超声波-脉动压联用快速腌制咸鸭蛋的工艺参数优化

咸鸭蛋的腌制周期很长,一般夏季20～30 d、春秋季40～50 d。为了提高咸蛋的腌制效率,采用超声波-脉动压联用技术,选取高压幅值、高压脉动比和超声波作用时间为影响因素,通过单因素和正交试验,测定咸蛋腌制过程中蛋清含盐量和蛋黄含盐量的变化,对超声波-脉动压联用技术在咸蛋快速腌制中的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：采用质量分数为24%食盐溶液,在恒温30℃条件下腌制3 d,综合咸蛋品质和食盐传质速率得出最佳工艺参数：高压幅值为140 kPa,高压脉动比为4 min：16 min,超声波作用时机应在第1天,超声波脉动比为2 min：10 min,超声波作用时长为132 min,可以腌制出效果较好的咸蛋,蛋白食盐含量为4.61%,蛋黄食盐含量为2.12%,而含盐量差值只有2.49%。感官评定此组咸蛋具有蛋白细嫩、咸味适中;蛋黄松沙、含油、咸味可口的特点。同时生产周期比传统腌制方法缩短了90%,可为咸蛋的工业化生产提供技术参考。     

腌制温度和食盐用量对咸鸭蛋蛋黄脂质的影响

为进一步提高咸鸭蛋品质,以鸭蛋为原料,分析不同腌制条件对蛋黄中脂质存在形式、脂质氧化速率的影响。结果表明,在腌制过程中,随着腌制温度的升高、腌制时间的延长,蛋黄指数、脂质含量、蛋黄皂化值均显著增加(P0.05);腌制用盐量对蛋黄中脂质的皂化值有显著的促进作用(P0.05)。在腌制液食盐质量分数为20%~30%时,升高腌制温度对蛋黄中脂质二次氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值thiobarbituric acid,TBARS)有显著促进作用(P0.05),在腌制30 d后,TBARS无显著变化;并且在试验条件下,提高腌制用盐量能显著提高蛋黄中的TBARS(P0.05);动力学分析表明,增加食盐用量能够降低蛋黄中脂质初始氧化反应的活化能,从而促进脂质氧化。因此,通过调整腌制用盐量及腌制温度能够实现对咸鸭蛋蛋黄中脂质氧化的调控,由此得出咸鸭蛋较好的腌制条件为腌制温度25℃、腌制用盐量25 g/(100 g)、腌制时间为25 d,该研究结果可以为咸鸭蛋的腌制生产提供技术参考。     

腌制剂对脉动压腌制咸鸡蛋的影响

为丰富咸蛋品种,改善咸蛋风味,提高咸蛋的腌制速率,应用脉动压技术,以鸡蛋为原料,选取白酒、香辛料、柠檬酸为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋质量增加率、蛋清含盐率和蛋黄含盐率的变化,对腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：白酒和柠檬酸对盐分渗入有促进作用,而香辛料则阻碍了盐分的渗入,影响咸蛋综合评分的因素从高到低依次为香辛料、白酒、柠檬酸,且香辛料对咸蛋综合评分的影响显著,柠檬酸对蛋清含盐率的影响显著。在高压幅值140 kPa、脉动比2.5 min/5min饱和食盐溶液中腌制96 h,风味咸蛋腌制     

磁电辅助快速腌制咸鸭蛋的工艺

为了实现咸蛋的快速腌制,采用磁电辅助的方法对鸭蛋进行处理,考察了不同体系场强（1～3 V/cm）、电场频率（50～200 Hz）、磁场强度（0.026～0.13 T）和磁场频率（1～5 Hz）对鸭蛋盐分和出油率的影响,结果表明：在试验条件范围内,体系电压和磁场强度越高则利于样品获得更高的盐分和出油率,在体系电压3 V/cm,磁场强度0.09 T时腌制效果较佳,腌制时交变电场和旋转磁场的较适频率值分别为100和5 Hz,蛋清、蛋黄盐分最高各自为5.73%和0.79%,蛋黄出油率则可达17.84%,较常规腌制和真空腌制有显著提高（P<0.05）,具体表现为（7 d时）：相对于常规腌制和真空腌制对照样,蛋清盐分质量分别为其4.9倍和1.2倍,而蛋黄盐分质量分数则分别为其3.1倍和1.3倍,蛋黄出油率分别提高了2.3倍和0.5倍,研究结果为咸蛋的快速腌制提供了一种新的参考方法。     

