鸡肝脏和配合饲料对稚鳖生长的影响

采用人工配合饲料和鸡肝脏,饲喂体重２．８４￣５．２２ｇ的稚鳖３０ｄ。鸡肝脏饲养的稚鳖增重和增宽均及显著地高于高售饲料;鸡肝脏的饲料系数仅为市售饲料的５４．５％。鸡肝脏饲喂后鳖的能值、蛋白质含量都有所提高,脂肪含量变化不大,而灰分和钙、镁含量下降;市售饲料饲养后,能值、灰分和钙、镁含量都有提高,蛋白质和肥肪含量下降。     

AP301蛋白饲料在稚幼鳖饲养中的应用效果

为验证ＡＰ３０１蛋白饲料对稚幼鳖的促生长效果，进行了两组实验，稚鳖经６５ｄ饲养，试验组较对照组增重率提高３７．４％，饲料利用率提高３９％；幼鳖经７７ｄ饲养，试验组较对照组增重率提高１９．５５％，饲料利用率提高１７．２％。实验结果显示ＡＰ３０１可以替代白鱼粉，其添加量可占到饲料总量的１０％。     

稚鳖饲料适宜蛋白含量的研究

用蛋白质梯度法,以白鱼粉为蛋白源,对稚鳖蛋白质需求进行测定。试验期间水温28 3℃,420只稚鳖平均体重(11 23±0 93)g,分成7个组,每组3个重复,饲养60d。结果表明,蛋白质质量分数50 91%、54 81%生长较好,稚鳖饲料粗蛋白适宜质量分数应为49 52%。     

酶解植物蛋白粉部分替代中华鳖饲料中白鱼粉的试验研究

选择在室外土池饲养的中华鳖作为试验对象,进行以酶解植物蛋白粉部分替代中华鳖人工配合饲料中白鱼粉的试验。试验分为两组,每组设4个平行试验土池,试验期250d。结果显示：以25％的酶解植物蛋白粉替代22％的白鱼粉和3％的豆粕,中华鳖的日均增重率、饲料系数、特定生长率（SGR）和成活率与对照组均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,可降低生产成本。说明应用酶解植物蛋白粉部分替代白鱼粉和豆粕在技术上和经济上可行。对中华鳖来说,酶解植物蛋白粉是一种比较优良的饲料蛋白源。     

饲料中适宜的动植物蛋白比与河蟹蟹种生长及性早熟的相关

配制总蛋白量为３５％,以进口鱼粉作动物蛋白源,豆粕为植物蛋白源,添加少量菜粕,棉仁粕及必需的复合维生素,无机混合盐组成不同动,植物蛋白比的饲料,采用体重１．４３－１．４８ｇ的仔蟹,饲养１１９ｄ。结果表明,配合饲料中动物蛋白占饲料中总蛋白的３０％,动,植物蛋白比为１;２．３,幼蟹的生长处于最优水平,组间差异显著,且性早熟比例明显低于动物蛋白含量高的饲料。因而认为河蟹蟹种阶段不宜投喂动物蛋白含量过高的     

地热水养鳖试验

利用地热水控制饲养１４３８只稚鳖，放养时平均体重４ｇ，经２１９天饲养，平均体重达到２１２．８ｇ，存活率达９２％，取得较好的效果，又经７５天在露天水泥池培育，个体重达到３５０￣７２５ｇ，存活率达９８％，平均亩产２３５１．２ｋｇ，经济效益明显，经１年养殖收回全部投资（包括基建设备）盈利１２．８万元，为生产单位推广快速人工养鳖提供可行的技术路线。     

大口黑鲈对四种蛋白质饲料原料的表观消化率研究

为大口黑鲈的营养研究和配合饲料研制提供理论依据,试验以Cr2O3为消化指示物,测定了大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）对进口白鱼粉、国产鱼粉、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率。试验饲料由基础饲料和试验原料以70：30的质量比混合挤压成软颗粒饲料。试验结果表明,大口黑鲈对动物性蛋白白鱼粉和红鱼粉的干物质表观消化率分别为78．56％和9．12％,高于植物性蛋白普通豆粕的68．28％和发酵豆粕的72．19％,而发酵豆粕的干物质表观消化率比普通豆粕要高一些。大口黑鲈对4种饲料原料的蛋白质表观消化率在80．21％～85．55％,对4种饲料原料的脂肪表观消化率为81．18％～91．06％。大口黑鲈可以很好地利用4种饲料原料中的蛋白质和脂肪。     

