中草药提取物对兔源性致病菌抑制作用试验

为了研究中草药提取物对家兔临床致病性大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性。采用醇提法和水提法提取其有效成分,通过管碟法和试管二倍稀释法测定中草药的抑菌效果。结果表明,石榴皮提取物对大肠埃希菌极度敏感;黄连、厚朴提取物对大肠埃希菌高度敏感;抑菌圈直径在15.0mm^20.5mm,最小抑菌浓度在15.6~31.3mg/mL,石榴皮、黄连提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌高度敏感;抑菌圈直径在16.0mm^19.5mm,最小抑菌浓度分别为15.6、7.8mg/mL,本研究为家兔致病菌的中药防治提供了理论基础。     

鸡血藤不同极性段提取物制备及体外抑菌作用初步研究

采用水、丙酮和乙醇等不同极性溶剂对鸡血藤有效成分进行提取,测定了鸡血藤不同极性段提取物对鸡大肠埃希菌、鸭大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌等常见病原菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明,鸡血藤的各种提取物对鸡大肠埃希菌的抑菌圈直径均小于13 mm,属低度敏感;对鸭大肠埃希菌有较好的抑制作用,属中度敏感,其抑菌圈直径大于13 mm,小于19 mm;对金黄色葡萄球菌为高度敏感,其抑菌圈直径在19 mm以上。鸡血藤微波提取物对鸡大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,700 mL/L乙醇提取物对鸭大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用最强,最小抑菌浓度均为15.63 mg/mL。     

黄芩中黄芩苷的正交提取工艺及体外抑菌活性研究

采用正交提取法提取黄芩中黄芩苷,HPLC法检测其含量,并测定提取物对大肠埃希氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌两种供试菌的体外最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果表明,最佳正交提取工艺为A2B2C3,即乙醇浓度70％、体积100mL、冷浸36h,提取物对大肠埃希氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为0．50mg／mL和0．20mg／mL。     

杂种鹅掌楸叶提取物的抗菌作用

为了探讨杂种鹅掌楸叶不同极性部位提取物对大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的体外抗菌效果,通过乙醇回流提取制得鹅掌楸醇提物,采用系统溶剂提取法萃取得到鹅掌楸叶醇提物的不同部位,并通过琼脂平板法和微量肉汤稀释法检测各部位的抗菌作用。结果显示:杂种鹅掌楸叶石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯提取物对沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌有不同程度的抗菌作用,其中氯仿部位作用最强,抑菌圈分别为18.0、16.0及17.0 mm,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.625、0.312 5及0.625 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为1.25、0.312 5及1.25 mg/mL。各部位提取物对大肠埃希菌无抗菌作用,正丁醇、水部位提取物对测试的4种菌均无抗菌作用。研究表明杂种鹅掌楸叶提取物对沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌有不同程度抗菌作用,其中氯仿部位提取物有较强抗菌作用。     

治疗奶牛乳腺炎蒙药复方提取物抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用研究

对两种蒙药复方进行乙醇回流提取,然后分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到石油醚层浸膏、乙酸乙酯层浸膏、正丁醇层浸膏和水母液浸膏,并分别对各种提取物进行奶牛乳腺炎两种主要致病菌大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌和体内抗菌作用,用牛津杯法测定提取物对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径,用二倍稀释法测定了其在体外的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。又以两种致病菌的混合菌感染小鼠,灌服蒙药复方提取物以测定其体内抗菌效果。结果表明,两种蒙药复方的体外抑菌成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯层浸膏和正丁醇层浸膏内,抑菌环直径均大于16.88 mm,最大达到21.61 mm;对两种致病菌的MIC和MBC最低可达到0.031 5 g/mL和0.062 5 g/mL;两种蒙药复方提取物的体内抗菌成分重要集中在石油醚层浸膏和水母液浸膏内,对小鼠死亡保护率明显高于阴性对照组,可达87.5%。     

