科特派是地方农业科研单位开展美丽乡村建设的重要抓手

科特派工作在三农建设中发挥越来越重要的作用,天津市农业科学院根据社会发展需要,将科特派工作贯彻在日常工作中,为天津乃至全国的农业产业发展做出了重要贡献,在生猪、葡萄、食用菌和设施蔬菜产业链中发挥了积极引领和服务作用。本文还对下一步科特派工作开展提出了初步规划。     

Restructuring of Eastern European agriculture

Agricultural restructuring in Eastern Europe is a part of the restructuring of the economy as a whole. After democratic changes, Eastern European countries have fallen into a deep crisis. There are several reasons for this, including the large debt burden, decreased export opportunities, and monetary restrictions. The major reasons, however, are the lack of a clear economic policy at the governmental level and lack of confidence in the future of enterprises. In the industry and service sectors, ownership conditions are uncertain, and this hinders investing from both private investors and managers of state owned enterprises. An unambiguous situation can be created only by rapid privatization. Privatization is slow and difficult, however, and there is no agreement even on its form. In agriculture, problems arise differently. Privatization there would mean giving up economies of scale. For widespread small farming, both capital and producer motivations are lacking as well. Working on state and cooperative farms with additional part-time farming has been a lifestyle of the people for decades. Apart from that, new smallholders, left on their own, could not survive falling domestic demand for agricultural products and decreasing export opportunities. Therefore, measures need to be implemented in order to reduce agricultural supply, labor, and land area. A feasible solution would be for socialist producer cooperatives to be transformed into real cooperatives, with cooperative and individual farming allowed to develop side by side.     

农业机械化对盐池县粮食产量效能的贡献分析

农业机械化有利于提高农业生产效率,促进农业技术的发展,提高农民的经济收入,因而对我国农业的发展具有十分重要的意义。就盐池县农业机械化对粮食产出效能作出的贡献进行探究:1980~2010年盐池县农业机械化对粮食产出效能的贡献为26.265%,说明农业机械化对盐池县粮食产出效能作出了积极贡献,因此应该大力推广农业机械化管理和生产。     

对常德市基层农技推广体系建设的思考与建议

农技推广体系作为农业现代化服务的主体,在提高粮食生产能力,促进农民增收做出重要的历史贡献,在建设社会主义新农村方面将起到重要的作用。在分析常德市乡镇农技推广体系的现状的基础上,针对农技推广体系建设中存在的问题,提出常德市基层农技推广体系建设的思路与建议。     

农业新技术革命与农业持续发展

农业的发展离不开科技的进步，但石油农业的发展和人口的增长给农业带来了前所未有的严峻挑战，农业要走出这种困境就必须进行一次新的技术革命。现代生物技术及其它高新技术正日益应用于农业生产的各个领域，并取得了重大成果，为农业技术的改造、更新和农业新技术革命提供了可能。为了迎接农业新技术革命的到来，作者认为，必须加强人才的培养、加强物种的保护和种质资源的研究。     

论中国农业科技人力资源的有效利用

农业科技人力资源涵盖范围广泛,其中从事农业技术创新活动的科技人员,是面向经济建设主战场的主力军的重要组成部分,为了加速农业技术创新,提高农业科技贡献率,促进农业科技革命,实施科技兴农战略,必须更加有效地利用好中国农业科技人力资源。     

金融危机对中国水产品出口日本市场的影响

日本多年来一直是中国水产品贸易的最大出口市场。席卷全球的金融危机对该出口市场的影响会直接波及数十家中国水产品出口企业的利益。运用贸易互补性指数的分析指出,虽然理论上两国水产品贸易具有巨大的发展潜力,但受金融危机的影响,作为权宜之计,对中国水产品设限仍会成为日本贸易政策的优先选择;通过贸易效率指数的分析指出,日本对中国水产品的设限会与以往不同,将会使中国水产品出口面临双重困难。提出了我国政府应该采取更加有效的措施以改善水产品的出口环境。     

以社会需求为导向构建制药工程专业综合性实验

制药工程是一个多学科交叉、实践性很强的新兴专业.为全面提高河北农业大学制药工程专业学生的培养质量,提出以社会需求为导向,改变制药工程专业单一的、验证为主的传统实验形式,构建制药工程专业综合性实验,培养符合时代要求的复合型制药工程专业人才,满足当前社会需求.     