温室养鳖的几点体会

温室养鳖，将稚鳖一年养成500g左右的商品鳖，大大缩短了养殖生产周期和提高了饲料利用率及稚鳖越冬成活率。但此法要求温室设计合理、饲养管理得当，否则将事倍功半，甚至养殖失败。笔者在广东及省内一些养殖单位曾参与过温室设计及饲养管理工作，除赞同水产同行对温室养鳖的经验之谈外，也谈谈自己的一些体会和看法。1加温方式要因地制宜加温养鳖的一个最大特点是：将水温始终控制在鳖援食和生长的最佳范围内（28－30℃）。采用何种加温方式，直接关系到加温养鳖的资金投入和经济效益。在广东等地区年平均气温较高，加温季节较短，温室结…     

抗生素药饵对中华鳖稚鳖摄食和生长的影响

将红霉素（ＥＭ）、氯霉素（ＣＰ）和土霉素（ＯＴＣ）分别按５０、１５０和３００μｇ／ｇ用量添加在配合饲料中投喂中华鳖稚鳖,结果表明,饲喂拌有ＥＭ、ＣＰ和ＯＴＣ的药饲对供试中华鳖稚鳖的摄食量和增生率没有显著影响,而相同抗生素不同添加剂量对中华鳖稚鳖的增生率有显著影响。     

鳖的养殖

鳖的养殖张幼敏李茵明（湖北省水产研究所，武汉４３００７１）第三讲稚、幼鳖养殖稚、幼鳖在生态习性、对饲养和管理条件的要求上都十分相近，所以这里对之进行综合叙述，以免重复。一、稚鳖的选择标准１．刚孵出的稚鳖，其体重应在３ｇ以上才算基本合格。体重过小，伺后...     

Replacement of Soybean Meal by Lupin Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Penaeus monodon

The potential of lupin meal as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in isonitrogenous practical diets for the juvenile black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was evaluated through the studies of growth, digestibility and pellet water stability. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 40% protein. Protein from dehulled Lupinus albus seed meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the protein from defatted soybean in the diets. Juvenile P. monodon (4.35 × 0.31 g) were assigned randomly and fed each test diet at a daily feeding rate of 5 % body weight for 42 d in triplicate tanks equipped with a flow-through sea water system. No statistically significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein conversion efficiency and apparent protein utilization of shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, and 50% replacement. Shrimp fed the diet with total replacement of soybean meal by lupin meal had the poorest performance (P < 0.05) with regard to the above parameters. Survival was similar (87%) for all dietary treatments. The apparent dry matter digestibility and apparent protein digestibility were similar for all diets ranging between 70.5 and 72.8% and 89.7 and 90.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in whole body composition (dry matter, lipid, protein and ash) of shrimp on the various diets. The poorest pellet water stability was displayed by the diet with 100% replacement while the diet containing a combination of soybean meal and lupin meal (50% replacement) was the most stable. The results have demonstrated that dehulled lupin seed L. albus meal has good potential as a substitute protein source for up to 50% of the protein from defatted soybean meal and could be included up to 17% inclusion level in juvenile P. monodon practical diets with no adverse effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, survival, feed utilization, body composition, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein.     

Evaluation of growth, feed utilization, and economics of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus, fed diets containing different protein sources in combination with distillers dried grains with solubles

A feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureus) to evaluate the use of different protein sources in combination with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Twelve 110‐L glass aquaria were stocked with 28 juvenile (2.7±0.5‐g) hybrid tilapia per aquarium. Three replicate aquaria were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. Diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The control diet contained 12% fish meal and 41% soybean meal as the primary protein sources (Diet 1). Each experimental diet contained 30% DDGS by weight, in combination with 8% fish meal and 34% soybean meal (Diet 2), 26% meat and bone meal (MBM), and 16% soybean meal (Diet 3), or 46% soybean meal alone (Diet 4). Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 10 weeks. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in average weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among tilapia fed Diets 1, 2, and 3. Fish fed Diet 4 had significantly lower (P<0.05) average weight gain, SGR, and PER than fish fed Diets 1 and 3. Relative cost per unit weight gain for Diets 1, 2, and 3 were statistically similar (P>0.05), while cost per unit weight gain for Diet 4 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other diets. Diet 3 represented approximately a 20% cost savings compared with the control diet, with no reduction in growth. This study indicates that diets without fish meal containing 30% DDGS in combination with MBM and soybean meal provide good growth in tilapia. A diet without animal protein did not support acceptable growth.     

