Determination of fiber length and juvenile and mature wood zones in Acer velutinum Boiss. trees grown in Iran

In our investigation we studied fiber lengths and the transition age from juvenile to mature wood in Acer velutinum Boiss. For this purpose, samples from three normal maple trees at a Noshahr site in northern Iran were selected. Disks were cut at breast height. Test samples were taken along a radial direction from the pith to the bark, accounting for every ring during a 48-year period. We used the Franklin method to distinguish between fibers of juvenile and mature wood. The results show that the fiber length increased along the radial direction from the pith to the bark. The transition age between juvenile and mature wood was determined at the 14th annual ring from the pith.     

Wood anatomical changes due to uptake of cadmium and lead from contaminated soils in Acer velutinum seedlings

We investigated wood anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of cadmium and lead from contaminated soils in Acer velutinum Boiss seedlings. Two-year old seedlings were exposed for 180 days to soil concentrations with varying cadmium and lead concentrations. We measured three wood anatomical traits, average vessel area(μm2), vessel number per square millimetre, and vessel lumen area percentage (%). For assessing the cadmium and lead accumulation, we measured the concentrations in the soil, leaf, stem, and root. Average vessel area and vessel lumen area percentage were similar (p>0.05) incontrol and treated seedlings. Vessel number per square millimetre showed a decreasing trend from pith to bark in control and treated seedlings, and the trend was more pronounced in treated seedlings. We conclude that vessel number per square millimetre in A. velutinum is influenced by soil contamination. A. velutinum Boiss is not a suitable species for remediation of soils contaminated by cadmium and lead but it can beused as an indicator of the soil lead contamination, because lead concentrations in seedlings increased with increasing amount of lead in the soil.     

Long-term effect of fire on herbaceous species diversity in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in northern Iran

We studied the long-term impacts of natural burning on herbaceous species diversity 37 years after a fire occurred in the Roudbar forests of Guilan Province, northern Iran. Numerous studies have examined short-term changes in understory vegetation following wildfire; however, very few long-term studies are available or changes inferred from retrospective studies based on chronosequences. For this study, 170 ha of forest (85 ha, burned areas; 85 ha, unburned areas) were surveyed. Because the 1000 m 2 plots were too large for detailed measurements of herbaceous species, we determined a sub-sample size according to the Whittaker’s nested plot sampling protocol and minimal areas method. Hence, sub-plots of 32 m 2 were used for herbaceous species measurements, which consisted of percent cover of each species based on the Domin criterion. We measured plant diversity (Shannon-Wiener index), species richness (Margalef’s index), and evenness (Smith-Wilson index). Mean percent cover, together with diversity, richness and evenness, increased markedly in burned areas compared to unburned controls. This suggests that the biodiversity of these forests could be restored within 37 years after fire. However, the abundance of invasive species such as Rubus fruticosus and Bromus benekenii increased significantly in burned areas, but these could be controlled by relevant silvicultural operations.     

抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长的影响

对12年生杉木人工林进行2次间伐,其中第1次间伐时林龄为12年,第2次间伐时林龄为17年,并于23年生时主伐,采用不同间伐强度和不同间伐方法研究抚育间伐对杉木人工林生长的影响.结果表明:以B处理(第1次为35％、第2次间伐强度为15％)的间伐强度较为适宜,主伐时单位面积累计蓄积量(间伐+主伐)最大,其胸径增长和林分立木...     

Midcanopy growth following thinning in young-growth conifer forests on the Olympic Peninsula western Washington

Midcanopy layers are essential structures in “old-growth” forests on the Olympic Peninsula. Little is known about which stand and tree factors influence the ability of midcanopy trees in young-growth forests to respond to release; however, this information is important to managers interested in accelerating development of late-successional structural characteristics. We examined basal area growth response of midcanopy trees following variable-density thinning in an effort to determine the effect of thinning and local environment on the release of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata ex. D. Don) on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington. Release was measured as the difference between average annual basal area growth over the 5-year prior to thinning and the 3-to-6 year period following thinning. Results indicate that while growth rates were similar prior to thinning (5.4 cm² year⁻¹in both thinned and unthinned patches) midcanopy trees retained in a uniformly thinned matrix grew significantly more (8.0 cm² year⁻¹) than those in unthinned patches (5.4 cm² year⁻¹) for western hemlock and for western redcedar. Crown fullness and crown crowding affected the release of western hemlock in the thinned matrix. Initial tree size, relative age, local crowding and measures of crown size and vigor affected the release of western redcedar in the thinned matrix. Our results indicate that midcanopy western hemlock and western redcedar retain the ability to respond rapidly with increased growth when overstory competition is reduced and the magnitude of response is related to neighborhood variables (intracohort competition, overstory competition, and tree vigor), thus suggest that variable-density thinning can be an effective tool to create variability in the growth of midcanopy trees in young-growth stands. We expect that this rapid response will produce even greater variability over time.     