红茂草生物碱TLC检测技术的建立及抑菌活性研究

利用醇提法提取红茂草中生物碱,并对其进行TLC检测,建立红茂草生物碱TLC检测技术;用红茂草浓缩液对3种供试菌进行体外抑菌活性研究,测定其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果以95%乙醇：冰乙酸：水：浓氨水（15：0.5：2.5：0.5）为展开系统,分离效果最好,斑点清晰;对供试菌MIC测定结果分别为：大肠埃希氏杆菌0.18mg/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌0.14mg/mL、粪肠球菌0.26mg/mL。红茂草具有明显的抑菌作用。TLC检测技术可作为红茂草提取物中生物碱质量控制方法,且该法重现性好、准确度高。     

七种中药提取物对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌试验

为了研究7种中药提取物对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株及临床耐药菌株的抑菌作用,并且为减小致病菌的耐药性提供试验依据,本试验以65％乙醇水为溶剂,煎煮提取,减压浓缩,提取物离心后分成上清液和沉淀两部分,分别采用管碟法测定抑菌圈大小.结果显示:7味中药提取物中,赤芍、连翘、白术的上清液和沉淀对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,穿心莲、莪术和秦艽对部分菌株有抑制作用,而知母上清液的抑菌作用不明显;中药沉淀的抑菌效果优于上清液的抑菌效果,且连翘、赤芍提取物对临床耐药金葡菌的抑菌效果较好.     

葡萄叶总黄酮的提取及体外抑菌活性研究

为测定葡萄叶总黄酮体外抑菌活性,采用索氏提取器回流法提取葡萄叶总黄酮;采用K-B琼脂扩散法分别用大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白假丝酵母菌、枯草芽胞杆菌做抑菌试验;以抑菌效果最明显的金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,以总黄酮的提取率及抑菌圈直径为指标,单因素试验筛选葡萄叶总黄酮最佳提取工艺,乙醇浓度750mL/L、料液比1∶40、提取温度70℃、提取时间3.5h,在此提取条件下测得葡萄叶中总黄酮的平均提取率为7.16%;葡萄叶中总黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌具有较强的抑菌作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性最大,而对枯草芽胞杆菌的抑菌作用不太明显。     

大高良姜抑菌成分提取工艺优化及稳定性研究

试验旨在探究大高良姜提取物对饲料微生物污染中常见的4种细菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌)和2种真菌(黑曲霉和白色念珠菌)的体外抑菌作用及稳定性,优化提取工艺。试验采用纸片扩散法测定不同溶剂的大高良姜提取物对试验菌的抑菌活性;以金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉为指示菌,通过正交试验优化乙醇回流提取工艺,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定该提取物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)以及对pH值、温度和紫外光的稳定性。结果表明,在6种试验菌中,大高良姜的乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的抑菌活性较好;以金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉为指示菌时,最优提取工艺为乙醇浓度95%、料液比115(mV)、55℃水浴回流提取2 h,提取物对这2种菌的MIC均为0.313 mg/ml,MBC分别为1.25 mg/ml和0.625 mg/ml;提取物对pH值极不稳定,加热和紫外光照射均使其抑菌活性有不同程度的降低。结果提示,大高良姜的乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的体外抑菌活性较好。     

篦齿蒿提取物的抗菌试验

为了研究篦齿蒿(Neopallasia pectinata)水提取物及醇提取物的体外抑菌作用,采用牛津杯法测定篦齿蒿各种提取物对大肠埃希菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,沙门菌和链球菌的抑菌圈直径。用试管2倍稀释法测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(MBC),以金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌感染小鼠,判断其体内抗菌效果。结果表明,篦齿蒿各种提取物都具有一定的抑菌作用,尤其是对金黄色葡萄球菌,其乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物是体外抗菌的主要活性部分。篦齿蒿提取物对链球菌感染小鼠体内抗菌效果较差,对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠体内抗菌成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯提取物内,对小鼠死亡保护率明显高于阴性对照组,可达75%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.