日本牛的遗传资源

本文扼要回顾了日本牛种资源的发展历史;介绍了日本牛的遗传资源状况和各主要牛种的特征特性;从日本牛的遗传可变性和遗传距离等方面分析了日本牛品种之间的遗传关系;并展望了日本黑毛和牛、日本褐牛、日本短角牛、日本无角牛、见岛牛、口子岛牛等日本牛种资源的发展前景。     

基于MHC-DRB3.2基因的部分牛种遗传多样性比较及分子系统发育分析

本研究比较了秦川牛、鲁西牛、南阳牛等国内9个品种牛DRB3.2基因的遗传多样性,采用SAS软件对这些牛种分子系统发育情况进行了分析,结果表明:等位基因HaeⅢA和HaeⅢB为9个牛种共有,其它部分等位基因为某个牛种特有;除了晋南牛是以HaeⅢF为优势等位基因外,其余8个牛种都是以HaeⅢA为优势等位基因。分析的9个牛种的多态信息含量(0.321~0.627)和杂合度(0.339~0.686)都较高,但有效等位基因数(1.512~3.188)较少。秦川牛、鲁西牛、南阳牛和晋南牛血缘关系相对较近,而蒙古牛、云南高峰牛、中国荷斯坦奶牛及英国娟珊牛血缘关系相对较近。研究的9个牛种群体内基因型一致性较低、遗传变异较大、遗传多样性较丰富。     

亚州部分牛种间类缘关系的研究

本研究以三个主要血液蛋白位点（血红蛋白、白蛋白及运铁蛋白）探讨了亚州78个牛种间的亲缘关系．结果表明；所研究的亚州78个牛种分属家牛型、爪哇牛型及大额牛型三个集团．家牛集团由北方与南方两大类群组成；北方牛类群包含有中国、南朝鲜及日本之牛种，南方牛类群包含有东南亚、南亚八国牛种，两者群体间遗传关系较远（D＝0.622），与爪哇牛（D＝0．82）及大额牛（D＝0.92）3更远．确认中国黄牛主要血统来源为早期饲养在我国黄河中下游一带的亚州原牛和瘤原牛．     

牦牛功能基因的研究进展

牦牛是分布于海拔3 000 m以上,以我国青藏为中心的高山、亚高山地区的牛种之一,是唯一能够充分利用青藏高原草地资源进行动物性生产的优势牛种和特有的遗传资源。牦牛对高海拔地区严寒、缺氧、缺草等恶劣条件具有极强的适应能力,可提供奶、     

安西牛种质资源保护与研究

安西牛是一个对荒漠半荒漠地区有很好适应能力的品种,不同于我国其它黄牛地方品种,安西牛具有很好的耐热、耐寒、耐旱、耐粗饲、抗病力强等特点。其体格虽不大,但上述"特性"是其它品种牛无法与之相比的。安西牛是甘肃省宝贵的牛种资源,保存和发展安西牛并对其进行选育,开发利用研究,对充实全国养牛业育种基因库,发挥我国现有品种资源的遗传潜能,促进我国畜牧业向高产、优质、高效转变和持续发展都有着十分重要的意义和作用。本文分析了安西牛种质资源保护技术与研究的背景、安西牛种质资源保护与研究的目标任务、主要内容、研究的特点以及取得的成效和保种措施。     

云南瘤牛的肉用性能的研究

随着人民生活水平的日益提高 ,人们的饮食观念和膳食结构也逐渐地发生了变化 ,动物蛋白在膳食结构中占据越来越重要的地位。在牛种资源丰富的云南 ,牛肉越来越受到广大消费者的重视和喜爱 ,但普通黄牛存在屠宰率低、肉质粗糙、腥味重等缺点。为此寻找产肉率高、肉质细嫩、营养价值高、抗病、耐粗饲的牛种已迫在眉睫。云南瘤牛 (又名高峰牛 ) ,是云南省热带和亚热带的地方优良牛种 ,为我国珍贵的畜牧资源之一 ,具有抗热、耐湿、抗蜱等体外寄生虫和抗疾病的能力 ,且适于粗放饲养。瘤牛的研究是牛种资源研究的深化和补充 ,并能为牛的育种和肉牛…     

娟姗牛在湖北省推广应用的可行性分析

娟姗牛是原产于英国娟姗岛的一种小型乳用牛品种,主要以乳脂率和乳蛋白率高而闻名,并具有良好的高温高湿环境适应能力,是奶业发达国家奶牛养殖的重要品种。湖北省种公牛站于2011年引进了5头纯种娟姗牛种公牛,目前这批娟姗牛已全部投产。本文就娟姗牛品种特性进行介绍,并对娟姗牛在湖北省的推广应用可行性进行分析。1娟姗牛的培育与引进历史娟姗牛原产于英国的娟姗岛(哲尔济岛)。该岛     