Individual tree growth response to variable-density thinning in coastal Pacific Northwest forests

We examined 5-year basal area growth of nearly 2600 trees in stem-mapped plots at five locations differing in site characteristics, species composition, and management history on the Olympic Peninsula in Western Washington, USA. Our objectives were to determine if internal edges, the boundaries within the stand between components of the variable-density thinning, influenced individual tree growth, and whether incorporation of individual tree local competition indices in growth prediction models could account for treatment and edge effects. Treatment significantly affected tree growth at all sites, with trees in the thinned matrix displaying on average over 25% greater basal area growth than trees in unthinned patches. Proximity to canopy gaps created as part of the variable-density thinning increased basal area growth of trees in the thinned matrix by nearly 11%. In addition, growth of trees close to skid trails was 11% greater than trees located away from the trails. Past thinning history, and its effect on initial stocking rate, appeared to affect the magnitude of the edge effects. Blocks that had received earlier commercial thinnings, and thus had lower stocking at the onset of the study, displayed lower growth responses than previously unthinned blocks. Including local competition indices in the models generally reduced growth prediction error; however, the indices examined did not fully account for treatment or edge effects. Our results suggest that not accounting for internal edges in spatially complex stands could result in errors in projected growth of trees, although these edge effects are highly variable. Failure to account for the effects of internal edges could affect not just estimates of future stand yield, but also projections of future stand structure.     

抚育间伐对人工红松林生长效应的影响

利用不同间伐强度后40 a的人工红松林,连续抚育3次的长期定位观测资料,分析了抚育间伐对人工红松单木胸径和材积、林分断面积和蓄积、林分枯损和总收获量的影响。研究结果表明:间伐可以增加单木平均胸径和材积的生长率,且不同间伐强度表现为相同的规律,即中度(33.2%)强度(43.4%)弱度(23.1%)对照(0.0%);间伐后林分的断面积和蓄积生长率,具有相似的自然规律,间伐样地的生长率均高于对照;林木枯损率随间伐强度的增加而降低;间伐后的林分总收获量平均增加11.6%,间伐林分之间差别不明显。在整个研究阶段,不同的抚育阶段表现不同的规律,抚育间伐可以延缓单木胸径和材积生长速度的降幅;而不同抚育阶段内,林分断面积和蓄积生长率均为增长,也就是说,在一定阶段内间伐可以有效地提高林分平均断面积和蓄积生长率;从林分枯损状况来看,应该减少间伐间隔期。     

抚育间伐对冀北山地华北落叶松生长的影响

为了解抚育间伐对华北落叶松生长的影响,采用树干解析的方法对抚育间伐前后的华北落叶松胸径生长量及单株材积生长量进行了对比分析,结果表明,抚育后优势木和平均木的胸径年平均生长量分别为抚育前的2.20和2.00倍,单株材积年平均生长量分别为抚育前的2.78和2.90倍;被压木抚育间伐前后的胸径年平均生长量分别为0.26cm和0.32cm,单株材积年平均生长量分别为0.001 6m3和0.003 1m3,抚育采伐明显促进了华北落叶松林木的生长。     

抚育间伐对人工诱导的阔叶红松林林分蓄积量的影响

对1973年设置的不同类型人工诱导的阔叶红松林试验地进行了抚育间伐促进林分总蓄积量增长的试验研究,结果表明:B试验区林分总蓄积量最高,为242.097 3 m3.hm-2,其次是D试验区,为212.109 3 m3.hm-2,分别较A试验区提高18.5%和3.8%;B试验区较C试验区林分总蓄积量提高22.4%。适时、合理地抚育间伐可有效促进人工诱导的阔叶红松林林分总蓄积量的增长。     