协同提升黄淮海平原作物生产力与农田水分利用效率途径

黄淮海平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地,也是水资源严重短缺地区。提高农田水分利用效率,在维持高产的前提下大幅度减少农业用水量,对缓解地区水资源危机、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文针对黄淮海平原现状,结合相关领域的国内外研究进展,分析提出了实现地区农田节水增产增效的对策及当前需要重点突破的理论与技术难点,主要包括4个方面：控制作物群体奢侈蒸腾耗水量的理论基础与方法;降低农田非生产性耗水的理论与途径;缓解地区淡水资源危机的非常规水安全持续利用机理与途径;基于区域水资源供需平衡的水分生产力均衡提升的机理与途径。最后提出黄淮海平原农田高效用水基础研究的主要挑战并展望了未来可能取得重大突破的领域。     

论罗斯福新政时期的农业立法

1929~1933年爆发的经济危机使美国的农业遭受了沉重的打击,为了使国民经济渡过危机,新上任的美国总统罗斯福抛弃了过去联邦政府不干预经济的思想,主张联邦政府应当积极地干预和调控经济发展。在这种指导思想下制定了一系列新政立法,农业立法是其中的重要组成部分,其内容包括1933和1938年《农业调整法》等。新政时期的农业立法挽救了濒临破产的美国农业,确立了美国当代农业立法的一些基本制度,具有里程碑式的意义。     

Women's reactions to job loss: The moral dilemmas of a plant closing

Blue collar women in declining industries tend to suffer permanent job loss as a result of dislocation, and women living in rural areas may be particularly vulnerable to extended unemployment. Relatively little is known about their experiences, in part because existing conceptual models do not adequately represent women's perspectives. In this study it is proposed that an ethic of care, as conceptualized by Carol Gilligan, shapes women's interpretations of the meaning of job dislocation. Gilligan's constructs are applied to a study of middle aged women who were dislocated when an apparel manufacturing plant in their rural Southern community closed unexpectedly. The focus is on three moral dilemmas and the opportunities for growth that occurred as a result of the crisis, as women reconstructed the meaning of the experience. The potential contributions of the ethic of care perspective to other studies of job loss is discussed.1. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No. R-00958. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Council on Family Relations, Charleston, SC, March 15–17, 1990. The author would like to thank Constance Shehan and Jaber Gubrium for their helpful comments.     

The legitimacy of the agricultural extension service

Traditionally, the Swedish Agricultural Extension Service has delivered technical information to farmers with the aim of increasing productivity and efficiency in farming. Present problems with overproduction of food and the negative social and environmental consequences of present farm practices has brought this traditional mission in question. In a situation of budgetary constraints it has been suggested that the funding of the governmental Agricultural Extension Service should be cut down or even discontinued altogether The article argues that this would be a mistake. The various negative consequences of modern agriculture indicate that we are far from an ideal mode of agricultural production. Instead, public opinion and new guidelines for agricultural and environmental policies call for substantial changes in Swedish agriculture with respect to pollution, preservation of non-renewable resources, maintaining an open rural landscape, ethical aspects of animal production, rural development etc. This reorientation of Swedish agriculture presumes that decision-makers, farmers, and the public at large get an opportunity to learn more about the complexities of agricultural production. In contributing to this learning process the Agricultural Extension Service would have an important mission. To be able to fulfill this mission, extension professionals must be provided an opportunity to learn a broader concept of productivity and efficiency in agriculture, for instance, how to extend cost-benefit analyses and technical criteria of efficiency to include social, environmental, and ethical aspects. Our present extension staff has not received adequate training for this task. It is suggested that all agricultural colleges need to create departments of Rural Sociology and Agricultural Humanities to provide agricultural students and professionals an opportunity to develop a better understanding of agriculture and make them prepared to take on the challenges and responsibilities they confront in developing our future agriculture.     

一流本科专业建设背景下科教融合型教师基层组织的构建与实践

在一流本科专业建设的背景下,立足国家对高素质本科人才的迫切需求,细致分析当前我国高校师资队伍基层组织建设过程中要克服的主要问题,在高校“二级学院”层面上,通过科研团队和教学团队结合,增强高校本科教学的组织规范性。以南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院农业资源与环境本科专业为例,研究和构建教学和科研相结合的新型基层组织体系,实现高校人才培养和科技创新的“双赢”。     

Does climatic crisis in Australia’s food bowl create a basis for change in agricultural gender relations?

