内蒙古霍林郭勒市人感染病例触发的畜间炭疽紧急流行病学调查

2020年8月25日,内蒙古霍林郭勒市出现一例疑似人炭疽病例。为查明当地是否存在潜在的动物感染,以确定感染来源,通辽市农牧局立即成立专家组,赴霍林郭勒市指导开展畜间炭疽紧急流行病学调查工作。专家组询问病人及其家属了解病史,同动物疫病控制机构相关人员座谈,了解家畜养殖及疫情情况;对该患者饲养的羊只及储存的动物产品和环境样品进行实验室检验,同时指导当地开展畜间紧急流调排查以及紧急免疫和消毒工作。调查发现:患者有去山林活动且被刺伤史;经排查和实验室检测,未发现畜间炭疽疫情及异常病死动物。综合调查结果,可排除患者通过接触畜间动物及其产品感染的可能,推测被环境中炭疽芽孢杆菌感染的可能性极大。调查提示,该地山林环境中存在炭疽芽孢杆菌污染,因而存在人畜感染风险,须加强防范,做到早发现、早处置,防止人畜炭疽的传播和扩散。     

北京市某区生猪养殖场生物安全状况调查

在非洲猪瘟仍无有效疫苗可用的防控形势下，生物安全措施是最经济、最有效的动物疫病防控手段。为了解北京市某区生猪养殖场生物安全状况，提出针对性改善措施，组织人员对某区34个生猪养殖场进行了生物安全状况调查，设置了40个评估项。通过问卷调查、现场走访、材料核实、数据分析、风险评估发现：与周边村庄等人口聚集区之间的距离、与周边主干道的距离、养殖场门口和围墙防疫条件、人员进场管理和消毒制度、入生产区人员隔离消毒通道、生物安全分区及管理、出猪过程的人员隔离要求等7个评估项合格率低于60%;58.8%的被调查场为生物安全高风险场，41.2%为中风险场；存在外部生物安全环境复杂、场区布局不合理、未按生物安全等级分区管控、生物安全屏障措施不到位等问题，并相应提出了针对性措施。本调查可为相关企业和管理部门开展养殖场生物安全管理提供参考。     

2014—2015年新疆家养动物小反刍兽疫病原学监测

为了解新疆地区家养动物小反刍兽疫防控情况,对2014—2015年从新疆14个地州的种畜场、商品代养殖场、散养户养殖场、交易市场及屠宰场采集的羊眼鼻分泌物等3 812份样品,利用荧光反转录聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）方法,进行了小反刍兽疫病原学检测,结果未检测出病原学阳性样品。监测结果表明,新疆各地采取的小反刍兽疫防控措施行之有效,尤其是疫苗免疫对防控小反刍兽疫起到了关键性作用。     

农业部进一步部署炭疽防控工作

当前正值汛期,我国部分地区连续出现强降雨,局部地区发生严重洪涝灾害,炭疽等人畜共患病发生风险加大。为切实做好炭疽防控工作,8月14日,农业部发出通知,进一步部署全国炭疽防控工作,要求各地畜牧兽医部门切实落实各项防控措施,确保不发生区域性重大疫情。一是切实做好老疫区免疫工作。各地特别是洪涝重灾区和炭疽老疫区要结合防控实际,对当地易感动物开展补免工作,构筑有效免疫屏障。二是切实抓好痰育监测预警。进一步强化炭疽疫情监测和流行病学调查工作,严格执行疫情监测报告和举报核查制度,及时掌握疫情动态,消除疫情隐患。一旦发现病死及死因不明动物,要立即诊断,及时处置,迅速上报。     

一起动物疫源性人皮肤炭疽疫情的紧急流行病学调查

2021年8月,阜阳市确诊一起人皮肤炭疽疫情。病患来自颍州区某屠宰点,主要从事屠宰肉牛工作。为查明疫情发生源头、传播链条和潜在扩散风险,提出阻断传播扑灭疫情的防控建议,市农业农村局会同市卫健委以及省疾控中心流调人员,开展了紧急流行病学调查。经现场调查、实验室检测及询问查证,结合国家、省疾控中心在外市调查结果,基本判断本次疫情可能源于外市某养殖场从外地购买牛,该养殖场再把带疫牛输出到阜阳市颍州区涉疫屠宰点,从而导致阜阳颍州区人感染疫病。     

