褪黑素调控根系生长和根际互作的机制研究进展

【目的】根系生长和根际互作是影响植物对土壤养分吸收的关键因子。根系在土壤中穿插生长,不断改变其形态可塑性,进而改变根系构型,扩大与土壤的接触面积以获取所需养分。同时根系的生理可塑性协同根系形态可塑性显著影响根际互作效应,为植物经济高效获取养分资源提供可能。探究褪黑素等内源生长调节因子对根系形态和生理可塑性的调控机制,揭示通过最大化根际效应强化根际互作的有效途径,对集约化作物体系提高养分利用效率,促进绿色增产增效,具有重要的理论与实践意义。主要进展褪黑素作为新型植物生长调节信号分子,在盐害、干旱和低温等非生物胁迫中具有增强植物抗逆性、改善植物生长等重要调节作用。褪黑素显著改变根系生长,对植物主根生长主要表现为抑制作用,对侧根及不定根的发育和生长具有浓度依赖性调节,从而深刻影响植物根系构型。褪黑素调控根系生长的机制尚不清楚,总结已有进展表明:一方面褪黑素调节光周期,影响光合产物的运输和糖信号,从而调控地下部碳分配和根系生长;另一方面,褪黑素还能与生长素等植物激素互作,参与激素对植物生长调控的信号通路,从而对植物的生长发育和新陈代谢产生影响。这些进展对深入揭示褪黑素调控根系生长发育的机制提供了重要依据。问题与展望根系的生长发育以及根系构型的改变显著影响根际过程和根际互作,褪黑素作为调控因子在不同养分环境条件下显著影响根系的形态可塑性。然而,褪黑素在根际过程和根际互作中的作用机制并不清楚,有关研究亟待加强。深入探究褪黑素参与根际互作的机制,理解褪黑素调控根系生长和根际过程的作用途径,可为集约化农业体系下精准调控作物根系生长,强化根际互作,提高养分利用效率提供科学依据。     

高羊茅FaGI基因在拟南芥中异源表达及蛋白互作分析

为探究高羊茅FaGI基因的生物学功能,本研究利用酵母双杂交、双分子荧光互补和免疫共沉淀探究与FaGI互作的蛋白;通过农杆菌介导法将过表达载体p1300-FaGI遗传转化拟南芥,获得转FaGI基因拟南芥株系,以拟南芥野生型Col-0、过表达FaGI基因株系和gi突变体为材料进行转录组学测序并观察其开花表型。结果表明,利用酵母双杂交方法筛选出与FaGI互作的FaCO蛋白,并通过双分子荧光互补和免疫共沉淀证明了FaGI和FaCO在体内和体外存在互作关系;过表达FaGI基因拟南芥植株的开花时间比野生型Col-0提前约1.24 d;将FaGI-OE、gi与野生型比对,分别筛选出1 963和92个差异表达基因（DEGs）,与野生型植株相比,过表达FaGI基因株系的差异基因富集在与生长发育、光周期途径、激素合成和信号传导、碳代谢等相关生物过程和代谢通路。综上,FaGI影响光周期途径相关基因的表达,在长日照条件下过表达FaGI基因促进了拟南芥开花,同时该基因的功能具有多样性与复杂性,可作为高羊茅调控分子育种的目标基因。本研究结果为揭示FaGI基因的功能及其调控网络奠定了基础。     

小麦根际固氮菌、解磷菌及解钾菌的互作效应

固氮菌N2106、解磷菌P1616、解钾菌K0405是从小麦根际分离的分别具有高效固氮、溶磷、解钾功能的细菌,N2106-L、KL0405是发光酶基因LuxAB标记N2106及K0405所获得的标记菌株。将以上5种菌株分别单独培养并测定各菌悬液的细胞密度,然后将各菌株以相等的细菌数目进行混合液体培养。共设置4个不同的组合:N2106-L P1616、N2106-L K0405、KL0405 P1616以及N2106-L KL0405 P1616,研究这些菌株之间的相互作用。结果表明,标记菌株的细胞密度均低于原始菌株1个数量级;两种菌株混合培养时,P1616促进了N2106-L和KL0405的生长,N2106-L和K0405之间存在某种相互作用;3种菌株混合培养时P1616为混合培养液中的优势菌种。     