岭南牛主要体量性状间相关系数的初步分析

岭南牛是我区的一个地方牛种,目前存栏4万多头。该品种具有胸部发达、四肢粗壮、适应性强、耐粗饲、善爬坡、役用性能强、繁殖性能好等特点,是我区宝贵的牛种资源和优良的基因库。为保种和选育提高该品种质量提供科学依据,我们对岭南牛主要体尺和体重间的相关系数进行了分析,目的在于利用性状间的相关,寻找主选性状,以提高选育效果。     

科学养牛 面向市场——日本肉牛业的成就

日本是高度工业化的国家,尤其电子工业与汽车工业在国际上占领先地位,然而这个国家的养牛业也在迅速发展。据1991年统计,全国养牛486.3万头,其中肉用牛279.6万头,牛肉产量54.5万吨。同我国相比,平均每头存栏牛提供牛肉量,日本112kg,我国约20kg;平均每头屠宰牛胴体重,日本395kg,我国150kg;日本人均占有4.6kg,加上进口牛肉,人均消费量约9kg,我国平均1.2kg,都比我们高得多。日本作为牛肉消费量较高的国家,近年来牛肉的自给率达到51%。为什么日本肉牛业能有这么大的进展和这么高的生产率,本文对此作一浅析。1 注意开发国内牛种资源黑毛和牛是日本本国牛种,原为农家役用,随着农业机械化的发展,经过多年选择培育,现已成为日本主要肉用牛种。此外,英国     

渤海黑牛mtDNA cytb基因遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析

为了了解无棣华兴渤海黑牛原种场渤海黑牛种公牛的遗传多样性水平,确定个体之间的亲缘关系,对无棣华兴渤海黑牛原种场15头渤海黑牛种公牛的细胞色素b基因(Cytb)全序列的测序和分析,发现Cytb基因全长1140bp,共检测到了10种单倍型、34个核苷酸的多态位点,包括15个单变异位点和19个简约信息位点,无插入和缺失。单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.914,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.01014,表明渤海黑牛具有丰富的遗传多样性。NJ系统发育树构建的结果表明15头渤海黑牛聚为两大类。     

Evaluation of genetic diversity in Japanese Brown cattle population by pedigree analysis

The Japanese Brown is the second most common domestic beef breed in Japan. However, nowadays this breed is facing reduction in numbers because of pressure from a profitable domestic breed. This breed is uniformly characterized by its brown coat colour, but is comprised of two isolated sub‐breeds, Kumamoto and Kouchi, each possessing a different gene pool. Pedigree analyses were carried out for the two sub‐breeds using the pedigree records of animals born from 1970 to 2000. The effective population size has been found to be consistently reducing during the last three decades in both sub‐breeds. The current effective sizes were estimated to be 25.5 and 6.0 for the Kumamoto and Kouchi sub‐breeds, respectively. The estimate of the effective number of founders (N_ef) in the Kumamoto sub‐breed decreased from 152.1 to 74.4; that of non‐founders (N_enf), from 41.7 to 5.3; and that of founder genome equivalents (N_ge), from 32.7 to 4.9. The corresponding changes in the Kouchi sub‐breed were from 108.2 to 79.4, 16.2 to 4.1, and 14.1 to 3.9. Increasing differences between the two genetic diversity indices in the sub‐breeds indicate that the greater part of the reduction of genetic diversity can be attributed to genetic drift that accumulated in the non‐founder generations. A comparison with published estimates for several cattle breeds suggests the extremely limited genetic diversity of Japanese Brown. In addition to the avoidance of further reduction of genetic diversity, it will be important to counteract the process of breed decline by establishing a production system to efficiently utilize the unique characteristics of this breed and by developing links between the breed and products with market value.     

利用微卫星标记对4个肉牛品种进行遗传多样性分析

本研究利用10个微卫星标记分析了鲁西黄牛、布莱凯特肉牛、渤海黑牛和日本和牛4个品种185个个体的品种内遗传变异情况及各品种间的亲缘关系,共检测到58个等位基因,每个位点平均观察等位基因数为5.8个,从4(BM1818)到8个(ETH225和TGLA53)不等;有效等位基因数为2.5417～3.5849个;观察杂合度、期望杂合度和多态信息含量变异范围分别为0.2270～0.5459、0.6082～0.7230和0.5482～0.6791,均属高度多态性位点。群体间遗传分化明显,有34.49%的遗传分化来自群体间的变异。以Nei氏遗传距离(D_A)构建UPGMA系统进化树,聚类结果表明,渤海黑牛与鲁西黄牛首先聚为一类,布莱凯特肉牛和日本和牛聚为一类。布莱凯特肉牛的3个微卫星座位10个克隆的PCR扩增片段测序获得的序列已提交GenBank,登录号分别为：GQ368896、GQ368897、GQ368898、GQ368899、GQ368900、GQ368901、GQ368902、GQ368903、GQ368904、GQ368905。10对微卫星座位可作为有效的遗传标记用于4个肉牛品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析。     

