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1.
大豆联合收获机作业参数优化   总被引:9,自引:9,他引:0  
现阶段国内大豆联合收获机收获作业时由于脱粒、清选系统作业参数调整不当而导致大豆机收损失率、破碎率、含杂率较高。为解决这一问题,该文对影响大豆机收作业质量的相关参数开展田间试验研究,探索各参数对大豆机收作业质量的影响规律,探寻最佳作业参数组合。以机收损失率、破碎率、含杂率为目标,选择脱粒清选系统对作业质量影响较大的前进速度、滚筒转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、分离段脱粒间隙、导流板角度、分风板角度、风机转速、上筛前部开度、上筛后部开度共9个因素,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法,进行九因素三水平响应面试验,使用Design-Expert对试验结果进行响应面分析,探索各因素对试验指标的影响规律,并构建相关数学模型。试验结果表明:对大豆收获损失率影响较为显著的因素为风机转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、前进速度、脱粒滚筒转速;对破碎率影响较为显著的因素为脱粒滚筒转速、脱粒段脱粒间隙、前进速度、导流板角度;对含杂率影响较为显著的因素为导流板角度、风机转速、分风板角度、上筛后部开度。通过多目标参数优化,确定最佳工作参数组合为前进速度6 km/h、脱粒滚筒转速450 r/min、脱粒段脱粒间隙25 mm、分离段脱粒间隙20 mm、导流板角度26?、风机转速1 260 r/min、分风板角度11.5?、上筛前部开度19 mm、上筛后部开度11 mm,此时损失率为0.24%、破碎率为0.90%、含杂率为0.14%,田间试验实测损失率、破碎率和含杂率平均值分别为0.24%、0.90%和0.14%,与优化值相对误差分别为0、4.7%和7.7%。研究结果可为大豆联合收获机结构改进和作业参数控制提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
稻麦联合收获机分段式脱粒装置设计与优化   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
针对纵轴流联合收获机在收获稻麦时出现的脱粒不彻底、分离不完全等问题,该研究设计了一种分段式纵轴流脱粒分离装置。该装置主要由锥形脱粒滚筒、脱粒强度可调式凹板筛、360°分离式凹板筛、作业参数电控调节系统等构成。通过单因素试验,分别获得了脱粒强度可调式凹板筛的开关板针对小麦和水稻脱粒的最佳开关状态。为寻求装置作业参数对脱粒效果的影响规律及最优参数组合,进行了多目标优化试验。以滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、凹板筛分离间隙及喂入量作为影响因素,以破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率为试验指标,建立了破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率的数学模型。试验结果表明:各因素对破碎率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、凹板筛脱粒间隙、导流板角度、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对脱出物含杂率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对损失率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙。通过多目标参数优化分析,确定装置进行小麦脱粒的最优作业参数组合为脱粒滚筒转速905 r/min、导流板角度69°、凹板筛脱粒间隙18 mm、凹板筛分离间隙19 mm、喂入量4 kg/s。在该参数组合条件下进行了田间验证试验,结果表明,与常规纵轴流脱粒装置相比,整机作业破碎率由1.46%降为1.00%,含杂率由1.85%降为1.43%,损失率由1.72%降为1.20%,各指标实测值与模型优化值的相对误差均小于5%,满足国家相关标准要求。该装置有效解决了破碎率高、脱粒不干净、分离不彻底的问题,研究结果可为纵轴流联合收获机脱粒装置的结构改进和作业参数优化提供参考和依据。  相似文献   