绿僵菌大孢种的原生质体及其染色体组型研究

研究了绿僵菌大孢种（Ｍｅｔａｒｈｉｚｉｕｍ ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ ｖａｒ．ｍａｊｕｓ）原生质体的分离制备条件及其性工用脉冲凝胶电沪（ＰＦＧＥ）技术分析了其染色体组型,以６ｍｇ／ｍＬＤｒｉｓｅｌａｓｅ、６．０ｍｇ／ｍＬＮｏｖｏｚｙｍｅ２３４、６ｍｇ／ｍＬ Ｚｙｍｏｌｙａｓｅ混合液中添加３ｍｇ／ｍＬ牛血清白蛋白作为酶液,以含０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＥＤＴＡ的０．７ｍｏｌ／ｍＬ ＮａＣｌ溶液（ｐＨ５．８）为     

土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

为了探索土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)存活和生长繁殖的影响,通过设定环境温度、土壤含水量和土壤p H等,研究了这些因素对尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(FON)和黄瓜专化型(FOC)生长繁殖的影响。结果发现,致病性尖孢镰刀菌在21℃~30℃范围内能快速繁殖,而在45℃条件下则无法生长;土壤含水量为20%时该菌繁殖速度最快,而含水量为5%时则受到明显抑制;p H 4~5.5的偏酸性土壤适宜尖孢镰刀菌繁殖,而p H为中性或以上土壤均不利于该菌生长。结果表明,高温、干旱和碱性是减轻土壤中致病性尖孢镰刀菌繁殖的有利环境因素,通过创造相应环境条件,可以控制枯萎病的发生或蔓延。     

小黑麦基因型与环境互作效应及产量稳定性分析

选用26个小黑麦品种(系),在西北高寒农牧交错区的不同试点和供水条件下,利用GGE双标图法研究了小黑麦基因型与环境互作效应以及稳产性.结果表明:在自然干旱条件下,小黑麦平均籽粒产量为1805.5 ks/hm2,较普通小麦对照增产54.6%;在灌水条件下,小黑麦平均产量为7196.1 kg/hm2,较对照增产67.2%....     

氮钾互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及适宜施肥水平研究

为了探讨氮(N)、钾(K)互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响以及适宜的施肥水平,于2017年在武汉市黄陂区武汉市农业科学院蔬菜研究所实验基地和2018年在湖北荆州大同湖农场进行大田试验,分别于7月上旬、8月上旬、10月上旬在每处理小区挑选3株代表性植株,分类采集茎、叶、蕾铃等各个器官并测定其氮素含量和产量,研究...     

半滑舌鳎性别决定的QTL互作研究

半滑舌鳎（Cynoglossus semilaevis）成体雌雄差异较大,性别控制是提高半滑舌鳎养殖效益的有效手段,而实现性别控制的关键在于揭示半滑舌鳎的性别决定的遗传机制。半滑舌鳎的遗传性别决定方式为ZW型,这种性别决定方式可能存在多因子剂量效应,其性别决定不仅与性染色体有关,常染色体也会参与性别调控,遗传性别是性染色体和常染色体的协同作用的结果。本研究从数量性状基因座（quantitative trait loci,QTL）互作的角度来探讨半滑舌鳎遗传性别决定机制,将性别作为二项性状,利用半滑舌鳎高密度微卫星遗传连锁图谱,采用logistic回归模型扫描所有标记间的二阶组合对性别是否存在影响。研究结果发现,共有5个标记组合在P<0.05显著水平上被检测出来,其中组合SCAFFOLD149₇459和SCAFFOLD7854₇1905在P<0.01水平上显著;5个交互组合位于7个常染色体的9个标记当中,这些标记主要集中在连锁群2、10和11,其中连锁群10-11发现了两个差异显著的交互对,且两个交互对均有SCAFFOLD149₇459,说明SCAFFOLD149₇459可能在互作过程中具有较大的影响。研究表明这些标记附近的基因参与了半滑舌鳎的性别决定,也即常染色体可能参与其性别决定的过程,这对进一步研究半滑舌鳎的性别决定和性别控制具有重要意义。     

氮素吸收调控中铵转运蛋白与锚蛋白的互作研究

铵转运蛋白（AMT）介导的高亲和力铵跨膜运输是植物根系吸收铵态氮的主要途径。AMT蛋白水平上的调控能够快速有效地控制根系铵吸收能力,但参与调控的互作蛋白尚未见报道。本研究通过生物信息学手段预测得到铵转运蛋白AtAMT1;3可能和锚蛋白AtAnkTm8存在互作。基因表达分析实验发现AtAMT1;3和AtAnkTm8的根中组织特异性表达模式一致,并同时受到缺氮胁迫的上调表达,结果支持了它们互作的可能性。筛选鉴定出AtAnkTm8缺失突变体,分析在供铵条件下及对甲基铵敏感性的生长表型,结果发现AtAnkTm8的缺失没有影响拟南芥根的铵吸收能力,推测可能存在其他家族成员的功能冗余。AMT与AnkTm的互作为理解植物铵吸收调控过程提供了可能的新颖机制     

