水产品软罐头

介绍了水产品软罐头的原料、包装要求及生产方法。例举了贝类软罐头食品——原汁蛤肉软罐头的生产工艺。着重评述水产品软罐头的灌装、封口、杀菌及冷却等关键工序的生产条件，以及水产品软罐头的质量保证     

水产养殖溶氧浓度软测量模型研究进展

溶氧浓度软测量模型是用于预测水产养殖水质中溶氧变化情况的重要手段,对于控制鱼类生长存活至关重要。阐述了建立溶氧浓度软测量模型的目的和意义,综述了溶氧浓度软测量模型的研究现状。溶氧浓度软测量模型分为神经网络和优化算法组合、支持向量机和优化算法组合,总结和分析了这两类建模方法存在的问题,提出了采用混合软测量方法建立溶氧浓度模型的改进方案;最后对溶氧浓度软测量模型未来研究方向进行了简要展望,指出融合多种信号并结合专家知识、机器学习等智能方法,基于机理和数据驱动的混合软测量是建立溶氧浓度模型的发展方向。     

水产品软罐头工艺技术

(二) 软罐头食品的真空度、封口时间、封口温度的选择1.软罐头食品真空度的选择对于软罐头食品而言,当然是真空度越高越好,并且真空度的高低与软罐头食品的贮存期有很大关系。因软罐头包装具有自由变形的特点,随着真空度的增加,包装物的形变越来越严重,以至引起内容物的变形,影响了产     

软颗粒饲料与干颗粒饲料饲养牙鲆试验报告

软颗粒饲料由于其软湿特性,比较适合肉食性鱼类的摄食习性,适口性好。但是软颗粒饲料加工、运输、贮存较不方便,而干颗粒饲料贮存、运输方便,但适口性比较差。本试验比较了投喂软颗粒饲料和干颗粒饲料对牙鲆摄食率、生长的影响。     

软相底质池塘刺参优质健康苗种培育技术

池塘刺参养殖对底质的要求比较严格,研究表明,在硬泥沙或硬沙泥底质的池塘中养殖刺参的效果较好。而在实际生产中典型海区环境条件下存在大量软相底质的养殖池塘,尤其是在河口型海域中软相底质池塘更多。如何开发软相底质池塘养殖刺参的生产潜力,是提高养殖产量的关键。本文提供了一种软相底质池塘刺参优质健康苗种培育方法,旨在为典型软相底质池塘刺参养殖提供技术参考。1参苗筛选     

虹鳟鱼软颗粒全价配合饲料配方设计

湖南省资兴市从2000年3月起开始利用东江水库底排水养殖虹鳟鱼,7年来进行了大量虹鳟鱼软颗粒饲料配方设计的研究,取得了较大进展。试验证明,年产量在10t以内的中小渔场中,软颗粒饲料是极佳的饲料解决方案。     

东海银鲳幼鱼对不同软颗粒饲料的摄食速率

为了解室内水泥池养殖银鲳幼鱼的摄食偏好,比较了银鲳幼鱼对4种不同软颗粒饲料的摄食速率。采用2×2试验设计,在水温为28~30℃,盐度为20~22的条件下,分别于早、晚两个时间点给东海银鲳幼鱼投喂海水鱼配合饲料粉末(F)、海水鱼配合饲料粉末+马鲛鱼肉糜(FR)、"鱼宝"饲料(Y)、"鱼宝"饲料+马鲛鱼肉糜(YR)等4种软颗粒饲料,之后测定其摄食速率,同时测定饲料的溶失速率。试验结果:软颗粒饲料中的配合饲料成分可显著影响银鲳幼鱼的摄食速率(P<0.05),而添加马鲛鱼肉糜对银鲳幼鱼的摄食速率无显著影响(P>0.05),软颗粒饲料中的配合饲料成分与添加马鲛鱼肉糜的交互作用对银鲳幼鱼的摄食速率无显著影响(P>0.05);无论摄食何种软颗粒饲料,银鲳幼鱼早、晚的摄食速率差异不显著(P>0.05);不同软颗粒饲料在水中的溶失速率差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明:用"鱼宝"饲料和海水鱼配合饲料粉末分别配制软颗粒饲料,银鲳幼鱼摄食速率无显著性差异,添加马鲛鱼肉糜后可改善银鲳的摄食,但不会显著加快其摄食速率;各种软颗粒饲料在水中稳定性的排序为Y>YR>FR>F。综合分析,用"鱼宝"饲料配制的软颗粒饲料效果优于用海水鱼配合饲料粉末配制的软颗粒饲料。     

HACCP系统在水产品软罐头生产中的应用

以带鱼软罐头生产为例，分析了水产品加工的原料，环境条件，杀菌工艺条件等各方面对产品可能带来的危害，指出了水产品软罐头生产过程的关键控制点，并提出了带鱼软罐头生产中实施HACCP计划时原料及各加工工序的危害因素，卫生操作规范，监控测定方法及修正措施。     

不同饲料形态对牙鲆摄食的影响

比较了软颗粒饲料、沉性干颗粒饲料、膨化颗粒饲料等三种不同的饲料形态对牙鲆摄食反应、摄食率的影响,结果表明,牙鲆对软颗粒饲料适口性较好,摄食率明显高于其它两种颗粒饲料.膨化颗粒饲料的摄食率最低.     