3.
风筛选式油菜联合收割机清选机构参数优化与试验   总被引:2,自引:8,他引:2  
为分析油菜田间实际收获作业状态时风筛选式油菜联合收割机清选机构参数对清选损失率和籽粒含杂率的影响,基于双滚筒风筛选式可移动田间联合收获试验平台,对振动筛振幅、曲柄转速、风机转速和风机倾角4个参数进行了Plackett-Burman试验和响应面回归试验,试验分析表明振动筛振幅和曲柄转速是影响清选损失率的主要因素,风机转速是影响籽粒含杂率的主要因素。采用响应面试验方法分析了单因素和双因素对清选效果的影响,建立了清选损失率和籽粒含杂率的回归数学模型并优化求解了一组最优参数组合,以一组接近最优参数组合:振动筛振幅35 mm,曲柄转速392 r/min,风机转速1 750 r/min,风机倾角29°进行了试验验证,清选损失率和籽粒含杂率分别为0.90%和0.45%。理论求解的清选损失率和籽粒含杂率分别为0.38%和0.48%,与试验值的绝对误差分别为0.52%和-0.03%,籽粒含杂率误差较小,清选损失率误差较大。与该清选机构常用工作参数时的清选损失率和籽粒含杂率对比,清选损失率降低了61%,籽粒含杂率降低了58%。该研究结果和优化方法可为风筛选式油菜联合收割机清选机构的参数选择和优化提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
为实现国内大豆大田生产低损收获同时兼顾大豆育种小区收获,该研究设计了4LZ-1.5型大豆联合收获机,针对大豆成熟期易炸荚的特性,分析了大豆拨禾作业过程,建立了拨禾轮结构和运动参数求解模型,并对拨禾轮半径、拨禾速度比、拨禾轮转速等参数进行优化;针对大豆结荚低、收割易铲土的特性,分析了大豆籽粒尺寸参数统计规律,并对割台除土机构进行优化;针对大豆成熟期易脱粒、易破碎特性,对脱粒分离装置、清选装置和气力卸粮装置进行优化;针对育种小区收获要求,建立了清种装置曲柄摇杆机构数字化设计模型,确定了清种装置结构参数。分别进行大田生产和育种小区收获试验,结果表明,大豆大田生产收获的损失率<3.5%,破碎率<1.5%,含杂率<1%;大豆育种小区收获的损失率<3%,破碎率<1.5%,含杂率<1%,混种率<0.2%,清种时间200~270 s,满足大豆大田生产和育种小区收获作业要求。与现有大豆收获机械相比,4LZ-1.5型大豆联合收获机收获损失率降低1.5%~5%、破碎率降低3.5%~6.5%、含杂率降低2%~7%,研究结果可为后续大豆收获机结构改进和作业参数优化提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
立式轴流大豆育种脱粒机参数优化   总被引:8,自引:6,他引:2  
为寻求对立式轴流大豆育种专用脱粒机的脱粒、分离与清选性能影响的结构与工作参数最优组合,对其进行了参数优化试验。采用二次回归正交旋转中心组合优化试验方法,以滚筒线速度、脱粒间隙、喂入量和植株体积含水率为影响因素,含杂率、破碎率、未脱净率、夹带损失率、飞溅损失率和沉积率为目标函数,对影响该机脱粒性能的结构与工作参数进行优化试验研究。结果表明:当植株体积含水率14%~20%,滚筒线速度6.5~8.3m/s,脱粒间隙为15mm,喂入量为2.4kg/min时,含杂率低于0.5%,破碎率低于1%,未脱净率低于2%,夹带损失率低于0.7%,飞溅损失率与沉积率为零。该研究可为立式轴流大豆育种专用脱粒机的产品定型设计提供依据。  相似文献   

6.
4LZZ-1.0型小区稻麦联合收割机的研制及试验   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
针对中国田间育种机械化程度低、缺乏小区育种作业装备的现状,结合国内小区稻麦种植模式和农艺要求,研制出了4LZZ-1.0型小区稻麦联合收割机。对机器整体设计方案进行了描述,并对气力辅助割台装置、脱粒装置、清选装置、气力输送装置等进行了设计,确定其关键参数。该装备采用静液压轮行走装置和全喂入收获方式,可一次完成育种小区稻麦的分禾、扶禾、切割、喂入、脱粒、清选、清种、份量装袋等工序。样机田间小区收获试验表明,该样机作业性能稳定,生产率39.4小区(4.7 m×2.7 m)/h、脱净率99.97%、含杂率1.46%、破碎率0.04%、损失率1%、小区时隔50.94s、混种率0,各项性能指标均达到或超过了设计指标和相关标准。  相似文献   

7.
小区小麦育种收获机锥型脱粒滚筒性能试验   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
小区小麦育种收获机锥型脱粒滚筒体积小、功耗低,可加快脱粒滚筒轴向物料输送,提高清机效率。为了进一步研究锥型脱粒滚筒作业性能,结合自行研制的纵轴流锥型滚筒脱粒装置,通过改变锥型滚筒主要结构参数进行对比试验,得出滚筒锥角及滚筒脱粒元件是影响滚筒作业性能的主要结构参数。在选取最优参数后研制出一种集钉齿、短纹杆-板齿于一体,锥角为13°的组合齿锥型滚筒,并进行试验。试验结果表明,该滚筒作业时种子破碎率为0.52%,滚筒脱粒损失率及籽粒含杂率分别为0.43%及6.23%,装置内部种子残留率为0,功耗为2.48 kW,符合小区小麦育种收获要求。  相似文献   