Partial replacement of fish meal by several plant proteins with or without iron and lysine supplement in diets for juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of fermented soybean meal (FSBM), corn gluten meal (CGM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) with or without lysine (L) and iron (Fe) to replace fish meal (FM) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese sucker. In experiment I, four experimental diets (430 g kg^?1 crude protein on dry matter basis) were formulated. Diet containing FM as the main protein source was used as a control (Diet 1). Diets 2–4 had 300 g kg^?1 FM protein replaced with FSBM, CGM or CSM protein without iron or lysine supplement. Fish (average weight, 1.82 ± 0.01 g) were hand‐fed twice daily for 8 weeks. In experiment II, juvenile Chinese sucker (average weight, 3.40 ± 0.08 g) were fed one of five experimental diets twice daily for 8 weeks. Diet 1 in experiment I was used as a control and Diet 4 in experiment I, with ferrous sulphate, with lysine or with both ferrous sulphate and lysine were used as the experimental diets (designated as FM, CSM, CSM+Fe, CSM+L and CSM+Fe&L, respectively). Results from the two feeding trials indicated that about 300 g kg^?1 of FM protein can be replaced by FSBM, CGM or CSM with lysine supplement in Chinese sucker diets without adversely affecting growth. CSM with iron could not improve the growth performance. CSM without lysine supplement significantly affected the growth performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activities.     

Effects of fish meal replacement with animal protein blend on growth performance,nutrient digestibility and body composition of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of partial replacement of fish meal with rendered animal protein blend (APB) [meat and bone meal (MBM): expanding blood meal (EBM) = 4 : 1] in the diet of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets replacing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% fish meal protein by APB were formulated. Weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency and the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and gross energy in the experimental diets all exhibited no significant difference (P > 0.05) when dietary fish meal was replaced for 0–40%, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with further increasing substitution levels. However, relative feed intake, ADC of lipid as well as the contents of whole‐body moisture, protein, lipid and ash all showed little differences (P > 0.05) among all the treatments. Nitrogen retention and the ADCs of protein and most amino acids all decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when fish meal was substituted by more than 30%. The results indicated that fish meal in the practical diet of juvenile Chinese soft‐shelled turtle could be replaced by 30–40% using a combination of MBM and EBM without negative effects on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and body composition.     

Methionine Requirement in Practical Diets of Juvenile Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Two feeding experiments were conducted to confirm methionine requirement in practical diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Test diets used in both experiments contained 414 kcal gross energy, 28 g protein, and 5 g lipid per 100 g diet. In the first experiment, seven diets were made using cottonseed meal (CSM), dehulled solvent‐extracted soybean meal (DSESM), and gelatin as intact protein sources. Methionine was added to five of these diets at 0.03 or 0.06% increments to produce methionine levels ranging from 0.33 to 0.57% of the diet. Each diet was fed to four replicate groups of male juvenile Nile tilapia (5.62 ± 0.13 g) in a recirculation system for 8 wk. Broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain indicated that methionine requirement of juvenile Nile tilapia was 0.49% of the diet or 1.75% of dietary protein at cystine level of 0.45% of the diet. The second experiment was designed based on methionine requirement determined in the first experiment and also contained seven test diets. The first six diets contained CSM and DSESM as protein sources. Methionine was added to five of these diets at an increasing rate of 0.06% to produce methionine levels ranging from 0.49 to 0.79% of the diet. In the last diet (Diet 7), a portion of DSESM was replaced by gelatin to reduce methionine level to 0.33% of the diet in order to test whether methionine is limited. Each diet was also fed to four replicate groups of male juvenile Nile tilapia (2.32 ± 0.06 g) in a recirculation system for 9 wk. At the termination of the second experiment, there were no significant differences in terms of weight gain, survival, and feed efficiency ratio (FER) among the fish fed the first six diets. However, weight gain and FER of the fish fed these diets were significantly better than those fed Diet 7, confirming the methionine requirement value as has been determined in the first experiment.     