咸蛋盐水腌制动力学研究

以鲜鸡蛋为原料，采用盐水腌制法，研究腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟度的影响。试验结果表明：随着腌制温度、时间的延长和盐水浓度的增加，含盐量及蛋黄指数迅速升高，蛋清的含盐量明显高于蛋黄，且含盐量由内到外呈梯度分布，蛋黄外层含盐量明显高于中心点。建立的腌制条件对蛋品含盐量及蛋黄指数的拟合方程，能较好地描述腌制温度、时间和盐水浓度对咸蛋成熟的影响。     

脉动压力腌制禽蛋的试验研究

为了缩短咸蛋加工时间,改善咸蛋品质,提出了脉动压力技术加工咸蛋。该技术是将鸡蛋置于盛有盐溶液的压力容器中,通过电磁阀的通断控制压力容器的加压与卸压,实现压力脉动。其腌制机理是利用高压状态渗透压增大,加快盐分渗入到蛋壳与蛋内;低压状态,蛋内压力小于外界压力,加速渗出蛋内气体和水分．达到缩短咸蛋加工时间的目的。一般用比方法加工,2～3d即可腌制出合格的咸蛋,加工效率提高10倍左右。试验结果显示,盐溶液浓度与压力对咸蛋含盐量影响最为显著,高低压保持时间分配对咸蛋含盐量有一定影响。     

脉动压力腌制禽蛋的试验研究

为了缩短咸蛋加工时间，改善咸蛋品质，提出了脉动压力技术加工咸蛋。该技术是将鸡蛋置于盛有盐溶液的压力容器中，通过电磁阀的通断控制压力容器的加压与卸压，实现压力脉动。其腌制机理是利用高压状态渗透压增大，加快盐分渗入到蛋壳与蛋内；低压状态，蛋内压力小于外界压力，加速渗出蛋内气体和水分，达到缩短咸蛋加工时间的目的。一般用比方法加工，2～3d即可腌制出合格的咸蛋，加工效率提高10倍左右。试验结果显示，盐溶液浓度与压力对咸蛋含盐量影响最为显著，高低压保持时间分配对咸蛋含盐量有一定影响。     

不同覆盖模式下砂壤土水盐运移特征研究

地表蒸发引起土壤水分的散失是造成盐分表聚的重要原因之一,土壤表层进行覆盖可改变地表结构,从而影响土壤水分蒸发和盐分迁移过程。为了揭示不同覆盖模式的蓄水控盐效果,通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同覆盖模式下土壤水分入渗过程和水盐迁移特征。试验设置无覆盖(CK)、覆砂(S)、覆砂+覆膜(SM)、覆秸秆+覆膜(JM)和覆秸秆+覆砂(JS)5种模式。结果表明:土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理会降低土壤湿润锋推进速率和水分入渗速率,具有一定的阻渗作用;湿润锋推进距离与时间符合幂函数F=a·t~b,累积入渗量与时间符合Kostiakov入渗公式,湿润锋推进距离与累积入渗量符合线性关系I=K·Z_f+c。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理可有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,土壤保水效果为SMJSSJMCK;随土层深度的增加,土壤含水率减小的趋势逐渐减缓。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理也可减弱土壤盐分表聚,缩小盐分在土壤中迁移的范围;覆盖处理的土壤盐分主要在0—20cm范围内迁移,CK在0—35cm范围内。综合考虑不同覆盖模式对土壤水分入渗、抑制水分蒸发和减弱盐分表聚效果,认为砂石覆盖模式是较适合西北旱区的覆盖模式。     

海鳗盐渍过程的动力学和热力学

该文通过对盐渍过程海鳗肌肉中的食盐、水分、质量和密度的变化来研究氯化钠扩散动力学和热力学，以期了解海鳗盐渍过程的基本机制。结果表明，鱼体体积变化与水分失去，水分失去与食盐获得之间具有良好的线性关系，相关系数分别为0.998和0.994。水分失去和食盐获得随着时间变化的拟合相关系数都为0.992，其平均相对误差分别为4.62%和4.87%，动力学模型能很好地与实验数据相吻合。动力学预示的鱼体体积、水分和食盐含量变化，可作为确定腌制时间的依据。热力学研究表明，盐的扩散系数是温度和初始盐渍浓度的函数,活化能的大小表示了温度对扩散过程的影响，活化能随着初始盐渍浓度增加而减小。当鱼体盐浓度较小时，温度是加速腌制的重要因素。     

