两种生物肉毒杀鼠素诱鼠颗粒毒饵防治高原鼠兔田间小区试验报告

通过应用C.肉毒杀鼠素诱鼠颗粒毒饵和D.肉毒杀鼠素诱鼠颗粒毒饵进行防治高原鼠兔的田间小区对比试验,结果表明:两种诱鼠颗粒毒饵防治高原鼠兔的平均校正防治效果分别可达93.65%和91.56%,两药剂间防治效果差异不显著(F=1.6990.05)。且与常用药剂(0.1%C.肉毒杀鼠素燕麦毒饵)具有相同的防治效果。     

D型肉毒杀鼠素防治高原鼠兔灭效试验

针对江河源退化草地治理与示范项目要求,在果洛州玛沁县大武乡格多牧委会人工和半人工草场上,使用D型肉毒杀鼠素对高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae进行现场药效试验和大面积灭鼠。结果表明,0.1%和0.2%D型肉毒杀鼠素毒饵对鼠兔具有良好的灭杀效果,且不污染环境,无二次中毒,对保护鼠类天敌,维持生态平衡,控制害鼠种群数量回升,减少扩散,使治理后的草场植被再次免遭破坏等方面均具良好作用。     

利用C型肉毒杀鼠素防治高原鼠兔技术研究

在青海海晏县甘子河乡设置每洞10、15、20、25粒毒饵和70%、80%、90%和100%的投洞率,研究利用C型肉毒杀鼠素毒饵不同投饵量和投洞率对高原鼠兔防治效果的影响。试验结果表明,每洞投放毒饵20粒、25粒和投洞率90%、100%的情况下,高原鼠兔有效洞口减退率符合《草地鼠害生物防治技术规程》(DB63/T787-2009)的要求。     

青海省贵南县D型肉毒毒秦防治高原鼠兔小区试验报告

通过应用D型肉毒杀鼠素防治高原鼠兔的小区试验,结果表明：1000万毒价／mL的D型肉毒毒素水剂,按1／1000、1．25／1000、1．5／1000、2／1000的浓度配制毒饵,平均校正灭洞率可分别达到87．26％、86．74％、88．37％和90．03％,差异均不显著。本着经济、安全、高效的宗旨,以1．5／1000的浓度配制毒饵使用较为适宜。     

两种生物药品灭高原鼠兔效果

分别使用浓度为0.05%,0.1%,0.15%的C型和D型肉毒素燕麦毒饵(Avena sativa L.),对祁连山北麓山地草原的高原鼠兔(O chotona curzoniae)进行灭效试验。结果表明:随着浓度的增加2种生物毒素的灭效率均提高,其中0.1%和0.15%的D型肉毒素燕麦毒饵的灭效率优于0.05%,0.1%,0.15%C型和0.05%D型肉毒素,但是两者灭效率之间无显著性差异。因此,在同等防治效果前提下,使用0.1%D型肉毒素燕麦毒饵防治祁连山北麓高原鼠兔较经济、环保。     

不同存放条件下C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒防治高原鼠兔效果研究

将C·肉毒杀鼠素铒粒在不同存放条件下进行高原鼠兔灭治试验,结果表明,配制后的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒在-16℃冷库内放置47 d的0.1%和0.2%两种浓度的饵粒防效分别为94.67%和95.63%;配制后的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒在1～9℃仓库内放置13 d的0.1%与0.2%两种浓度的饵粒防效分别为89.10%和90.88%.在0.05水平上,A、B处理间无显著差异,C、D处理间也无显著差异.但A、B与C、D处理间存在显著差异,表明在1～9℃仓库内放置13 d的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒其毒力可能有所下降.     

江河源区退化草地鼠害的治理研究

针对江河源区草场退化、高原鼠兔危害严重的状况,采用了翻耕、耙耱、撒播、轻耙、镇压等一系列治理措施.结果表明,这种以生态工程为主的治理措施,不仅使草场植被在短期内得到恢复,而且害鼠种群数量也得到了有效控制;同时,为防止鼠兔数量回升、减少扩散、播种牧草幼苗免遭啃食和挖掘破坏,在不同处理区又采取了以药物防治为辅的控制措施.在现场药效试验和大面积灭鼠中,0.075%敌鼠钠盐、0.1%C型肉毒杀鼠素和0.1%D型肉毒杀鼠素毒饵对鼠兔均具有良好灭效,且不污染环境,无二次中毒,对保护天敌、发挥生物控制危害具有一定意义.因此,在退化草场鼠害治理中,综合分析各组分之间的相互关系,有针对性地进行治理,才能收到良好效果,从而达到综合治理的目的.     

青海省贵南县D型肉毒毒素防治高原鼠兔小区试验报告

通过应用D型肉毒杀鼠素防治高原鼠兔的小区试验，结果表明：1000万毒价／mL的D型肉毒毒素水剂，按1／1000、1．25／1000、1．5／1000、2／1000的浓度配制毒饵，平均校正灭洞率可分别达到87．26％、86．74％、88．37％和90．03％，差异均不显著。本着经济、安全、高效的宗旨，以1．5／1000的浓度配制毒饵使用较为适宜。     

D型肉毒毒素颗粒毒饵灭治高原鼠兔试验

为了解D型肉毒毒素颗粒防治草原鼠兔的可行性、确定现地灭鼠毒饵含毒量,采用含毒价为4万、8万、12万、16万毒价/g的D型肉毒毒素颗粒毒饵,进行防治高原鼠兔的试验,结果 4万、8万、12万、16万毒价/g的D型肉毒毒素颗粒毒饵平均灭效分别为95.08%、97.68%、99.32%和99.58%,随着含毒量的增加,灭效也随之提高,与对照0.1%D型肉毒灭鼠剂燕麦毒饵灭效90.51%比较,差异显著。表明D型肉毒毒素颗粒毒饵可用于高原鼠兔的防治。通过本次试验,确定8—12万毒价/g较为合适。     

不同存放条件下C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒防治高原鼠兔效果研究

将C·肉毒杀鼠素铒粒在不同存放条件下进行高原鼠兔灭治试验，结果表明，配制后的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒在-16℃冷库内放置47d的Q1％和n2％两种浓度的饵粒防效分别为94．67％和95.63％；配制后的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒在1-9℃仓库内放置13d的0.1％与0.2％两种浓度的饵粒防效分别为89．10％和90．88％。在0.05水平上，A、B处理间无显著差异，C、D处理间也无显著差异，但A、B与C、D处理间存在显著差异，表明在1-9℃仓库内放置13d的C·肉毒杀鼠素饵粒其毒力可能有所下降。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein