考虑土壤温度、产量及品质情况,灌溉定额为435 mm（C₂）处理的土壤温度最稳定,产量最高,品质最好,是最有益的处理。试验结果将对核桃土壤温度和最优灌溉制度研究,提供一定的理论依据。     

水分条件对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过控制土壤水分含量的盆栽试验,设置C₀（5%）,C₁（10%）,C₂（20%）,C₃（25%）,C₄（30%）和C₅（35%）6个水分处理,研究了不同的土壤水分含量对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗生长过程中各项指标的影响。结果表明:（1）随土壤水分含量的增加,狗牙根匍匐茎的萌发率和幼苗株高、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶绿素以及单株生物量均呈先升高后降低的趋势;（2）土壤水分含量与狗牙根幼苗特征值（幼苗株高、叶片数量、叶片长度、单株生物量）存在显著或极显著的相关性;（3）利用高斯模型定量分析狗牙根匍匐茎对土壤水分含量的响应,得出狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗的最适土壤水分生态幅为[14.78%,30.15%],极限生态幅为[5.65%,38.26%],水分含量对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发幼苗的单株生物量和平均叶片长度影响最为显著。     

Structural profiling and quantification of sphingomyelin in human breast milk by HPLC-MS/MS

The sphingolipid composition of food as well as of physiological samples has received considerable interest due to their positive biological activities. This study quantified the total amount of sphingomyelin (SM) in 20 human breast milk samples from healthy volunteers and determined the structures of SM by detailed mass spectrometric studies in combination with enzymatic cleavage. The quantification of SM was performed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) measuring the characteristic fragment ion of the phosphorylcholine group at m/z 184.2 and by using hexanoylsphingomyelin (C6-SM) and heptadecanoylsphingomyelin (C17-SM) as internal standards. The structures of SM species were identified after enzymatic cleavage with alkaline sphingomyelinase (SMase) to the corresponding ceramides. Structure elucidation of the sphingoid base and fatty acid backbone was performed by reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The method includes the sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine (d18:0), sphingosine (d18:1(Δ4)), 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2(Δ4,8)), 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine (t18:0)), and 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (t18:1(Δ8)) and fatty acids with even-numbered carbon atoms (C12-C26) as well as their (poly)unsaturated and monohydroxylated analogues. The total amount of SM in human breast milk varied from 3.87 to 9.07 mg/100 g fresh weight. Sphingosine (d18:1) was the predominant sphingoid base, with 83.6 ± 3.5% in human breast milk, followed by 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2) (7.2 ± 1.9%) and 4-hydroxysphinganine (t18:0) (5.7 ± 0.7%). The main SM species contained sphingosine and palmitic acid (14.9 ± 2.2%), stearic acid (12.7 ± 1.5%), docosanoic acid (16.2 ± 3.6%), and tetracosenoic acid (15.0 ± 3.1%). Interestingly, the fatty acid composition of SM species in this study differs from the total fatty acids in human breast milk, and the fatty acids are not consistently distributed among the different sphingoid bases.     

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-dependent biosynthesis of ethylene in soils of different texture

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is an established intermediate in methionine-derived ethylene (C₂H₄) biosynthesis in plants. This study reports concentration-dependent ACC-derived C₂H₄ biosynthesis in two differently textured soils (silt clay loam and fine loam). The gas chromatographic analysis showed that addition of up to 10 mmol l⁻¹ ACC significantly stimulated C₂H₄ biosynthesis in both soils while no C₂H₄ was detected in sterilized soils amended with a sterilized ACC solution. Kinetic analysis revealed that the ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE)-mediated reaction was more linear in the silt clay loam (R²=0.992) than in the fine loam soil (R²=0.668) when reaction velocity (V) was plotted against substrate concentration [S] that ranged from 2.5 to 10 mmol l⁻¹. Within this range of [S], a first-order reaction was observed. Amendment of soils either with glucose (C source) or NH₄NO₃ (N source) strongly inhibited ACC-dependent C₂H₄ production. Maximum C₂H₄ production in both soils was recorded at a substrate concentration of 10 mmol l⁻¹ when reaction mixture was maintained at a pH of 7.0 and incubated for a period of 120 h at 35 °C while shaking. Among the nine trace elements tested, seven showed a positive effect on ACC-dependent biosynthesis of C₂H₄ in both soils, while Fe(III) and Ag(I) inhibited the biotransformation of ACC into C₂H₄. However, three of the five tested electron complexes, added at 1.0 mmol l⁻¹, had inhibitory effects on ACC-derived C₂H₄ biosynthesis while mannitol and hydroquinone stimulated C₂H₄ production in both soils. The addition of antibiotics (1.0 mmol l⁻¹) to ACC-amended soils significantly reduced C₂H₄ production in both soils. Overall, C₂H₄ production from ACC was greater in the silt clay loam soil than in the fine loam soil. Knowledge of the factors affecting C₂H₄ biosynthesis in soil could be of great significance since even very low concentrations (ppb) of C₂H₄ in the root environment are known to affect plant growth dramatically.     

Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of tripalmitin with hazelnut oil fatty acids and stearic acid to produce human milk fat substitutes

Structured lipids (SLs) containing palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids, resembling human milk fat (HMF), were synthesized by enzymatic acidolysis reactions between tripalmitin, hazelnut oil fatty acids, and stearic acid. Commercially immobilized sn-1,3-specific lipase, Lipozyme RM IM, obtained from Rhizomucor miehei was used as the biocatalyst for the enzymatic acidolysis reactions. The effects of substrate molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the incorporation of stearic and oleic acids were investigated. The acidolysis reactions were performed by incubating 1:1.5:0.5, 1:3:0.75, 1:6:1, 1:9:1.25, and 1:12:1.5 substrate molar ratios of tripalmitin/hazelnut oil fatty acids/stearic acid in 3 mL of n-hexane at 55, 60, and 65 degrees C using 10% (total weight of substrates) of Lipozyme RM IM for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. The fatty acid composition of reaction products was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The fatty acids at the sn-2 position were identified after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and GLC analysis. The results showed that the highest C18:1 incorporation (47.1%) and highest C18:1/C16:0 ratio were obtained at 65 degrees C and 24 h of incubation with the highest substrate molar ratio of 1:12:1.5. The highest incorporation of stearic acid was achieved at a 1:3:0.75 substrate molar ratio at 60 degrees C and 24 h. For both oleic and stearic acids, the incorporation level increased with reaction time. The SLs produced in this study have potential use in infant formulas.     

Phospholipid, sphingolipid, and fatty acid compositions of the milk fat globule membrane are modified by diet

The phospholipid and sphingolipid composition of milk is of considerable interest regarding their nutritional and functional properties. The objective of this article was to determine the lipid composition of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) of milk from cows fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The experiments were performed with 2 groups of 6 cows feeding on (i) maize silage ad libitum (+ grassland hay, mixture of cereals, soyabean meal) or (ii) the maize silage-based diet supplemented with extruded linseed (bringing a lipid proportion of 5% of dry matter). The phospholipid and sphingolipid composition of the MFGM was determined using HPLC/ELSD. The fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids and phospholipids was determined using GC. As expected, the linseed-supplemented diet decreased the saturated FA and increased the unsaturated FA content in milk fat. MFGM in milk from cows fed the diet rich in polyunsaturated FA resulted in (i) a higher amount of phospholipids (+ 18%), which was related to a smaller size of milk fat globules (ii) an increase of 30% (w/w) of the concentration in sphingomyelin, (iii) a higher content in stearic acid (1.7-fold), unsaturated FA (1.36-fold), and C18:1 trans FA: 7.2 +/- 0.5% (3.7-fold). The MFGM contained a higher concentration of unsaturated FA (C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) and very long-chain FA (C22:0, C23:0, C24:0, EPA, DHA) compared with total lipids extracted from milk. The technological, sensorial, and nutritional consequences of these changes in the lipid composition of the MFGM induced by dietary manipulation remain to be elucidated.     

离子液体[C3mim]BF4对小白菜幼苗抗氧化特性的影响

为探讨离子液体1-丙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸([C₃mim]BF₄)对植物种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响,采用水培法检测不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400、500 mg·L^-1)[C₃mim]BF₄条件下小白菜幼苗的生长状况、活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性及相关抗氧化酶基因表达。结果表明,浓度高于400 mg·L^-1的[C₃mim]BF₄显著抑制种子萌发;500 mg·L^-1 [C₃mim]BF₄显著抑制幼苗生长。[C₃mim]BF₄处理使小白菜叶片活性氧$\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$、H₂O₂)水平及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量升高,且随着[C₃mim]BF₄浓度的增加均呈逐渐升高的趋势。[C₃mim]BF₄使小白菜叶片谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著升高;浓度≤300 mg·L^-1的[C₃mim]BF₄对过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)生成有一定的促进作用,而浓度高于400 mg·L^-1 [C₃mim]BF₄处理显著抑制小白菜 APX活性,高于500 mg·L^-1 [C₃mim]BF₄处理显著抑制小白菜 CAT活性;100~500 mg·L^-1[C₃mim]BF₄处理显著抑制小白菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,且各处理组的SOD活性均显著低于对照。400 mg·L^-1 [C₃mim]BF₄处理0~3 h,小白菜Gu/Zn-SOD和APX基因表达量升高,处理13 d时其SOD和APX基因表达量均显著低于对照;处理0~12 h时 CAT基因表达上调,处理24 h处理后CAT表达下调。本研究结果为揭示咪唑类离子液体毒性机理提供了理论依据。     

Hydrocarbon and fatty acid composition of cheese as affected by the pasture vegetation type

The determination of the geographical origin of dairy products is an ongoing issue. In this paper the effects of botanical diversity of two pastures on the hydrocarbon and fatty acid composition of cheese fat were studied, over 2 years of experimentation. Two areas in the Italian southwestern Alpine region, dominated by Trifolium alpinum (T) and Festuca nigrescens (F) vegetation, respectively, were chosen, and milk obtained from cows grazing on these pastures was used to produce a semihard traditional cheese. Cheese samples showed a significantly different composition of most linear hydrocarbons, odd-chain (C15, C17, and C17:1) and unsaturated (trans-11,cis-15-C18:2, C18:3, C20:4n-6, C20:4n-3, and 20:5n-3) fatty acids, according to pasture type. The ratio between C(29) and C(27) linear hydrocarbons, unlike the absolute content of the single molecules, showed a good discriminating ability between the two pastures and was little affected by the natural variability due to the climatic and environmental factors.     

生物炭与氮肥配施改善枣区土壤微生物学特性

【目的】 探究生物炭与氮肥配施对华北平原枣区土壤微生物学特性的影响,从微生物学角度揭示其对土壤质量的改良状况,为生物炭在果园地区的应用提供科学依据。 【方法】 2013―2015年,在位于华北平原枣区的河南省濮阳市林科院进行了生物炭与氮肥配合施用的田间定位试验。生物炭用量设0、2.5、5和10 t/hm2 4个水平 (以C₀、C₁、C₂、C₃表示),氮素用量设300、450和600 kg/hm2 3个水平 (以N₁、N₂、N₃表示),加上1个完全空白处理CK (不施生物炭和氮肥),共计13个处理。在红枣收获后,采集0—20 cm土壤样品测定各配施处理下土壤微生物量、酶活性和微生物数量。 【结果】 生物炭对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量有极显著影响,且微生物量随生物炭用量的增加而增加。所有施生物炭处理的土壤微生物生物量较C₀均显著增加。在2.5 t/hm2生物炭 (C₁) 水平下,不同施氮处理间微生物生物量差异不显著;微生物量碳、氮含量分别以C₃N₂和C₃N₃处理增幅最大,分别较对照提高了208.6%和159.4%。与对照相比,土壤脲酶活性随生物炭与氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,最大增幅为91.7%,但生物炭与氮肥配合总体上对土壤碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性没有显著影响。生物炭用量、施氮水平及其交互作用对土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌均有极显著影响。与对照相比,细菌、真菌和放线菌的增幅分别为10.9%～80.4%、6.6%～143.1%和50.6%～115.2%。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及微生物数量三者之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系。 【结论】 生物炭与氮肥配施总体上提高了枣区土壤微生物生物量、酶活性及微生物数量,三者共同促进了土壤微生物生态系统的改良,配施处理可作为改良枣区土壤质量的有效措施之一。综合试验结果及实际生产成本,10 t/hm2的生物炭,配施N 300 kg /hm2的氮肥为该地区最佳配比施肥量。      

Identification of synthetic regioisomeric lutein esters and their quantification in a commercial lutein supplement

Synthetic mixtures of 24 mono- and diesters of the asymmetric hydroxylated carotenoid lutein with lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids were analyzed by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (LC-UV-vis) and characterized by LC-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). These compounds were then used for identifying the composition of a commercial lutein supplement. This is the first report of chromatographic separation of mixed fatty acid lutein diesters. Preferential MS loss of fatty acids or water occurred initially at the 3'-hydroxy position in the epsilon-ionone ring and subsequently at the 3-hydroxy position in the beta-ionone ring. This selective fragmentation leads to facile assignment of the specific fatty acids to the appropriate regioisomeric ionone ring. A commercial lutein supplement contained low levels of two pairs of regioisomeric monoesters and nearly equal levels of three homogeneous diesters and five pairs of mixed diesters. Palmitic acid was the predominant fatty acid, with lower amounts of myristic, stearic, and lauric acids.