元宝枫叶数量变化对生长的影响

摘除整株叶片的1 3、2 3、3 3叶量对元宝枫生长影响的研究表明:不同采叶量和采摘时间显著影响着元宝枫的株高、地径、叶面积和叶生物量干质量,而对冠幅影响不显著。随着采叶量的增加,对元宝枫的影响显著加强;采叶时间的影响依次是6月>4月>8月。4月采叶3 3显著抑制株高、地径、叶面积和叶生物量干质量增长;6月采摘对株高和地径的生长影响显著,但对叶面积和叶生物量干质量的影响不大。     

不同间伐强度对蒙古栎林下乔木幼树更新及多样性的影响

根据对辽宁山区蒙古栎林下幼树调查资料,采用Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数等进行多样性测度分析,探讨不同间伐强度对蒙古栎林下幼树更新和植物多样性的影响。结果表明:中度间伐强度有利于蒙古栎林下幼树实生更新,从而有利于其诱导成实生林,增强林分抗病虫害能力,提高林下物种多样性,增加林分稳定性。     

浅析影响北方地区造林质量的因素及建议

通过对天津市、河北省、内蒙古、黑龙江省和山东省等北方地区近几年的营造林核(调)查,发现有些地方只重视造林数量,而忽视造林质量,营造了大面积的人工纯林,其中有些难以成林,且容易引发大面积的森林病虫害;分析了造成这些问题的主要原因是未严格贯彻"适地适树"原则、管理机制不完善、后期抚育管护不到位和科技化种苗应用水平低等,并针对这些问题提出了合理化建议。     

燕山北部山地干旱阳坡不同造林树种生长状况的比较

为了了解燕山山地干旱阳坡人工造林树种生长状况的差异,对人工栽植的油松、樟子松及蒙古栎的生长状况及其幼林的空间分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:栽植5a后,油松、樟子松和蒙古栎的存活率分别达到了93.79%、87.98%和66.69%,其地径分别为4.68cm、5.34cm、1.52cm,树高分别为1.58m、1.75m、0.80m,油松、樟子松、蒙古栎的单株生物量分别为1 857.36g、2 018.30g、234.35g,形成的人工幼林的密度在867.00~2 183.00株/hm~2之间;立地条件较好的样地幼林的空间分布格局为均匀型,立地条件较差的样地空间分布格局为聚集型。油松、樟子松、蒙古栎均为燕山北部山地干旱阳坡的适宜造林树种,栽植5a后已基本形成稳定的乔木层,人工造林加速了干旱阳坡由绣线菊灌丛向乔木林的更新与恢复。     

铝处理对茶条槭不同种源种子发芽指标的影响

以吉林市、大连市和尚志市3个种源的茶条槭种子作为试验材料,研究铝元素对茶条槭不同种源种子有关发芽指标的影响.结果表明:在3个铝质量浓度处理下,3个种源种子的胚轴长差异不明显;大连种源在2.0g·L-1铝质量浓度处理后种子发芽率和活力指数达到了最高,而尚志市种源在3.5g·L-1铝质量浓度处理后发芽率达到了最高;在5.0...     

Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a main variable controlling carbon and water fluxes. This paper estimated the effect of thinning on the spatial distribution of leaf area in French forests. While many studies have focused on average LAI, we estimated clumping and measured both average LAI and the variation around it. LAI was derived from digital hemispherical photos at three sites: an unmanaged Fagus sylvatica forest in temperate area (control site), a mixed Mediterranean forest of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis, and regeneration of F. sylvatica under a mature stand of Pinus nigra in mountainous area. LAI measurements were also made with LAI 2000 devices over 5 years (from 1994 to 1998) within forest stands dominated by either beech (F. sylvatica L.), by oaks (Quercus petraea (Matus) Liebl., Quercus robur (Matus) Liebl.), or by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Thinning led to a variable decrease in LAI. The coefficient of variation of LAI (CV_LAI) provided a useful ecological index of the level and type of thinning. For undisturbed stands, CV_LAI varied from 10% to 20%, corresponding to the higher average LAI values. Disturbances created by thinning increase LAI spatial variability, resulting in larger CV_LAI values for all stands considered. Possible explanations of these results and use in remote sensing were discussed.     