8.
为了改变国内大豆联合收获机田间作业时因清选装置的参数调节缺乏相应理论指导,造成清选参数调控不及时与不精确而导致大豆机收清选损失率和含杂率均较高的现状,该研究利用多参数可调可测式清选系统进行了大豆机收清选参数优化田间试验,分析了大豆机收时清选参数(作业速度、鱼鳞筛筛片开度、风门开度、风机转速和振动筛曲柄转速)对清选指标(清选损失率和含杂率)的影响规律,求解出最佳清选参数组合,完成大豆机收最佳清选参数组合的田间验证试验。试验结果表明,清选参数对清选损失率影响大小排序为振动筛曲柄转速、风机转速、作业速度、风门开度、鱼鳞筛筛片开度,清选参数对含杂率影响大小排序为鱼鳞筛筛片开度、风门开度、风机转速、作业速度、振动筛曲柄转速。求解出清选损失率偏小和含杂率偏小且喂入量偏大时最佳清选参数组合为作业速度6 km/h、鱼鳞筛筛片开度32 mm、风门开度17°、风机转速1 310 r/min和振动筛曲柄转速410 r/min,此时清选损失率为0.25%,含杂率为0.61%,与模型优化值的相对误差分别是0.250%和0.113%,对比常用清选参数条件下大豆联合收获机田间试验的清选指标,清选损失率下降了0.05%,含杂率下降了2.09%。研究结果可为大豆联合收获机田间作业时清选参数的设定与调控以及自适应清选系统调控策略的研发提供理论依据。  相似文献   

9.
履带式丘陵山地胡麻联合收割机设计与试验   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
针对丘陵山区地块面积小、道路狭窄,大型联合收割机运输难、进地难、转场难、操作难等现状,解决胡麻茎秆易缠绕、易堵塞、难喂入等问题,该研究设计了一种履带式丘陵山地胡麻联合收割机。该机采用防缠绕低损割台、纹杆+杆齿组合式小锥度横轴流脱粒滚筒、组合式窄栅格凹板等结构,可实现胡麻茎秆的防缠绕快速喂入、分段式脱粒与分离、清选等作业。试验结果表明:胡麻籽粒含水率为5.42%时,脱净率为98.76%、含杂率3.61%、破损率0.18%、割台损失率1.07%、夹带损失率0.25%,清选损失率0.81%、飞溅损失率0.26%、总损失率2.36%。作业期间整机运行平稳,作业指标符合胡麻机械化收获标准,满足胡麻机械化收获要求,可以作为丘陵山地胡麻联合收割机使用。  相似文献   

10.
小麦联合收获机双出风口多风道清选作业试验   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0  
针对小麦联合收获机双出风口多风道清选装置由于主要作业参数调整不当而导致清选损失率、含杂率、二次含杂率高的问题,该文通过台架试验分别对双出风口多风道清选装置主要作业参数(喂入量、风门开度、风机转速、上、下导风板角度)进行单因素与多因素优化试验,探究各试验因素对清选损失率、含杂率、二次含杂率的影响规律,寻找最优参数组合。参考市场上小麦收获机拥有量较大的久保田988机型相关参数,搭建联合收获机双出风口多风道试验台。双出风口4风道时,小麦清选损失率、含杂率最低,分别为0.78%与0.48%,通过单因素试验,得出喂入量4.5~5.8 kg/s、风门开度0°~20°、风机转速1 200~1 600 r/min、上、下导风板角度0~20°。利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计理论,进行五因素三水平正交试验。结果表明:对清选损失率影响较显著的因素有风机转速、喂入量、上导风板角度;对含杂率影响较显著的因素有风机转速、上、下导风板角度;对二次含杂率影响较大的因素有上导风板角度、风机转速、喂入量,通过对目标参数优化得到最优作业参数为喂入量4.5 kg/s、风门开度10.2°、风机转速1 548 r/min、上、下导风板角度分别为20°和0°,此时清选损失率、含杂率、二次含杂率分别为0.79%、0.40%与0.82%。台架试验验证得到清选损失率、含杂率、二次含杂率分别为0.75%、0.38%与0.76%,与优化结果误差分别为5.1%、5.0%与7.3%。此研究结果可为小麦联合收获机多风道清选装置作业参数调整提供理论参考。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
【目的】以富士(Fuji)、 秦冠(Qinguan)嫁接在平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水(ZZ)、 低氮正常水(DZ)、 正常氮干旱(ZG)、 低氮干旱(DG)。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮(6 mmol/L NO-3-N)、 低氮(0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N)、 正常供水(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%)、 干旱处理(保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%)。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量(茎和叶)、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG),并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水(ZZ)>低氮正常水(DZ)>正常氮干旱(ZG)>低氮干旱(DG); 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶>根>茎,磷元素则是根>叶>茎;光合氮素利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水(DZ)处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱(DG)处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

14.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

15.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.  相似文献   

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