家庭农场背景下茶叶庄园发展的机遇和思路

茶产业具有发展家庭农场的优势，而且在茶产业中已经涌现了诸多家庭农场实践的先行者。本文分析了茶产业在发展家庭农场中的优势、劣势及家庭农场模式对茶产业发展的意义，探讨并提出了茶叶庄园的发展思路。     

织篢农场开展从严治党主题教育活动实践的思考

结合织篢农场工作实际,从4个方面介绍农场开展从严治党主题教育活动实践。总结出用好“群众路线”法宝、占领理想信念教育制高点、抓住严格党内生活关键点和抓好从严治吏着力点等好做法。教育活动管好了党员干部,提高职工生产的积极性,提升了职工收入和农场橡胶产量。     

FERTILIZER USE ON GRASSLAND IN ENGLAND AND WALES

The paper describes the use of fertilizers on grassland in England and Wales, as shown by surveys of fertilizer practice carried out during 1957–60.
About a third of the total consumption of N and K and almost half the total consumption of P is on grassland. Fertilizer use on leys has increased rapidly in recent years and the overall average rate of application is now of the order of 0·3 cwt N, P₂O₅ and K₂O per acre per annum; permanent grass receives about half as much P and very much less N and K than the leys.
Generally speaking, consumption of N and K per acre of grassland was higher in arable districts than in livestock-farming areas, and on dairy farms than on rearing and feeding farms. However, rearing and feeding farms received more P per acre of grass (in particular, more basic slag) than arable farms. Little farmyard manure was used on grassland in the arable districts, whereas in the dairy counties of the western half of England and in Wales it formed a substantial part of the total plant nutrients supplied to grassland, particularly on fields mown for hay.
The paper also gives information on types of fertilizers used and the timing of fertilizer applications to grassland. All but about a fifth of the nitrogen used on grassland was applied between February and April.     

The influence of soil wetness on utilized output from grassland on commercial farms

Records of grassland productivity have been used for 93 farms in 1975–76 (a dry year) and 117 farms in 1977–78 (a wetter year). The samples were selected to contrast well-drained and poorly/ badly drained farms and were further subdivided into dairy and beef. The number of farms in each of the four subsamples for each year was between 19 and 32. In addition the number of days on which the soil was at meteorological field capacity (field capacity days) on each farm was calculated.
The mean utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output within the dairy sample was 45 GJ ha⁻¹ on both well-drained and poorly/badly drained farms. Within the beef sample the output was 41 GJ ha⁻¹ on well-drained farms and 37 GJ ha⁻¹ on the poorly/badly drained farms.
The correlation between fertilizer N and UME output was stronger on well-drained farms than on the poorly/badly drained farms in the wetter year (r = 0.69 v. 0.16 on dairy farms; r = 0.56 v. − 0.12 on beef farms). In the drier year the converse was found (r=0.15 v . 0.49 on dairy farms; 0.13 v. 0.44 on beef farms). The effect of field capacity days on output was inconsistent; only within the dairy sample in the wetter year did increased wetness appear to reduce output.
It is suggested that soil wetness may have only a small effect on utilized output from grassland on a whole-farm basis because (i) most farms have at least some well-drained land, (ii) much of the utilization damage occurs in relatively short periods in spring and autumn and (iii) despite having utilization problems, badly drained land is capable of growing large quantities of grass.     

茂名农垦生态胶园建设的实践与思考

总结茂名农垦生态胶园建设的主要做法，提出加快生态胶园建设的思考和建议。     

Occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in wrapped forages in Sweden and Norway and their relation to chemical composition and management

A study was conducted on 124 farms in Sweden and Norway where fungal (all farms) and mycotoxin (100 of the 124 farms) presence was examined in wrapped forage bales. Samples were also analysed for chemical composition, and data on the bale production and storage system on each farm were collected. Fungi, analysed by three common sampling methods, were found in bales from 89% of the visited farms (110 farms). The most frequently isolated fungal species from the bale surface was Penicillium roqueforti. Mycotoxins were present in 39% of the 100 samples analysed. The most common mycotoxins present were enniatin B (14 farms) followed by deoxynivalenol (12 farms). The risk of finding fungi in baled forage samples was higher with odds ratio (OR) of 5.1 when less than eight layers of stretch film were applied, low seal integrity of wrapping (OR 172 at <10 s of seal integrity), higher dry‐matter content (OR 1.17–1.56 per % unit DM) and higher concentrations of acetic acid (OR 47.5 per g DM) and ethanol (OR 3.4 per g DM). Mycotoxin presence was not found to be correlated with any of the chemical characteristics of the baled forage, or with any forage production and management factors. A positive correlation was present between total fungal counts and general mycotoxin presence, but not between specific mycotoxins and the toxin‐producing fungal species.     

