美国林业生物质能源政策演进及启示

发展林业生物质能源对改善中国能源消费结构、应对气候变化以及实现“3060”双碳目标具有重要意义。文中梳理美国林业生物质能源政策演进过程;总结出美国林业生物质能源政策的主要特点,即始终以实现国家能源独立为核心目标,法律法规、财税支持、政府采购是主要手段,阶段目标与支持措施适时调整;提出促进我国林业生物质能源发展的建议:制定系统性的法律法规、明确发展路径,给予原料生产者补贴、完善向企业提供资金支持和税收优惠并强化科技创新力度等相关配套措施,适时调整阶段性的发展目标、重点解决好原料供应不足以及利用效率低下等问题。     

第五章中国林木生物质能源清洁发展机制和相关政策研究

目前,中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段,市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范,为今后发展积累经验。我们认为,在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下,可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台,通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制(C D M)相结合,使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易,获得额外收益,以激励企业参与林木生物质能源生产和销售的试点示范,逐步推动林木生物质能源早期市场发育,并进一步推动国家建立有利于林木生物质能…     

我国林业生物质能源发展的背景、思路及对策

当今世界对能源需求不断增加,而石油供给在很大程度受限于储量和生产能力.增加能源供给,提高可再生资源的使用比例,将极大地解决目前我国的能源供给不足的问题.生物质能源由于供应周期短、可再生性好的特点成为一个替代能源的选择.而对粮食无害、提供碳平衡的林业生物质能源则成为生物质能源发展中的更好选择.文章就如何发展我国的林业生物...     

广东林业在应对气候变化中的贡献与潜力分析

全球气候变暖已经并将继续对自然、经济、社会和政治带来严重影响,广东通过大力培育森林资源增加森林碳吸收.着力保护森林和湿地,减少森林碳排放,积极发展林产工业,增加林产品碳储存,稳妥发展生物质能源林促进林产品碳替代应对气候变化.1985年至2009年,全省有林地面积由0.05亿hm2增加至0.10亿hm2,森林覆盖率由27...     

林木生物质能源直燃发电研究

国内外林木生物质能源发电状况和上网电价的政策日前,瑞典、丹麦、德国和意大利等欧盟国家认为发展生物质能源是解决这些国家环境保护、能源安全、农业与农村发展、就业等重大问题的主要应对战略之一,因而把生物质能源看作是"战略能源"。同时,欧盟国家都把发展生物质能     

第五章 中国林木生物质能源清洁发展积制和相关政策研究

目前，中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段，市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范，为今后发展积累经验。我们认为，在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下，可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台。通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制（CDM）相结合，使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易，获得额外收益。     

中国农村生物质能源发展现状与展望

我国是农业大国,生物质能源作为我国农村生活用能的重要组成部分,其开发利用对保障国家能源安全和社会主义新农村建设具有重要意义。文章分析了我国农村生物质能源的发展现状和消费结构,认为我国农村地区的生物质能利用主要集中在沼气、秸秆和薪柴。近几年来,我国沼气利用的规模不断扩大,秸秆利用方式由传统的燃烧向集中制气、炭化和固化成型等多种方式转变。农村生物质能源消费以秸秆和薪柴为主,沼气在消费结构中所占比例呈上涨趋势。当前我国生物质能源的利用仍存在许多问题,未来应从生物质能资源清查、技术、政策资金保障、市场以及产业发展等方面促进农村生物质能源的开发利用。     

发展林业生物质能源的战略思考

能源安全、粮食安全是当今人类面临的两大问题.本文从战略角度分析了世界生物质能源发展趋势和当前"能源危机"和"粮食危机"背景下的生物质能源发展道路,认为生物质能源发展必将转到非粮生产,以非粮植物作为主攻方向;充分论述了林业生物质能源的优势和发展潜力,提出我国的国情和资源禀赋的现实条件决定了必须走有中国特色的"非粮"的林业生物质能源发展道路,并对我国林业生物质能源发展策略进行了思考;认为,发展林业生物质能源,有利于缓解能源、粮食、环境问题,有利于解决"三农"问题、发展山区经济,既符合中国国情,又顺应国际发展趋势;大力发展林业生物质能源凸显国家战略,是我国生物质能源发展的基本特色和战略重点,加强林业生物质能源的开发利用.是我国成为生物质能源开发利用强国的必由之路.     