絮凝黄河泥沙复配生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移及水力特征参数影响

通过室内环刀试验,研究絮凝黄河泥沙复配生物炭对盐碱土水盐运移及水力特征参数的影响。将生物炭和絮凝黄河泥沙按4∶6质量比混合成土壤改良剂,再将复配后的土壤改良剂按0,1%,2%,3%,6%,10%混合到盐碱土中。结果表明:(1)随着土壤改良剂添加量的增加,土壤孔隙度及水分含量不断增大,10%添加量下的土壤孔隙度和水分含量较未添加改良剂的处理平均增加了12%;(2)土壤饱和导水率在3%的添加量下最大,较未添加处理增大68.9%;(3)土壤改良剂添加量越大水分扩散的越慢,土壤pH越大,降低盐分的效果越不明显,试验发现3%添加量下土壤盐分降低的较为明显,17 cm以上盐分降低量达到30%~50%,但土壤pH增大不明显,仅增大4%左右,波尔兹曼参数λ增加31.5%,水分扩散速率较快。综合考虑,3%添加量处理可以较为有效地提高土壤孔隙度、土壤水分含量、饱和导水率、水分扩散率,并降低土壤表层盐分。     

基于透射图像的高压脉动腌制咸鸭蛋含盐量检测

含盐量是衡量咸鸭蛋品质的重要指标。为了利用机器视觉技术实现高压脉动腌制咸鸭蛋含盐量的无损检测。该研究采用工业相机和透射光源搭建咸鸭蛋的透射图像采集装置。采用图像整体特征和长轴截面光强度特征两种特征提取方法,利用多元线性回归、支持向量机回归两种算法,建立对蛋清、蛋黄及全蛋含盐量以及蛋黄指数的定量预测模型。结果表明,随着咸鸭蛋腌制时间的增加,其透光性显著提高。同时,透射图像蛋黄的所在视野区域会随着含盐量的增加而呈现规律性的变化。基于图像整体特征建立的蛋清、蛋黄、全蛋含盐量模型较优,在蛋黄指数预测下基于长轴截面光强度特征所建模型较优。其中,基于图像整体特征所建立的蛋黄含盐量支持向量机回归（support vector regression, SVR）模型最优,测试集相关系数（test set correlation coefficient, R_p）、测试集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction, RMSE_p)、相对分析误差（residual predictive deviation, RPD）分别达到0.8460、0.3416、1.898;基于长轴截面光强度特征建立的蛋黄指数多元线性回归（multiple linear regression, MLR）模型最优,测试集相关系数R_p、均方根误差RMSE_p、相对分析误差RPD分别为0.8318、0.0743、1.916。该研究结果为咸鸭蛋含盐量的快速检测提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Flavor and quality characteristics of salted and desalted cod (Gadus morhua) produced by different salting methods

Flavor characterization and quality of salt-cured and desalted cod (Gadus morhua) products was studied using sensory analysis and gas chromatography techniques. The products were produced in Iceland using two different processing methods (filleting and splitting) and three different salting procedures, i.e., the old single-step kench salting or a multistep procedure, and presalting (injection and brine salting or only brine salting), which was followed by kench salting. The main difference observed was between fillets and split fish, where the split fish was darker and had stronger flavor characteristics. Comparison of different salting procedures showed that the use of presalting improved the appearance of the salted products, which can be described as increased lightness and reduced yellowness of the products. In the same products, the intensity of curing flavors was milder, as described by sensory analysis and key aroma compounds. Derivatives from lipid and protein degradation contribute to the characteristic flavor of the salted products.     

Monitoring protein structural changes and hydration in bovine meat tissue due to salt substitutes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of NaCl and two salt substitutes, MgSO4 and KCl, in different concentrations (1.5, 6.0, and 9.0%) on meat proteins by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. Hydration properties and secondary structural properties of proteins were investigated by studying the amide I, amide II, and water regions (3500-3000 cm(-1)) in FTIR spectra. By applying multivariate analysis (PCA and PLSR), differences between samples according to salt concentration and salt type were found and correlated to spectral bands. The most distinctive differences related to salt type were obtained by using the water region. It was found that samples salted with MgSO4 exhibited hydration and subsequent denaturation of proteins at lower concentrations than those salted with NaCl. Samples salted with KCl brines showed less denaturation even at the 9.0% concentration. The FTIR results were further supported by water-binding capacity (WBC) measurements.     