An ongoing crisis in Australian agriculture resulting from climate crises including drought, decreasing irrigation water, more recent catastrophic flooding, and an uncertain policy environment is reshaping gender relations in the intimate sphere of the farm family. Drawing on research conducted in the Murray-Darling Basin area of Australia we ask the question: Does extreme hardship/climate crises change highly inequitable gender relations in agriculture? As farm income declines, Australian farm women are more likely to be working off farm for critical family income while men continue to work on farm often in circumstances of damaged landscapes, rising debt, and limited production. This paper examines the way gender relations are being renegotiated in a time of significant climate crisis. Our research suggests that climate crises have indeed led to changes in gender relations and that some changes are unexpected. Whereas one would logically assume that women’s enhanced economic contribution would increase their power in gender negotiations, we argue that this does not necessarily occur because their contribution is viewed as a farm survival strategy. Men are committed to prioritizing the farm and view women’s income generating work as critical to this purpose and yet, paradoxically, long for a return to traditional farm roles. We find that women are actively resisting traditional gender relations by reshaping a role for themselves beyond the farm—in the process moving physically and mentally away from a farm family ideology, questioning gender inequalities, and by extension their relationships.     

《河南农业大学学报》在河南农业大学百年辉煌中的作用

总结了《河南农业大学学报》在河南农业大学百年发展史上的重要作用,认为推动了科学研究的发展,促进了特色学科的形成,在坚守学术阵地、发现人才和培养人才方面作出了重要贡献.     

“十一五”四川省农业科学院农业科技创新成果分析与展望

介绍了四川省农业科学院“十一五”期间在农作物育种、丰产高效技术集成、资源环境研究、农产品加工和食品安全、生物技术、信息技术及灾后重建等方面取得的主要进展,提出“十二五”期间,四川省农业科学院应重点抓好搭建和完善六个创新与服务平台,深化开展六大领域科技创新,集成创新六大技术体系,坚持原始创新、集成创新和引进消化再创新统筹推进,坚持新品种、新技术、新产品、新机具、新模式、新机制协调推进,坚持良种、良法、良壤、良水、良制、良机配套发展,努力推动四川省农科院“十二五”科技创新再上新台阶。     

“十一五” 四川省农业科学院农业科技创新

介绍了四川省农业科学院“十一五”期间在农作物育种、丰产高效技术集成、资源环境研究、农产品加工和食品安全、生物技术、信息技术及灾后重建等方面取得的主要进展,提出“十二五”期间,四川省农业科学院应重点抓好搭建和完善六个创新与服务平台,深化开展六大领域科技创新,集成创新六大技术体系,坚持原始创新、集成创新和引进消化再创新统筹推进,坚持新品种、新技术、新产品、新机具、新模式、新机制协调推进,坚持良种、良法、良壤、良水、良制、良机配套发展,努力推动四川省农科院“十二五”科技创新再上新台阶。     

以工业思维促发达地区农业产业化

大市场要求下的农业产业应由相当规模的组织、灵敏的信息系统、标准化的产品等共同组成。据大市场的特点 ,考量发达地区所具有的各种优势 ,以工业思维促发达地区农业产业化 ,需要我们有全新的经营理念、高标准的起点、车间式的生产流程和有特色的标准化的农业与品牌农业。     

我国农产品贸易争端的原因和对策

农产品贸易争端是国际贸易中一个非常值得关注的重要问题。文章通过分析我国农产品贸易争端的原因和对策,在回顾和梳理已有研究成果的基础上,揭示其研究的主要结论和不足之处及需要进一步研究的问题,以期为进一步深入研究此领域的相关问题提供借鉴。     

从生态-产业共生关系考察农业可持续性

在我国,资源危机、生态环境危机已成为制约农业可持续性的主要因素,因此需要基于农业生态与产业系统的共生关系视角研究农业可持续性问题.该研究界定了基于农业生态-产业共生关系的农业可持续性的内涵,构建了农业生态-产业复合系统动态共生模型,创新性地运用该模型中农业生态-产业的竞争系数的关系来评价农业的可持续性.