发展生物新能源的意义与展望

生物质能源是贮存在生物质中并以其为载体的能量.生物质能源是重要的可再生能源,世界各国把发展生物质能源等新能源作为能源发展的优先选择.中国生物质能源开发已进入实质性阶段,可开发的生物质资源到2010年可达3亿吨,发展生物质能源,对于优化广大农村地区的能源结构十分可行且势在必行.对发展生物质能源的技术问题和能源效益问题也进行了讨论.     

生物质利用有益于气候变化

生物能源系统能够对陆地碳储量产生影响——正面或负面的。然而,近期的科学论文几乎没有充分评估实际的可持续采伐和生物质原料利用方式及生物质在确保健康和富有成效的森林方面所起的积极作用。也忽略了生物能源认证的经验。生物能源能够并且肯定有利于缓和气候变化。与化石燃料不同,生物能源拥有一个封闭的碳循环碳排放和碳固存在生物质中是一个封闭循环过程,是土地和大气碳库之间的交换。随着森林的生长,大气中的碳含量减少,反之亦然,在     

Impact of management on nutrients,carbon, and energy in aboveground biomass components of mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations

Context

To sustainably manage loblolly pine plantations for bioenergy and carbon sequestration, accurate information is required on the relationships between management regimes and energy, carbon, and nutrient export.

Aims

The effects of cultural intensity and planting density were investigated with respect to energy, carbon, and essential nutrients in aboveground biomass of mid-rotation loblolly pine plantations, and the effects of harvesting scenarios on export of nutrients were tested.

Methods

Destructive biomass sampling of a 12 years-old loblolly pine culture/density experiment, and analysis of variance were used to assess the effects of cultural intensity (operational vs. intensive) and six planting densities ranging from 741 to 4,448 trees ha^?1. Two harvesting scenarios (stem-only vs. whole-tree harvesting) were assessed in terms of energy, carbon, and nutrient export.

Results

The concentrations of energy, carbon, and nutrients varied significantly among stem wood, bark, branch, and foliage components. Cultural intensity and planting density did not significantly affect these concentrations. Differences in energy, carbon and nutrient contents among treatments were mainly mediated by changes in total biomass. Nutrient contents were affected by either cultural intensity or planting density, or both. Stem-only harvesting removed 71–79 % of aboveground energy and carbon, 29–45 % of N, 28–44 % of P, 44–57 % of K, 51–65 % of Ca, and 50–61 % of Mg.

Conclusions

Stem-only harvesting would be preferred to whole-tree harvesting, from a site nutrient conservation perspective.     