The assessment of genetic diversity within and among the eight subpopulations of Japanese Black cattle using 52 microsatellite markers

Japanese Black cattle are at risk for genetic homogeneity due to intensive use of a few sires. Therefore, assessment of the actual genetic diversity of this breed is important for future breeding plans. In the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity within and among eight subpopulations of Japanese Black cattle using 52 microsatellite markers. The parameters for genetic diversity of Japanese Black cattle were comparable to those of other cattle breeds, suggesting that the relatively high genetic diversity of the breed. However, upon comparison among the eight subpopulations, the Hyogo subpopulation showed markedly low genetic diversity. The results of the pairwise F_ST values, phylogenetic network and structure analysis indicated that the Hyogo population has remarkably high level of genetic differentiation from other populations, while Yamagata, Niigata, Hiroshima and Kagawa populations have low levels of genetic differentiation. Furthermore, multidimensional scaling plots indicated that individuals in some subpopulations were separated from individuals in the other subpopulations. We conclude that while the overall genetic diversity of Japanese Black cattle is still maintained at a relatively high level, that of a particular subpopulation is significantly reduced, and therefore the effective population size of the breed needs to be controlled by correct mating strategies.     

地方、培育、引入品种资源的保存与发展的研究进展

作者就20世纪 80年代以来我国多次畜禽资源调查的结果作了详细的介绍,报道了576个品种在近30年来的变迁情况。除了常见的马、驴、黄牛、水牛、大额牛、牦牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、特禽的品种以外,尚有7种,如骆驼、兔、梅花鹿、马鹿、水貂、貉、蜂等动物。其中地方品种426个,培育品种73个,引入品种77个。已有19个地方品种灭绝,37个受严重威胁。作者回顾了20世纪末开始应用遗传检测手段,包括个体、细胞、蛋白质和分子水平4个层次的研究进展。证明多层次综合研究才能反映品种的全貌。建议资源调查中要着重选育强度带来的影响,品种调查提纲必须周密,要以品种特征和外貌为主,与遗传分析相结合,才可能提出可行的保种和开发方案。作者论证了配子和胚胎超低温保存、DNA保存的前景,并指出与企业合作进行保种的动向,国家应长期重点加以支持。     

Conservation priorities for the different lines of Dutch Red and White Friesian cattle change when relationships with other breeds are taken into account

From a genetic point of view, the selection of breeds and animals within breeds for conservation in a national gene pool can be based on a maximum diversity strategy. This implies that priority is given to conservation of breeds and animals that diverge most and overlap of conserved diversity is minimized. This study investigated the genetic diversity in the Dutch Red and White Friesian (DFR) cattle breed and its contribution to the total genetic diversity in the pool of the Dutch dairy breeds. All Dutch cattle breeds are clearly distinct, except for Dutch Friesian breed (DF) and DFR and have their own specific genetic identity. DFR has a small but unique contribution to the total genetic diversity of Dutch cattle breeds and is closely related to the Dutch Friesian breed. Seven different lines are distinguished within the DFR breed and all contribute to the diversity of the DFR breed. Two lines show the largest contributions to the genetic diversity in DFR. One of these lines comprises unique diversity both within the breed and across all cattle breeds. The other line comprises unique diversity for the DFR but overlaps with the Holstein Friesian breed. There seems to be no necessity to conserve the other five lines separately, because their level of differentiation is very low. This study illustrates that, when taking conservation decisions for a breed, it is worthwhile to take into account the population structure of the breed itself and the relationships with other breeds.     

The Agersoe cattle: the last remnants of the Danish island cattle (Bos taurus)?

A phenotypically interesting strain of cattle existed on the small island of Agersoe, on the west coast of Zealand, Denmark, in the beginning of the last decade. The cattle share a great resemblance to the extinct Danish breed, the Island cattle. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the Agersoe cattle, using microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mtDNA markers, and analyse the genetic variability within the breed and the genetic relationship to 14 European breeds with focus on the Red Danish and Jutland breed. The results show diversity in nuclear markers comparable to that of modern breeds and that the Agersoe cattle are separable from the two native breeds. The absence of inbreeding and the degree of genetic diversity are taken as a sign of recent admixture. The Agersoe cattle did not exhibit a consistent association with any of the European breeds. Several arguments based on this survey have been put forward in favour of characterizing the Agersoe cattle as being the last remnants of the Danish Island Cattle.     