土壤养分变化对红花槭叶绿素含量的影响

研究了3种不同肥料配方的3个浓度梯度对土壤养分变化的影响,及其对红花槭叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:施肥提高了土壤的EC值,降低了土壤的pH值,使土壤的养分含量明显增加,处理效果一般为高浓度>中浓度>低浓度;施肥增加了红花槭叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,增加幅度分别为12.6%~21.3%,4.4%~16.3%和10.5%~20.1%,不同的处理对叶绿素含量的影响不同,以Ⅰ2、Ⅲ3、Ⅱ1处理效果较佳;土壤肥力的提高尤其是土壤中N含量的增加,促进了植物光合色素的合成,进而提高植株的光能固定能力。     

Effects of thinning on nutrient content pools in two Pinus sylvestris forests in the western Pyrenees

Abstract

Nutrient content [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)] in needles, branches and stems before (P0, not thinned) and after thinning (P20 and P30, 20% and 30% of basal area removed, respectively) was studied in 37- and 32-year-old Pinus sylvestris L. forests in the western Pyrenees: Garde and Aspurz. Thinning significantly decreased all nutrient pools in P20 and P30 relative to P0 on both sites, but no significant differences were found between P20 and P30 owing to low statistical power. Thinning increased the differences between the two forests for total above-ground content of P and Mg, and for the content of N, P and K in the 1999 needles cohort. The former result was due in part to the higher concentration of P (needles and branches) and Mg (needles) in Garde. Therefore, the importance of needles relative to the other nutrient pools increased for N and P after thinning. This may have resulted from the fact that the removal of dead trees with low needle biomass was greater in Garde than in Aspurz. Based on the percentage of basal area removed, nutrient removal in Garde for P30 was higher than expected, apparently owing to an increase in branch removal relative to P20. These results indicate that effects of thinning on nutrient pools were influenced by differences in stand structure and nutrient tissue concentrations between sites.     

Simulation of harvester productivity in selective and boom-corridor thinning of young forests

Abstract

Forest management practices may change in the future, due to increases in the extraction of forest fuel in first thinnings. Simulation models can be used to aid in developing new harvesting systems. We used such an approach to assess the productivity of innovative systems in various thinnings of young stands with wide ranges of mean breast height diameter (1.5–15.6 cm), stems per hectare (1000–19,100), and mean height (2.3–14.6 m).

The results show that selective multiple-tree-handling increases productivity by 20–46% compared to single-tree-handling. If the trees are cut in boom-corridors (10×1 or 2 m strips between strip roads), productivity increases up to 41%, compared to selective multiple-tree-handling. Moreover, if the trees are felled using area-based felling systems, productivity increases by 33–199%, compared to selective multiple-tree-handling. For any given harvesting intensity, productivity increased the most in the densest stands with small trees.

The results were used to derive time consumption functions. Comparisons with time study results suggest that our simulation model successfully mimicked productivity in real-life forest operations, hence the model and derived functions should be useful for cost calculations and evaluating forest management scenarios in diverse stands.     

外源脱落酸对干旱胁迫下美国红枫抗旱性的影响

以当年生盆栽美国红枫扦插苗为试验材料,采用不同浓度的脱落酸(ABA)溶液喷施美国红枫扦插苗,测定干旱胁迫下植株的相对电导率、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)及可溶性糖含量等各项生理指标,研究外源喷施ABA对美国红枫抗旱性的影响。结果表明,在干旱条件下,外源喷施ABA可以缓解其伤害程度,促进美国红枫叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的增加,抑制MDA的积累,延缓叶片相对电导率上升,其中以10 mg/L浓度ABA处理效果最明显。因此,干旱胁迫下,喷施一定浓度的脱落酸可有效提高美国红枫的抗旱能力,维持其正常生理代谢。     

马尾松天然次生林间伐效应研究

于平均年龄为23年生、地位指数为14和12的2种立地的马尾松天然次生林中,分别设置固定标准样地,并分别设计5个和6个密度水平,对其抚育间伐4年后的间伐效应进行研究。结果表明:不同地位指数的林分,其间伐前或间伐后立木径级分布均呈现正态分布的规律;间伐前林分分化强烈,立木径级大小悬殊;间伐后林分最小株距和平均株距较接近,大径级林木比例提高;间伐4年后平均径级左右的立木比例明显增加。间伐4年后,当14地位指数林分的密度大于1 500株/hm2,12地位指数林分的密度大于1 950株/hm2时,其胸径离散度较间伐当年间伐后的反而明显增大;平均胸径和单株材积的增长均随保留密度的加大而减小,但单位面积蓄积量增长则在其适宜密度时最大;不同保留密度各处理间平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长的差异均达极显著,但树高和比重增长的差异均不显著;间伐各处理的平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长均大于对照;14地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 500/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长30.29%;12地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 950/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长24.38%。