Sward composition and output on grassland farms

Records of grassland productivity were kept for 2 years on 136 lowland dairy farms and 131 lowland beef farms. The grassland on each farm was classified according to the proportion of sown (preferred) species. The farms were then ranked on this basis and divided into quarters:
On dairy farms the lowest quarter had 31% sown species and utilized metabolizable energy (UME) output from grass of 40.8 GJ ha⁻¹, whereas the highest quarter had 70% sown species and UME output of 45.6 GJ ha⁻¹. Dairy farmers in the lowest quarter used least fertilizer N and differences in output were no greater than would be expected from differences in N input. On beef farms the lowest quarter had 28% sown species and UME output of 32.3 GJ ha⁻¹, and the highest quarter had 63% sown species and UME output of 45.9 GJ ha⁻¹On these farms differences in fertilizer N could not completely account for differences in output.
It is concluded that on beef farms botanical composition of grassland is a good indicator of its productivity but is not necessarily a prime cause of differences in output. On dairy farms there is little evidence of a direct benefit resulting from a high proportion of sown species. On such farms the need for deliberate manipulation of the botanical composition of grassland by reseeding or chemical means is questioned.     

海南农垦企业管理体制的改革与创新

分析了海南农垦的现状，以及近年农垦改革取得的阶段性成果，指出农垦企业管理体制的特点，并针对海南农垦的实际，提出农垦改革的建议。     

试行农业土地模拟股份制承包经营的实践分析

国有农场试行农业土地模拟股份制承包经营，是湛江农垦在思考如何发展农业适度规模经营、进一步解放农业生产力、拓宽职工增收途径等方面进行的有益探索，是对农业经营体制改革的创新性实践。尽管首期经营稍微受挫，经探讨总结，农业推行模拟股份制承包经营仍是比较适合垦区创新农业经营机制，提高职工收入的较好模式。下一步要综合利用配套政策，加强成本控制，科学管理，真正释放模拟股份制承包经营的活力。     

海南民营橡胶单产超农垦原因浅析

从海南橡胶发展趋势分析出发，比较农垦与地方的橡胶单位面积产量，发现地方的橡胶单产于2004年超过农垦。从民营橡胶生产管理技术角度分析，认为海南民营橡胶单产超农垦并不是民营橡胶生产技术进步的结果，而是大量农垦橡胶流失地方所致，并初步估计流失量占海南农垦总产量9.8%左右。     

SWEDES OR GRASS SILAGE FOR BEEF CATTLE IN EAST LOTHIAN?

Four East Lothian farms, two growing silage and two roots (swedes) for winter keep of beef cattle were studied in detail. The yields of all crops grown for winter keep and the output of each crop in terms of pounds starch equivalent per acre were measured. The following are the main conclusions reached:
The output per acre from roots was approximately twice that from silage.
Output per acre from hay was lower than from any other fodder crop.
The output per acre from all fodder crops, taken together, was very similar on all four farms. This was because the farms growing swedes grew a proportionately larger acreage of hay than did the silage farms.
The yield of starch equivalent per acre from sugar beet tops was approximately half that from swedes.     

2008年海南橡胶特大寒害类型区划及 灾后重建对策研究

介绍了2008年初海南省的气候特点，调查此次寒害对海南垦区橡胶的破坏程度及造成的经济损失，按寒害的影响程度将垦区分为4个类型区，进而提出了优化橡胶抗寒种植的区域布局、建立和健全抗寒防寒技术体系、选育橡胶树抗寒新品种等灾后重建对策和建议。     

THE ASSESSMENT OF UTILIZED-STARCH-EQUIVALENT (U. S.E.) OUTPUT FROM FARM GRASSLAND BY THE FARM-RECORDING METHOD

In a survey in the West of Scotland, utilized-starch-equivalent (U. S.E.) outputs from the grassland of 67 farms, mainly dairy farms, and 9 hill-grazing units associated with them, were assessed by the farm-recording method. The limitations and possibilities of the method are discussed. The results obtained were above average, but the farms were a selected group. The wide range of U. S.E. outputs from farms of similar type indicates the scope for improvement on farms with low levels of output. The need for more surveys to clarify existing production levels on commercial farms is emphasized.     

粮食安全视角下水稻家庭农场全要素生产率测度研究

提高水稻家庭农场全要素生产率是贯彻落实“谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全”新粮食安全观的重要举措。本文基于长江流域612户水稻家庭农场的微观调查数据,运用三阶段DEA模型实证研究水稻家庭农场全要素生产率。研究表明,年龄、受教育程度、农地细碎化程度等环境因素对水稻家庭农场全要素生产率具有重要影响;水稻家庭农场的耕种面积和规模报酬呈现倒U型关系,且适度经营规模区间为8.0～9.3 hm²;水稻家庭农场全要素生产率未达到有效的主要原因是规模效率相对较低。基于此,本研究主要从规范农地流转市场、完善家庭农场市场竞争机制、加快建设高标准农田、提升家庭农场主自身能力建设等方面提出相关对策建议,以有效提升水稻家庭农场全要素生产率。     