Protein Quality of Wheat Desirable for Making Fresh White Salted Noodles and Its Influences on Processing and Texture of Noodles

Protein characteristics of wheat flours from various wheat classes, and of commercial flours for making noodles, were evaluated to determine the effects of protein content and quality on processing and textural properties of white salted noodles, as well as to identify protein quality required for making white salted noodles. SDS sedimentation volume based on constant protein weight, mixograph mixing time, and proportions of salt‐ and alcohol‐soluble protein of three commercial flours for making noodles were more similar to those of hard wheat than to soft wheat flours. SDS sedimentation volume of commercial flours for making noodles based on constant protein weight ranged from 38.5 to 40.0 mL and was higher than those of most soft wheat flours. Mixograph mixing time and proportion of salt‐soluble protein of hard and commercial flours for making noodles were >145 sec and mostly <13.8%, respectively, while those of club and soft wheat flours were < 95 sec and >15.0%. Both protein content and protein quality, as determined by SDS sedimentation volume based on constant protein weight, mixograph mixing time, proportion of salt‐soluble protein, and score of HMW‐GS compositions correlated with optimum water absorption of noodle dough and hardness of cooked white salted noodles.     

Ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 6-palmitate induced oxidation in egg yolk dispersions

The oxidation in aqueous dispersions of egg yolk powder and the influence of addition of the proposed antioxidants ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 6-palmitate indicate that both ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 6-palmitate propagated the oxidation of egg yolk powder dispersions. Ascorbic acid 6-palmitate was found to be more prooxidative than ascorbic acid. Moreover, it was found that addition of ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid 6-palmitate gave rise to an increase in the amount of free iron Fe(II) in the egg yolk dispersions. It is proposed that ascorbic acid and ascorbic acid 6-palmitate react with the phosvitin-Fe(III) complex found in egg yolk and release Fe(II), which subsequently propagates lipid oxidation. It appears that less oxidation occurs in egg yolk dispersions exposed to high concentrations of peroxy radicals with added ascorbic acid than egg yolk dispersions with added ascorbic acid without exposure to peroxy radicals.     

基于计算机视觉的鸡蛋新鲜度无损检测

对鸡蛋的新鲜度、贮藏期进行无损检测,在鸡蛋生产、流通、加工领域具有重要意义。该文进行了鸡蛋新鲜度（哈夫值）常规指标在一定温度条件下随贮藏时间变化的试验,采用高分辨率的工业化数字摄像头,以冷光源背向照明方式（照度为10 000 Lx）获取数字图像,并提取了鸡蛋的图像特征蛋黄指数和气室指数。建立了鸡蛋新鲜度与蛋黄指数、贮藏时间与鸡蛋新鲜度、贮藏时间与蛋黄指数和气室指数的关系模型。得知鸡蛋新鲜度与蛋黄指数呈线性相关性,经检验实测值与预测值平均相对误差为6%;贮藏时间与鸡蛋新鲜度以及贮藏时间与鸡蛋蛋黄指数、鸡蛋气室指数均具有二次函数关系,经检验实测值与预测值绝对误差不超过2 d。结果表明基于计算机视觉技术、采用背向照明方式采集的鸡蛋的透射图像得到鸡蛋的蛋黄和气室的图像信息,可以预测鸡蛋的新鲜度和贮藏期。     

基于海藻酸钠与鸡蛋黄静电聚集作用的低脂蛋黄酱制备

为了拓展海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄蛋白质在低脂蛋黄酱质构设计方面的应用,该研究首先探究了海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄分散液在不同酸性pH值条件下的聚集行为,并基于两者的静电聚集作用设计出油相比为30%(体积分数)且具有明显黏弹性和触变性的低脂蛋黄酱产品,同时以油相比为75%的蛋黄酱作对照。结果表明,当pH值低于5.0时,海藻酸钠携带负电荷,鸡蛋黄分散液携带正电荷,两者可发生明显的静电聚集作用,海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄复合体系的结构强度增加。当白醋添加量高于2%(体积分数)时,海藻酸钠和鸡蛋黄复合体系的pH值降低至5.0以下,可诱导复合体系发生静电聚集作用,白醋添加量越高,聚集作用越明显,低脂蛋黄酱的结构化程度也越高。然而,过量的白醋添加降低了低脂蛋黄酱的热稳定性,同时也影响了产品的风味和感官接受度。综合而言,当白醋添加量为4%时(pH值4.6),制备的低脂蛋黄酱流变学特性和对照组最为接近,且感官接受度较好。该研究结果可为构建低脂食品提供理论参考。