大黄鱼膨化颗粒与软颗粒饲料浸泡时间对溶胀率、溶失率及COD的影响

本研究分别测定了7种粒径的大黄鱼膨化颗粒饲料和5种粒径的大黄鱼软颗粒饲料入水后的溶胀率、溶失率和化学需氧量(COD),比较分析了这两种大黄鱼饲料的水中稳定性及对水质的影响。结果表明,浸泡1 h后膨化颗粒饲料溶胀率显著高于软颗粒饲料(P0.01),溶失率显著低于软颗粒饲料(P0.01);浸泡6 h时软颗粒饲料的COD值显著高于膨化颗粒饲料(P0.01);这两类饲料的溶胀率、溶失率和COD值与浸泡时间、粒径大小均呈显著正相关。     

水产软罐头食品的高温杀菌F值计算

<正> 各类水产软罐头食品均含有蛋白质、脂肪、糖类等营养成份,在加工工艺过程中极易污染微生物。因而,在包装密封之后,也要进行严格杀菌,以保证一定时间内的食用安全。     

鱼皮明胶在食品加工业中的应用

明胶是由胶原蛋白部分降解得到的天然多肽聚合物,具有良好的乳化性、成膜性、发泡性和凝胶性以及生物相容性和生物可降解性,在食品加工业中有着广泛应用。哺乳动物明胶占明胶市场的主要份额,但由于存在宗教因素和健康方面的担忧,哺乳动物明胶在食品加工业中的应用受到限制和质疑。鱼皮明胶与哺乳动物明胶具有相似的功能性质,且由于鱼皮明胶来源独特,并能满足伊斯兰教等具有特殊文化和需求人群的要求,已逐渐成为食品加工业中的重点研究对象。为了综合介绍鱼皮明胶在食品中的应用,本文综述了鱼皮明胶作为乳化剂、发泡剂、澄清剂、增稠剂和胶凝剂以及可食用包装、可食用涂层、乳液、微胶囊、纳米纤维和水凝胶制备材料在食品加工业中的研究进展。鱼皮明胶的功能特性使其在食品加工业中可作为食品添加剂、食品包装材料和活性物包裹材料并显示出优于哺乳动物明胶的生物安全性和加工特性。由此可见,鱼皮明胶在食品加工业中具有良好的应用前景,并有望成为哺乳动物明胶的良好替代品。本综述可为今后进一步提高鱼皮明胶的功能性质和扩大鱼皮明胶在食品中的应用提供一定指导。     

Perceptual constraints on stream fish habitat selection: effects of food availability and water velocity

Abstract– Habitat selection theory assumes that individuals either know the quality of habitats a priori or can learn it through experience. This work tests the effects of total food supply and of water velocity on the ability of drift-feeding stream fish ( Rhinicthys atratulus ) to discriminate between two patches in a laboratory flow-tank that differ only in the amount of food in the patch. If the fish can discriminate between the patches, their distributions should be predicted by ideal free distribution models; otherwise, their distributions should be random. The results show that at high total food supply levels, fish distributions differ from random in general agreement with ideal free distribution models; total food supply decreases, fish distributions become random, indicating that total food supply levels affect the ability of fish to discriminate between habitats that differ only in food supply. Increased water velocity was expected to affect fish distributions similarly, but its effect was not significant. The results suggest that habitat selection theory should consider both differences between habitats and the ability of fish to perceive those differences.     

Recent advances in the high-density rotifer culture in Japan

The success of rapidly growing aquaculture industry depends on the steady supply of fish seeds. Appropriate food for initial larval stages is critical for mass scale fish seed production. Live food found better over artificial food for fish larvae culture. Rotifers have been found to be the best live food for feeding fish larvae in early life stage. Attempts have been made to develop viable techniques for the production of rotifer through batch, continuous, and semi-continuous culture methods. In order to feed increased number of fish larvae, rotifer need to be cultured under high-density method. Various efforts have been made for increasing culture density of rotifer. In Japan, stable high-density culture of rotifer has been developed in commercial scale at a rate of 20,000–30,000 ind. ml^?1. Later on, ultra-high-density rotifer culture (160,000 ind. ml^?1) was found successful, which can fulfill the increased demand for rotifer as fish larval food. Furthermore, a scope of alternative use of rotifer can be explored. The development of the high-density rotifer culture method in Japan has been reviewed. The considerations of the associated nutritional requirements, microbial aspects, and prospects of high-density culture have been discussed.     