Conception rate of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle following embryo transfer in southwestern Japan

This study aimed to quantify and compare conception rates to embryo transfer (ET) of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle in southwestern Japan. A 10‐year retrospective epidemiological survey was conducted. The recipient numbers for Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was 621 and 527, respectively. Conception rates of Holstein and Japanese Black cattle during the study period were 45.4% and 42.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference between both breeds. However, a different trend of conception rate to ET in Holstein and Japanese Black cattle was observed. In Holstein cattle, conception rate in August to October was lower than in the other months and was significantly lower (p < .05) than in April. Particularly, conception rate in October of Holstein cattle was the lowest (31.0%). In Japanese Black cattle, conception rates in December (24.2%) and January (31.3%) were lower than in the other months. Conception rate of Japanese Black cattle declined as the temperature–humidity index (THI) decreased, exhibiting significantly lower levels in the ≤45 THI class than in any other THI class (p < .05). By contrast, in Holstein cattle, no relationship was observed between conception rate and THI on the day of ET. These observations suggest the importance of appropriate management that considers seasonal reactivity in each breed.     

Genetic diversity and differentiation of five Cuban cattle breeds using 30 microsatellite loci

Conservation and improvement strategies in farm animals should be based on a combination of genetic and phenotypic characteristics. Genotype data from 30 microsatellites were used to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among five Cuban cattle breeds (Siboney de Cuba, Criollo Cubano, Cebú Cubano, Mambí de Cuba and Taíno de Cuba). All microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic in all the breeds. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.67 ± 0.02 in the Taíno de Cuba breed to 0.75 ± 0.02 in the Mambí de Cuba breed, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.66 ± 0.03 in the Cebú Cubano breed to 0.73 ± 0.02 in the Siboney de Cuba breed. The genetic differentiation between the breeds was significant (p < 0.01) based on the infinitesimal model (F_ST). The exact test for Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium within breeds showed a significant deviation in each breed (p < 0.0003) for one or more loci. The genetic distance and structure analysis showed that a significant amount of genetic variation is maintained in the local cattle population and that all breeds studied could be considered genetically distinct. The Siboney de Cuba and Mambí de Cuba breeds seem to be the most genetically related among the studied five breeds.     

Genetic differences among native and modern cattle breeds in Lithuania based on milk protein loci polymorphism

The intrabreed and interbreed genetic diversity of Lithuanian cattle breeds - two native, namely Lithuanian Light Grey and Lithuanian White-Backed and two modern, namely Lithuanian Red and Lithuanian Black and White was investigated by determination of genetic markers: 4 milk protein systems, Alpha(s1)-casein, Kappa-casein, Beta-casein and Beta-lactoglobulin, which are comprised of 12 different milk protein types. According to results, the B type of Alpha(s1)-casein was found as predominant in all four studied breeds. The most common A and B types of Kappa-casein were found at high frequency in all investigated cattle breeds. All investigated Lithuanian dairy cattle breeds had high frequency of Beta-lactoglobulin whey protein B types, with the highest frequency in Lithuanian Red breed, and the lowest in Lithuanian Light Grey. After investigation the diversity of alleles and genotypes of milk proteins in Lithuanian dairy cattle breeds was determined that, Lithuanian Red breed was distinguished private C allele and BC genotype of Beta-lactoglobulin and CC genotype of Alpha(s1)-casein. The interbreed genetic diversity was estimated by a principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC) explains 63.39% and the second principal component (PC) explains 33.67% of the genetics diversity between the breeds. Principal component analysis, suggests the hypothesis that native Lithuanian White Backed and Lithuanian Light Grey breeds still have traits tracing to old native populations.     

3个品种兔微卫星标记的遗传多样性研究

为分析福建黄兔、新西兰兔、日本大耳白兔群体内的遗传变异情况和群体间的遗传相关性,本试验选取3个品种兔各25只,分别耳静脉采血并采用试剂盒抽提全血基因组,运用15个微卫星标记,结合荧光PCR技术和毛细管电泳方法获得目的片段,通过计算等位基因数、有效等位基因数、杂合度、多态信息含量和遗传距离,分析3个品种兔的遗传多样性。结果显示,3个品种兔在15个座位共检测到110个等位基因,平均等位基因数为7.3个,其中福建黄兔、新西兰兔和日本大耳白兔分别检测到95、95和88个等位基因,且分别在11、12和11个微卫星座位表现为高度多态,表明3个品种兔在筛选的15个微卫星座位均呈现较丰富的遗传多态信息。Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡检验结果表明,福建黄兔、新西兰兔和日本大耳白兔分别有8、8和6个座位处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态。Nei氏遗传距离分析显示,福建黄兔与新西兰兔、福建黄兔与日本大耳白兔、新西兰兔与日本大耳白兔的Nei氏遗传距离分别为0.1761、0.2347和0.0432。遗传距离越小时,相似度越高,亲缘关系越近,因此,新西兰兔与日本大耳白兔间的亲缘关系最近,福建黄兔与日本大耳白兔间的亲缘关系最远。