Biomass energy in industrialised countries—a view of the future

Biomass fuels currently (1994) supply around 14% of the world's energy, but most of this is in the form of traditional fuelwood, residues and dung, which is often inefficient and can be environmentally detrimental. Biomass can supply heat and electricity, liquid and gaseous fuels. A number of developed countries derive a significant amount of their primary energy from biomass: USA 4%, Finland 18%, Sweden 16% and Austria 13%. Presently biomass energy supplies at least 2 EJ year⁻¹ in Western Europe which is about 4% of primary energy (54 EJ). Estimates show a likely potential in Europe in 2050 of 9.0–13.5 EJ depending on land areas (10% of useable land, 33 Mha), yields (10–15 oven-dry tonnes (ODt) ha⁻¹), and recoverable residues (25% of harvestable). This biomass contribution represents 17–30% of projected total energy requirements up to 2050. The relative contribution of biofuels in the future will depend on markets and incentives, on continuous research and development progress, and on environmental requirements. Land constraints are not considered significant because of the predicted surpluses in land and food, and the near balance in wood and wood products in Europe.There is considerable potential for the modernisation of biomass fuels to produce convenient energy carriers such as electricity, gases and transportation fuels, whilst continuing to provide for traditional uses of biomass; this modernisation of biomass and the industrial investment is already happening in many countries. When produced in an efficient and sustainable manner, biomass energy has numerous environmental and social benefits compared with fossil fuels. These include improved land management, job creation, use of surplus agricultural land in industrialised countries, provision of modern energy carriers to rural communities of developing countries, a reduction of CO₂ levels, waste control, and nutrient recycling. Greater environmental and net energy benefits can be derived from perennial and woody energy cropping than from annual arable crops which are short-term alternative feedstocks for fuels. Agroforestry systems can play an important role in providing multiple benefits to growers and the community, besides energy. In order to ameliorate CO₂ emissions, using biomass as a substitute for fossil fuels (complete replacement, co-firing, etc.) is more beneficial from social and economic perspectives than sequestering the carbon in forests.Case studies are presented for several developed countries and the constraints involved in modernising biomass energy along with the potential for turning them into entrepreneurial opportunities are discussed. It is concluded that the long term impacts of biomass programmes and projects depend mainly on ensuring income generation, environmental sustainability, flexibility and replicability, while taking account of local conditions and providing multiple benefits, which is an important attribute of agroforestry-type systems. Biomass for energy must be environmentally acceptable in order to ensure its widespread adoptions as a modern energy source. Implementation of biomass projects requires governmental policy initiatives that will internalise the external economic, social and environmental costs of conventional fuel sources so that biomass fuels can become competitive on a ‘level playing field’.     

中国发展竹质能源的重要意义与建议

竹质能源是生物质能源的重要组成部分,具有热值高、污染低、分布广、储量大、可再生等特点,应用前景广阔,发展潜力巨大,中国发展竹质能源具有重要意义。文章认为,发展竹质能源是竹产业创新发展的重要途径,是助力“双碳”目标实现、推动竹林碳汇健康发展、提高低品质土地利用价值的有益探索;应制定竹质能源的产业扶持政策、开展能源用竹的新品种研发和定向培育、加大竹质能源生产的试验示范,以推动中国竹质能源产业的发展。     

Carbon stock measurements of a degraded tropical logged-over secondary forest in Manokwari Regency, West Papua, Indonesia

Several studies have been conducted in the past on carbon stock measurements in the tropical forests of Indonesia.This study is the first related research conducted in the New Guinea Island.In a degraded logged-over secondary forest in Manokwari Regency (West Papua,Indonesia),carbon stocks were measured for seven parts,i.e.,above-ground biomass (AGB),below-ground biomass (BGB),under-storey biomass (B u),necromass of dead leaves (N l),necromass of dead trees (N t),litter (L) and soil (S) using appropriate equations and laboratory analysis.Total carbon stocks were measured at 642.8 tC·ha-1 in the low disturbance area,536.9 tC·ha-1 in the moderate disturbance area and 490.4 tC·ha-1 in the high disturbance area.B u,N l and N t were not significant in the carbon stock and were collectively categorized as a total biomass complex.The carbon stock of litter was nearly equal to that of the total biomass complex,while the total carbon stock in the soil was eight times larger than the total biomass complex or the carbon stock of the litter.We confirmed that the average ratio of AGB and BGB to the total biomass (TB) was about 84.7% and 15.3%,respectively.Improvements were made to the equations in the low disturbance logged-over secondary forest area,applying corrections to the amounts of biomass of sample trees,based on representative commercial trees of category one.TB stocks before and after correction were estimated to be 84.4 and 106.7 tC·ha-1,indicating that these corrections added significant amounts of tree biomass (26.4%) during the sampling procedure.In conclusion,the equations for tree biomass developed in this study,will be useful for evaluating total carbon stocks,especially TB stocks in logged-over secondary forests throughout the Papua region.     