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus supplementation in fish meal-based diets on the growth of soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing dietary calcium in fish meal‐based diets on the growth of cultured soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of 4.1 g mean body weight were fed nine diets containing two levels of phosphorus (2.7% or 3.0%) and analysed calcium levels ranging from 4.7% to 6.6% for 10 weeks. The growth of the turtles was enhanced when inorganic calcium was added to the diets. The weight gain of the turtles fed the control diet containing calcium solely from fish meal was the lowest among the test groups, and was significantly lower than those fed the diet containing 5.7% calcium at the 3.0% phosphorus level (P<0.05). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were not affected by different dietary treatments. Whole‐body moisture and crude protein contents of turtles were not affected by different dietary treatments. The body ash of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets tended to be higher than turtles fed 2.7% phosphorus diets. The body calcium to phosphorus ratio of turtles fed 3.0% phosphorus diets was greater than that of turtles fed diets containing 2.7% phosphorus. Supplementation of Ca in a fish meal‐based practical diet is required for the optimum growth of soft‐shelled turtles.     

Effect on Growth, Survival, and Fatty Acid Composition of Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus Fed Practical Diets With and Without Supplemental Lecithin and/or Cholesterol

Red claw crayfish Cherux quadricarinatus is one of more than a hundred species of Australian freshwater crayfish. However, because of its rapid growth rate, communal and non‐burrowing behavior, ease of spawning, wide temperature and dissolved oxygen tolerance, and no free‐swimming larval stages, red claw may be the best candidate among the Australian crayfishes for semi‐intensive or intensive aquaculture in the United States. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of newly‐hatched red claw when fed four practical diets with or without lecithin and cholesterol. However, little is known of its nutritional requirements or practical diet formulations. An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system with newly‐hatched juvenile (mean individual weight, 0.2 g) red claw, each stocked in separate plastic mesh culture units containing their own individual water line. Water was recirculated through biological and mechanical filters. Practical diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isocaloric (4 kcal available enerpy/g of diet) and contained menhaden fish meal (25%), soybean meal (35%, except in Diet 4), and shrimp meal (10%, except in Diet 4) as protein sources. Diet 1 had 0.5% lecithin added and 1.0% cholesterol added: Diet 2 contained 0% lecithin and 1.0% cholesterol; Diet 3 contained 0.5% lecithin and 0% cholesterol: and Diet 4 contained 0% lecithin and 0% cholesterol. After 8 wk, juvenile red claw fed diets with 0% supplemental lecithin (Diets 2 and 4) had no significant difference (P >0.05) in final weight and percentage weight gain (5.6 g and 2626%. respectively) compared to red claw fed the control diet (Diet 1) containing 0.5% lecithin. Red claw fed a diet without added cholesterol (Diet 3) had significantly (P 0.05) lower final weight (3.6 g) and percentage weight gain (1,717%) compared to red claw fed the control diet (Diet 1). However, red claw fed Diet 4 (containing 0% added cholesterol and 0% added lecithin) showed no significant (P >0.05) difference in final weight (5.1 g) and percentage weight gain (2254%) compared to red claw fed all other diets. There was no significant difference (P >0.05) among all diets for specific growth rate (SGR) which averaged 5.38%/d. Percentage survival was not significantly different among all treatments and was 76% for red claw fed Diet 1, 64% (Diet 2), 56% (Diet 3), and 80% (Diet 4). These results indicate that red claw fed Diet 4 containing 25% menhaden fish meal, 44.5% soybean meal, 0.5% choline chloride, 2% cod liver oil and 1% corn oil may satisfy the lecithin and cholesterol requirements and that the addition of dietary lecithin and cholesterol may not be necessary for good growth and survival of small (0.2 g) juvenile red claw. This may allow for less expensive diet formulations for use by producers of red claw crayfish.     