Phytotoxicity of Cadmium in Radish and Its Effects on Growth,Yield, and Cadmium Uptake

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of cadmium (Cd) on growth, biomass yield, and Cd uptake in three radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India, during 2008–2009. Plants were subjected to different Cd levels by application of cadmium nitrate [Cd (NO₃)₂] at the rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg Cd kg^?1 soil. Length and fresh and dry biomass yields of shoots and roots decreased because of the phytotoxic effect of Cd. Among three varieties, Japanese White Long showed the greatest sensitivity to Cd toxicity. The accumulation of Cd in shoots and roots was greatest in Japanese White Long, which had greater bioconcentration factor values. Variety Arka Nishanth recorded lower bioconcentration factor values and greater transfer coefficient values, indicating lower Cd accumulation in root tubers in this variety. Hence, variety Arka Nishanth can be preferred in Cd-contaminated soils.     

Effect of Iron Deficiency on RNA and Protein Synthesis in Cucumber Roots

Abstract

Strategy I is a multifaceted mechanism developed by plants to overcome iron deficiency. Beyond the main responses based on the Fe(III) reduction and rhizosphere acidification, there are other morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses that enable plants belonging to this class to respond in a more complex way to iron starvation. Most of these responses are catalyzed by enzymes, so the synthesis of mRNA and protein must occur rapidly to support these changes. Increase in the Fe(III) reductase and H⁺‐ATPase activities at the plasma membrane level, increase in some respiration enzymes and of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) are well acknowledged. In this paper we provide more direct evidence that both RNA and protein synthesis are increased under Fe deficiency and that the protein synthesis machinery is better developed in this condition. This hypothesis seems to be sustained also by the greater availability of free aminoacids and in particular of aspartate and glutamate in Fe deficient plant roots.     

秸秆与地膜二元覆盖对小麦田间生态环境及产量影响

研究了秸秆与地膜二元覆盖栽培对小麦田间生态环境及产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆与地膜二元覆盖麦田土壤变温幅度小,水分散失少;养分积累增加,有效分蘖多,后期叶面积大,干物质积累增加;有效穗多,穗大粒多,增产效果显著。籽粒产量较地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、露地栽培分别增产20.97%,10.29%,30.9%。     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

紫外处理和热激处理调控芥菜芽苗主要生理生化及褪黑素富集研究

为研究紫外处理和热激处理对芥菜芽苗生理生化及其褪黑素富集的调控机制,本试验以芥菜籽粒为试材,研究经紫外处理和热激处理芥菜芽苗的主要生理生化指标及褪黑素合成关键酶基因表达情况。结果表明,经紫外处理和热激处理后,发芽期间,芥菜芽苗的芽长显著低于对照组(CK),可溶性蛋白含量和总抗氧化能力均显著高于CK(P<0.05),在观察时间点(4 和7 d),热激处理发芽4 d的芥菜芽苗褪黑素含量最高,分别是CK和紫外处理的2.89和2.47倍。发芽期间,紫外处理和热激处理各关键酶基因表达量存在显著差异,热激处理4 d时芥菜芽苗TDC2、T5H2及SNAT4的表达量较CK均显著上调,而SNAT2及ASMT3的表达量显著下调(P<0.05)。本研究表明热激处理可作为芥菜芽苗富集褪黑素的有效手段。     

基于井电双控平台的地下水流场动态监测与提取

[目的]基于灌区已建成"井电双控"平台的优势,提出利用抽水井水位来获取开采期地下水流场的动态变化,为地下水资源的科学管理及合理利用提供技术支撑.[方法]利用Processing MODFLOW软件模拟得出研究区的仿真流场,以此作为抽水井水位确定流场的判别标准,并对该方法下流场的拟合效果进行评价与改进.[结果]直接使用抽...     

蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力及微生物特性的影响

基于等量养分条件,本试验研究了蚯蚓堆肥与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(X)和荧光假单胞菌(Y)两株不同功能益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力和微生物特性的影响。结果表明,不论添加益生菌与否,蚯蚓堆肥较单施化肥或常规堆肥均提高了土壤速效养分含量,显著增加了土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性,其中土壤 NO3–-N 含量较常规堆肥提高了14.7%。益生菌的添加活化了土壤养分,增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌数量,降低了土壤真菌数量,同时显著提高了土壤酶活性。各处理比较而言,蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌在土壤速效养分含量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性上提升作用最为明显,其中蚯蚓堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(VCXY)的土壤细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性相较于常规堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(CDXY)分别提高了32.0%和14.4%。方差分析结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥和常规堆肥与益生菌在土壤速效磷、速效钾、微生物生物量碳、细菌数量、真菌数量、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性上存在显著交互作用。综上所述,蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施可显著促进土壤肥力和微生物活性的改善,可替代部分化肥用于设施蔬菜的绿色生产和土壤培肥。     

Effect of top-dressed potassium fertilization on the yield and quality of cucumber

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of top-dressed potassium (K) application on the production of hybrid cucumber “Sapphire.” The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with five blocks of 0.80 × 0.40 m² each and eight replicate plants per block. The five fertilization rates of K used were 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg K₂O ha^?1. Data collection consisted of the estimation of fruit diameter, fruits length, fruit fresh and dry weights, the number of fruits per plant, and the weight of fruits per plant. The number of fruits per hectare and the fruit fresh weight per hectare were calculated. Fruit tissue was analyzed for determination of macronutrient concentrations, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, sugar contents, and protein content. The data were statistically analyzed using regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was a significant effect of the fertilization rate of K on fruit diameter, fruit fresh and dry weights, macronutrients concentrations in fruits, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and reducing sugars. A quadratic equation was adjusted for the number of fruits per plant and per hectare; fruit yield per plant and per hectare, with maximum top-dressing doses, was estimated to be between 60 and 95 kg K₂O ha^?1. A linear increase was obtained in the pH. An increase in the K fertilization rate caused a linear decrease in the fruit length.     

尿素与有机肥配施对棕红壤氮素转化的影响

为了解析尿素配施有机肥对土壤氮库活动的影响,通过室内恒温培养试验研究尿素(225kg N·hm~(-2))分别与低量(30 t·hm~(-2))、中量(60 t·hm~(-2))及高量(120、150 t·hm~(-2))有机肥配施条件下棕红壤有机氮库、无机氮库的动态变化。结果表明,配施有机肥土壤的有机氮含量较单施尿素增加16.3%~85.6%。中、高量配施显著提高土壤氮素矿化速率(p0.05),加剧无机氮转化强度,与单施尿素相比,无机氮最大矿化量增加52.9~246.0 mg·kg~(-1),有效矿化持续时间延长5 d,转化量增大2.3倍~8.7倍;配施有机肥提高土壤氨化强度,加快铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)转化速率。与单施尿素相比,配施有机肥处理NH_4~+-N含量峰值增加2.6~42.6 mg·kg~(-1),平均氨化速率提高7.8 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),转化速率增加1.4倍~8.8倍。一定量配施有机肥(30~120 t·hm~(-2))对土壤的硝化过程无显著影响,但过高量配施有机肥(150 t·hm~(-2)),强化土壤硝化作用,硝化速率较单施尿素提高4.2倍,引起土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)大量累积。氮素表观平衡结果表明,中、高量配施有机肥显著增加培养体系氮素表观损失,60、90和120 t·hm~(-2)处理氮素损失量分别较单施尿素增加2.2倍、2.8倍和2.3倍,占总输入氮的27.5%~34.5%,其中,NH_4~+-N转化损失是体系氮表观损失的主要途径。本研究结果为棕红壤合理培肥提供了理论依据。     

保水剂与磷肥的相互影响及节水保肥效果

采用茶袋法测定保水剂在磷酸一铵、过磷酸钙溶液中的吸水倍率,并以差减法计算保水剂对磷素养分的吸持量,研究不同磷肥对保水剂吸水性能以及保水剂对不同磷肥的吸持作用的影响;盆栽条件下以玉米为供试作物,研究保水剂和不同磷肥配合施用下的节水保肥效果。结果表明:保水剂在不同磷肥溶液中的吸水倍率随肥料浓度的增加而下降,过磷酸钙对保水剂吸水倍率的影响大于磷酸一铵;保水剂在大量吸水的同时,也对溶于水中的磷素养分有吸持作用,吸持量随肥料浓度的增加出现先增大后减小的规律;保水剂和磷肥配合施用能增加叶片净光合速率和气孔导度,提高玉米生物量和水肥利用效率,保水剂与磷酸一铵配合施用水肥调控效果较好。