Carbon dynamics of North American boreal forest after stand replacing wildfire and clearcut logging

Boreal forest carbon (C) storage and sequestration is a critical element for global C management and is largely disturbance driven. The disturbance regime can be natural or anthropogenic with varying intensity and frequency that differ temporally and spatially the boreal forest. The objective of this review was to synthesize the literature on C dynamics of North American boreal forests after most common disturbances, stand replacing wildfire and clearcut logging. Forest ecosystem C is stored in four major pools: live biomass, dead biomass, organic soil horizons, and mineral soil. Carbon cycling among these pools is inter-related and largely determined by disturbance type and time since disturbance. Following a stand replacing disturbance, (1) live biomass increases rapidly leading to the maximal biomass stage, then stabilizes or slightly declines at old-growth or gap dynamics stage at which late-successional tree species dominate the stand; (2) dead woody material carbon generally follows a U-shaped pattern during succession; (3) forest floor carbon increases throughout stand development; and (4) mineral soil carbon appears to be more or less stable throughout stand development. Wildfire and harvesting differ in many ways, fire being more of a chemical and harvesting a mechanical disturbance. Fire consumes forest floor and small live vegetation and foliage, whereas logging removes large stems. Overall, the effects of the two disturbances on C dynamics in boreal forest are poorly understood. There is also a scarcity of literature dealing with C dynamics of plant coarse and fine roots, understory vegetation, small-sized and buried dead material, forest floor, and mineral soil.     

森林碳汇与区域环境保护

笔者以恩施州为例,运用生物量清单法估算森林碳汇量,运用数学模型估算CO2年排放量。计算出2015年恩施州森林碳汇量100.80万t,CO2年排放量237.61万t,净排放量136.41万t。得出按目前的经济发展速度和恩施州森林年增长量,在2015年CO2不会成为恩施州经济发展的制约因素。但从环境保护这方面出发,同时考虑发展以碳汇为目的的林业经济,恩施州应该加大对森林的管理力度,实行增汇减排措施,并对恩施州森林碳汇发展方向提出相关建议与措施。     

低碳经济视角下河南林木生物质能源发展策略

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式用于指导林木生物质能源发展,是改善能源结构,实现社会经济可持续发展的有效途径。文章分析了低碳经济和林木生物质能源的内涵及两者之间的关系;论述了河南省林木生物质能源资源总量、分布;主要林木生物质能源树种开发利用现状及存在的主要问题;从资源调查评价、开展战略研究、制定相关政策、加大研发力度、启动示范工程等方面分析了低碳视角下河南省林木生物质能源资源现状、趋势及发展对策。     

北京市工业能源消耗碳排放分析

对北京市2005-2011年工业能源消耗的碳排放量进行了估算,得出了北京市碳排放量先增后降、清洁能源使用量逐年提高、制造业仍是主要的碳排放来源及工业碳排放强度逐年下降的结论。基于北京市政府高度重视节能减排工作,主动调整工业能源结构及产业结构,使工业碳排放得到有效控制,结合北京市工业低碳发展的现状,对北京市工业低碳发展提出了相关建议。     

Potential for climate change mitigation through afforestation: an economic analysis of fossil fuel substitution and carbon sequestration benefits

The impetus for this paper is Canada's commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions as well as reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This research assesses the economic viability of using biomass from afforested lands and industrial wood waste as a feedstock for ethanol production to substitute for fossil fuels in the transportation sector. Afforestation can increase the size of the carbon sink and also provide a source of renewable energy. Ethanol offers an excellent opportunity for greenhouse gas mitigation due to market potential, an ability to offset significant emissions from the transportation sector, and reduce emissions from CO₂-intensive waste-management systems. A case study of the economics of a hypothetical ethanol production facility found that a facility capable of producing 122 million litres of ethanol annually could have a net present value of CDN$245 million over a planning horizon of 36 years. This facility would require a supply of up to 960 oven-dry tonnes of wood-biomass per day and would result in net annual reductions of greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 349,000 tonnes of CO₂. This includes the carbon sequestered through the afforestation as well as emissions avoided through fossil fuel substitution. Using biomass from afforested lands and industrial wood waste as a fuel for energy production can be an economically viable tool for reducing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing the sensitivity of transportation fuel prices to changes in gasoline prices. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.