Quality evaluation of different types of non-fish meal diets for yellowtail

SUMMARY: Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the feed quality of non-fish meal diets having the same protein ingredient composition but prepared as different types, and to determine the supplemental effect of crystalline essential amino acids (EAA) on feed utilization by young yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata . Non-fish meal diets formulated with soy protein concentrate, defatted soybean meal, corn gluten meal, meat meal, and krill meal were prepared as either soft dry pellets (SDP) or extruded pellets (EP) by using a large- or a small-sized twin screw extruder under different preparation conditions; or as a single moist pellet (SMP), each with and without EAA mixtures. Commercial yellowtail SDP was used as the control diet. Fish weighing 134 g and 237 g on average were reared with the experimental diets, for 93 (net cages) and 44 (aquariums) days, respectively. The fish fed both the control and test diets were found to have a good appetite. Growth rate and feed gain ratio were highest in the control diet group. The physiological condition of fish fed the control diet was evaluated as superior compared to those on the non-fish meal diets. Among the non-fish meal diet groups, the best performances were obtained for fish fed the SDP type diet with EAA supplement, and performance parameters excelled in the order of SDP, EP and SMP both among the diets with and without supplemental EAA. This suggests that the nutritional quality of non-fish meal diet was affected by the diet preparation method. It also indicates that supplementation of EAA could improve the quality of non-fish meal diets, irrespective of the diet type, probably as a result from the enhancement of feed protein utilization.     

Partial and total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and brewer's grains with yeast in practical diets for Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Three feeding studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of total replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and brewer's grains with yeast (BGY) in diets for two separate strains of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish. In Experiment 1, three practical diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isocaloric (4.0 kcal available energy/g diet) and contained either 25%, 10%, or 0% fish meal. Variable percentages of SBM (35%, 46.8%, and 79.8%, respectively) and BGY-35 (0%, 30%, and 5%, respectively) replaced the fish meal. In Experiments 2 and 3, four practical diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isocaloric (4 kcal available energy/g diet) containing 24% or 0% fish meal. Diet 1 contained 24% fish meal, 23% SBM, and 0% BGY-35. A variable percentage of SBM (56.75%, 47.75%, and 40.75%, respectively) and BGY-35 (10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively) replaced the fish meal in the remaining three diets.

In Experiment 1, after 8 weeks, juvenile red claw fed all three diets had no significant difference (P>0.05) in final weight, percentage weight gain, or survival, which averaged 7.90 g, 3848%, and 83%, respectively. In Experiment 2, after 8 weeks, juveniles fed all four diets had no significant difference in final weight, percentage weight gain, or specific growth rate which averaged 11.46 g, 977%, and 3.08%/day, respectively. Percentage survival was not significantly different among treatments and averaged 79%. In Experiment 3, after 8 weeks, juvenile red claw fed all four diets had no significant difference in final weight, percentage weight gain, or specific growth rate which averaged 16.22 g, 457%, and 2.34%/day, respectively. Percentage survival was not significantly different among treatments and averaged 98%.

These results indicate that fish meal and shrimp meal can be totally replaced with soybean meal and BGY in diets for juvenile red claw crayfish. This may allow for less expensive diets by red claw producers, which may increase profitability.     

Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal in Diets for Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus and Potential for Palatability Enhancement

Two 8-wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red drum to determine the maximum levels of soybean meal that may replace fish meal in diets containing 38% crude protein, without reducing weight gain. In the first experiment, fish fed diets containing up to 90% of the protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of protein from fish meal, but fish fed the diet with 100% of its protein from soybean meal gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. Supplementation of glycine and fish solubles individually at 2% (as-fed basis) in diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal tended to increase weight gain of fish compared to those fed a similar diet without supplementation. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment, as fish fed diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of its protein from fish meal. Fish fed diets with 95% and 100% of their protein from soybean meal gained significantly less weight than those fed the diet with all of its protein from fish meal. Supplementation of glycine at 2% in the diet containing 95% of its protein from soybean meal significantly improved weight gain of fish relative to those fed a similar unsupplemented diet. Supplementation of fish solubles at 5% of diet on a dry-matter basis provided a nonsignificant increase in weight gain compared to that of fish fed a similar unsupplemented diet. In both experiments there was greater observed consumption of the soybean-meal-based diets than diets with all of their protein from fish meal. A minimum of 10% of protein from fish meal appears necessary in practical diets containing most of their protein from soybean meal to prevent impaired growth and feed efficiency of red drum.