Improvement of copepod nutritional quality as live food for aquaculture: a review

In hatchery, an adequate supply of live food for first‐feeding fish larvae is essential and nutritional quality of live food organisms can be improved through nutrient enrichment. The use of live food organisms, especially at first feeding, is a requisite for most marine fish larvae. In ocean, marine fish larvae primarily feed on copepods, but the production protocols of copepods as live food is underdeveloped in hatchery. As the food ingestion and the digestive system of copepods are different from other live food organisms (e.g. rotifers), the nutrition enrichment procedures with emulsion oil used in rotifers is not effective on copepods. This review focuses on alteration of nutrient composition of copepods through manipulation of copepod food before they are fed to fish larvae. Specifically, we discuss the relationship between the changes of fatty acid compositions in dietary algae and in copepods. The review links nutrient supply to copepods and the change of nutrition in copepods and suggests ways to improve copepod nutrition in hatcheries.     

庆丰霉素防治草、青鱼粘细菌烂鳃病的试验

本文介绍了用庆丰霉素防治草、青鱼粘细菌烂鳃病的试验结果。试验表明，防治草、青鱼烂鳃病，以采用投喂口服为宜。治疗药量为每100斤成鱼每天投喂庆丰霉素(固体)半斤(含250万单位)，连投三天，有效率达96％；每100斤夏花鱼种，每天投喂1斤(含500万单位)，连投4天，有效率为72．7％。预防的投药方式和治疗剂量相同，唯应在该病流行季节之前投喂，夏花鱼种以连投7天为宜。试验表明，成鱼投药组死亡率为1．7％，对照组死亡率达27％；夏花鱼种投药组死亡率为15．7％，对照组死亡率为40．3％。     

Influence of nutrition on the lipid quality of pond fish: common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca)

Like marine fish freshwater fish are an important source of essential fatty acids for human nutrition. However, the fatty acid composition of pond fish can vary considerably and strongly depends on that of the ingested food. Investigations on the fatty acid composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca) have shown that different methods of rearing and feeding cause substantial variations in the proportions of the n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of these fish species. Carp reared on the basis of natural food in ponds exhibit high contents of n-6 as well as n-3 fatty acids in their muscle triacylglycerols. On the other hand carp fed supplementary wheat in ponds resulted in somewhat lower levels of these essential fatty acids. High amounts of n-3 fatty acids can be found in carp fed high-energy diets containing high levels of fish oil. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with tench reared under different nutritional conditions. While rearing on the basis of only natural food in ponds as well as feeding supplementary wheat yielded in similar levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher contents of n-3 fatty acids were recorded in tench fed pellets. High levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in foodstuffs have positive effects on human health. Experiments with different cultured fish species proved that the fatty acid composition of the edible parts can be influenced by the diet. Therefore, a finishing diet with a suitable fatty acid profile can be used to improve the nutritional quality of fish products of farmed origin.     

Effects of food deprivation on white muscle energy reserves in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): the relationships with body size and temperature

The relationship between body size and the depletion of white muscle metabolites (e.g., PCr, ATP, glucose and glycogen) was examined in two sizes (30 or 700 g) of rainbow trout deprived of food for one, four or seven days at either 5 or 15 °C. Following 7 days of food deprivation at 15 °C, the levels of muscle glycogen decreased by approximately 50% in small fish relative to control values (i.e., day 1). In comparison, small fish acclimated to cold temperatures did not exhibit a significant reduction of muscle glycogen over the seven day fasting regime. In contrast to small fish, the levels of white muscle glycogen in large fish remained unchanged after food deprivation, regardless of acclimation temperature. A seven day deprivation of food also resulted in a 50% depletion of white muscle glucose concentrations in small and large fish acclimated to warm temperatures, but there were no significant changes in this variable in fish acclimated to cold temperatures. In contrast to the negative effects of food deprivation on white muscle glycogen and glucose levels, the concentrations of white muscle PCr and ATP were not greatly affected by food deprivation under any of the experimental conditions. Taken together, these results clearly show that food deprivation can have an important influence on the storage of energy metabolites for anaerobic energy production, particularly in small fish at warm temperatures. In the future, it may be very important to consider the physiological effects of short-term food deprivation when interpreting results from studies in which fish have been fasted prior to treatments such as exercise.     

不同喂养条件下蒙古裸腹溞脂肪酸组成比较

比较不同食物和不同处理方式培养的蒙古裸腹（Ｍｏｉｎａｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）脂肪酸组成,ＥＰＡ含量在用海水小球藻全培养时为２７．６％,用２种面包酵母培养的分别为５．６％和１０．７％,用鱼油强化的为７．４％和１０．５％。试验表明蒙古裸腹难以同化吸收食物中的ＤＨＡ,但在鱼油强化时其肠道中储存的油粒可含一定量的ＤＨＡ,因此可用ＤＨＡ含量高的鱼油短时间强化,以肠道为ＤＨＡ载体,来满足海水鱼苗的营养要求。     

Pathology of spontaneous tuberculosis and pseudotuberculosis in fish

Abstract. The pathology of two infectious granulomatous diseases of aquarium-maintained fish are described. Two fish showed widespread occurrences of hard and soft tubercles which contained clumps of acid-fast bacilli, confirming the diagnosis of fish tuberculosis. Four other fish showed predominantly large soft tubercles containing peripheral arrangement of Gram-negative, non-acid fast bacilli diagnosed as flavobacterium. The various features are described and discussed with emphasis on differential diagnosis.