增强系统管控 规避家庭农场挂帐现象

家庭农场是提高农业生产组织化程度的重要组织形式。生产经营中存在的家庭农场挂帐问题,是农场发展的一大隐患。在调研湛江农垦华海公司家庭农场挂帐问题的基础上,分析导致家庭农场挂帐的原因,提出确立“职工为本”指导思想、完善企业经营管理、优化作物与用地结构、实施标准化作业等规避家庭农场挂帐的建议和措施。     

农垦国有资产盈利能力的综合评价

通过文献分析，建立起农垦国有资产盈利能力的财务评价指标，根据“十五”期间各垦区的财务数据，利用主成分分析法，确定各指标的权重并对垦区盈利状况进行深入分析，发现：2002年，税费改革极大的刺激了农垦经济的发展，部分垦区的盈利能力显著增强；“十五”期间，农垦国有资产的平均盈利能力逐渐上升，垦区间差异先缩小后扩大。     

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE OUTPUT OF STARCH EQUIVALENT FROM GRAZING LAND ON UPLAND DAIRY FARMS

Grazing records and cost records have been analysed from 19 dairy farms, all situated at least 400 feet above sea level, in order to determine the effect of height and of increased expenditure on the level of output of starch equivalent, and to investigate whether these farms have special problems not met with on lowland farms. The analysis shows a very marked influence of height on output and a low, statistically non-significant, correlation between costs and yields. The low correlation between costs and yields is reviewed and reasons are suggested why a higher correlation was not found. Finally the fall in output with increasing height of farm is related to costs in order to quantify the economic disability of the upland dairy farm.     

A description and evaluation of the physical and financial characteristics of dairy farms operating on soil types classified as poorly drained and associated with high rainfall

The physical and financial performance data used for analysis were obtained over a 6‐year period (2010–2015), from two different databases including a nationally representative data set of dairy farmers and a detailed data set of seven individual farms. Initial analysis indicated significant variations across soil type and region, across a wide range of physical and financial parameters. Further detailed analysis was completed using a group of seven farms participating in a Heavy Soils Programme (HSP), which were compared to different cohorts of the nationally representative database (National Farm Survey [NFS]), ranked on net profit per ha. The HSP farms utilized larger quantities of grass DM per ha per year than the median of the NFS farms, at similar grazing season lengths, but were using lower levels of purchased feed. Economic analysis indicated the HSP farmers achieved significantly lower net profits per hectare to the NFS median group but significantly higher net profits per kg of fat and protein. The HSP farms also achieved significantly greater overall net farm income per year (€83,788), when compared to the median nationally (€67,898), over the 6‐year period (excluding owned land and labour). The mean return on assets ascertained by the HSP farmers was also significantly greater, at 5.75% per year compared to 3.49% achieved by the median of NFS farms. In conclusion, this study has indicated that efficient dairy businesses operating on poorly drained soils can be as profitable as those across all ranges of soil types.     

STUDIES IN CALF MANAGEMENT

In 1960 spring-born calves were reared indoors or at pasture on 3 dairy farms near Hurley. In the following year the experiment was repeated on 3 farms in the nortli-east and on 2 in the south-west of England.
Several calves died, and this may have been because of inadequate milk feeding. Generally, however, the growth of calves reared at pasture was comparable with that of animals reared indoors. Tfie use of grass enabled substantial savings to be made in the amount of concentrate feedingstuffs and hay fed.     

South-west England grassland survey 1983

A survey of grassland on 127 farms in south-west England was conducted in order to investigate the cutting and grazing management of grassland, botanical composition and the use of fertilizer N, and to quantify recent trends in reseeding and the age structure of swards. Twenty-six percent of the grassland surveyed was classified as arable grassland (in rotation with crops) and 74% as permanent grassland. Only 37% of the established grassland on dairy farms was aged over 20 years compared with 53% on livestock farms. Mowing was practised on 52% of the grassland, two-thirds of it every year, and virtually all grassland was grazed for part of the year. The average fertilizer N input was 168 kg ha⁻¹ with considerable variation with sward age (average 113 kg ha⁻¹ for over-20-year-old swards) and between dairy farms (average 217 kg ha⁻¹) and livestock farms (100 kg ha⁻¹)- The average proportion of sown species (mainly Lolium perenne) ranged from 90% in young swards to 36% in swards aged over 20 years, with considerable variation within age groups. L. perenne was associated with high inputs of fertilizer N, good drainage, sheep grazing and organic manures, e.g. among swards aged over 20 years it contributed 38% on average where >250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, but only 12% where no fertilizer N was applied. A continuous network of Trifolium repens occurred in 27% of the grassland–this was associated with low inputs of fertilizer N, good drainage and sheep grazing. Agrostis spp. were the most abundant unsown species and Cirsium arvense, Ranunculus spp. and Rumex spp. the most common broad-leaved weeds. Features of the sample are compared with those in the south-west England region and in England and Wales as a whole.