贵州省一起皮肤炭疽疫情的病原学分析

为了对贵州省一起疑似皮肤炭疽疫情进行病原学检测和分析,以期为疫情的处置和防控提供科学依据,对患者皮肤渗出液、病死马肌肉及其刨剐地土壤样本进行炭疽芽孢杆菌分离培养,对疑似菌落采用革兰染色镜检、噬菌体裂解试验和青霉素抑制试验进行鉴定,进一步采用普通PCR和实时荧光定量PCR法(Real-time PCR)检测炭疽芽孢杆菌疑似菌株PagA、Cap及rpoB基因。结果共检出7株炭疽芽孢杆菌疑似菌株,其中从患者皮肤渗出液分离出1株菌,从土壤标本分离出6株菌。传统方法将7株疑似菌株鉴定为炭疽芽孢杆菌,普通PCR和Real-time PCR检测结果均显示7株菌株rpoB、PagA和Cap基因阳性。说明从患者皮肤渗出液和土壤标本均检出具有致病基因的炭疽芽孢杆菌,提示该起疫情为一起由炭疽芽孢杆菌所致的皮肤炭疽疫情。     

行业动态

农业部进一步部署灾后炭疽防控工作切实做好炭疽防控确保不发生区域性重大疫情当前正值汛期,我国部分地区连续出现强降雨,局部地区发生严重洪涝灾害,炭疽等人畜共患病发生风险加大。为切实做好炭疽防控工作,8月14日,农业部发出通知,进一步部署全国炭疽防控工作,要求各地畜牧兽医部门切实落实各项防控措施,确保不发生区域性重大疫情。一是切实做好老疫区免疫工作。各地特别是洪涝重灾区和炭疽老疫区要结合防控实际,对当地易感动物开展补免工作,构筑有效免疫屏障。     

新冠疫情期间畜禽养殖场消毒防疫工作开展思路探析

控制和管理动物疫病是防治动物疫病、提高畜牧业效益的关键。本文通过对《畜禽养殖场疫病防控措施》的研究,并在调查问题的基础上,分析了疫病防控存在的问题。为降低动物疫病感染率,提高畜牧业经济效益从改善畜牧业经营条件、提高动物抗病能力等方面,提出了畜禽养殖场动物疫病防治要点。结合养殖场实际情况,对养殖场新冠疫情新形势下消毒剂的选择、消毒方法及防控措施进行了阐述,以下对养殖场冠疫工作提供参考。     

安徽省一起牛结节性皮肤病的暴发调查

2020年6月28日,安徽省在排查中发现,黄山市休宁县一养牛户饲养的黄牛发生疑似牛结节性皮肤病。安徽省相关部门随即组成专项工作组赴现场开展了暴发调查,并采集牛全血、皮肤结节、鼻/口腔拭子样品进行了PCR检测。综合流行病学特征以及病理剖检、实验室检测结果,并经国家外来动物疫病研究中心复检,证实该暴发是由牛结节性皮肤病病毒感染引起的牛结节性皮肤病。调查推测,本暴发很可能是由虫媒或进出人员、交通工具等带入病毒引起的。建议加强对节肢动物的控制和扑灭,对养殖场、周围河流、农田等区域采取灭蚊、灭蝇措施;加强养殖场的生物安全管理,严格人员及车辆的进出场控制与消毒;全面开展牛结节性皮肤病防治技术的宣传和培训,让养殖户深入了解牛结节性皮肤病,从而更好地开展疫病防控工作。本调查为牛结节性皮肤病的预防与控制提供了参考。     

广昌县鸡群禽流感H7亚型血清抗体初步调查报告

为掌握广昌县范围内家禽养殖场(户)禽流感疫情情况,为科学防控动物H7N9流感提供依,保障公共卫生安全和人民群众身体健康,进行全县来源鸡血清的H7亚型的抗体监测,以调查全县鸡群是否存在感染。结果显示,广昌县各家禽养殖场(户),未发现动物H7N9流感病毒。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -