Effects of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, polyoxin B (polar) and trifloxystrobin on germination and growth of Alternaria alternata and decay in red delicious apple fruit

Alternaria alternata is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy-core in red delicious strains of apple. In this study, we report on the effects of the polyoxin B compound Polar, the strobilurin fungicides, azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin, and the sterol inhibitor difenoconazole on spore germination, mycelial growth and fruit decay on detached fruits caused by A. alternata. Germination was most sensitive to polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin among the tested compounds. The 50% and 95% effective concentration (EC₅₀, and EC₉₅), values for in vitro inhibition of conidial germination of the fungus were lowest for polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin, ranging from <0.01 to 0.15 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml, respectively. Germination was least sensitive to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values ranging from 25 to 72 μg/ml and 720 μg/ml, respectively). Mycelial growth in vitro of A. alternata was most sensitive to difenoconazole (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.8 and 12 μg/ml, respectively) and least sensitive to both strobilurin fungicides (EC₉₅>1000 μg/ml). Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was most affected by trifloxystrobin and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 0.015–0.087 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml, respectively), intermidiate in sensitivity to Polyoxin B (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 1 to 33 μg/ml, respectively), and difenoconazole was the least effective (EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ from 20 to 490 μg/ml, respectively). Polyoxin B applied at 24 or 48 h post-inoculation inhibited fruit decay development. Difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were less effective and azoxystrobin was ineffective when applied at 48 h post inoculation. The activity of azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, Polyoxin B and trifloxystrobin on one or more stages of the life cycle of A. alternata and on decay development in fruits suggests that these compounds potentially could provide control of moldy-core disease in apple.     

30%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂在香蕉和土壤中的残留分析方法研究

建立GC-NPD测定苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在香蕉和土壤中残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土小柱净化,洗脱液为正己烷∶丙酮＝9∶1。结果表明：该方法可以同时检测出香蕉和土壤中两种物质的含量,两种物质在0.05～2 μg/mL的范围内有良好的线性关系,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的线性相关系数分别为0.997 3和0.999 4。在香蕉果、肉和土中的最低检测浓度皆为0.05 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.05 ng,在不同样品中的平均回收率分别为85.4%～107.4%和93.4%～106.3%,相对标准偏差分别为1     

Sensitivity and cross-resistance patterns to demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in California populations of Alternaria alternata pathogenic on pistachio

Alternaria late blight (ALB) caused by Alternaria spp. is an annual production concern for pistachio growers in California. In this study, isolates of Alternaria alternata collected from California pistachio orchards between 1998 and 2003 (population A, n = 46) and in 2010 (population B, n = 38) prior to the registration and use of sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides for ALB control, were tested for their sensitivity to difenoconazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole using an in vitro mycelial growth assay. The 50% effective dose (EC₅₀) values for isolates in population A to difenoconazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole, respectively, ranged from 0.02 to 0.82 μg/mL (mean = 0.17), 0.25–5.73 μg/mL (mean = 1.29), and 0.02–2.76 μg/mL (mean = 0.96), and from 0.02 to 0.93 μg/mL (mean = 0.21), 0.13–5.36 μg/mL (mean = 1.25), and 0.17–5.47 μg/mL (mean = 1.03) for those in population B. Among 65 isolates collected in 2012 from orchards with very limited exposure to difenoconazole, propiconazole or metconazole (population C, n = 65), the EC₅₀ values for tebuconazole ranged from 0.02 to 2.99 μg/mL (mean = 0.51), while EC₅₀ values for difenoconazole of 55 of these isolates varied from 0.01 to 0.44 μg/mL (mean = 0.06). The DMI-exposed population C was found to be on average two to four times less sensitive compared with the populations A and B. Pearson correlation analyses of EC₅₀ values for the three fungicides showed significant positive correlations between the sensitivities of tebuconazole and propiconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.32), tebuconazole and difenoconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.26), and difenoconazole and propiconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.40). Results indicate a clear difference in fungicide intrinsic activity, with difenoconazole being more active than the two other DMIs. Although wide variations in sensitivities for tebuconazole and propiconazole were observed in the non- and DMI-exposed Alternaria populations, efficacy of DMI products has been excellent against ALB. The data collected here will be crucial for the rational use of DMIs in fungicide spray programs for ALB management and serve as a reference to detect any shifts in A. alternata sensitivity to these fungicides in subsequent years as they become more frequently used in California pistachios.     

Efficacy of azoxystrobin for the control of cucumber downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and fungicide residue analysis

During a five-year trial (2007–2011), the efficacy of azoxystrobin (Quadris, 250 g a.i. L⁻¹, Syngenta) in two doses (187.5 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and 250 g a.i. ha⁻¹) and chlorothalonil (Bravo 720-SC, 720 g a.i. L⁻¹, Syngenta) at a rate of 1.44 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ was tested for the control of cucumber downy mildew (CDM). Cultivars that were susceptible or resistant to CDM (Regal and Haros, respectively) were tested for their response to fungicide applications. Differences in both disease severity and yield of the cultivars among resistance levels and fungicide treatments were observed. A highly significant and negative correlation was obtained between AUDPC and yield. Higher yields can be achieved by planting more resistant cultivars in combination with lower doses of fungicides. This is an indication that CDM contributes significantly to yield losses in cucumber production in Serbia. While monitoring the degradation of azoxystrobin residues, a decrease in residue levels to 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ below the maximum residue level (MRL) was observed at the end of the pre-harvest interval (PHI).     

A comparative evaluation of post-infection efficacy of mefenoxam and potassium phosphite with protectant efficacy of azoxystrobin and potassium phosphite for controlling leather rot of strawberry caused by Phytophthora cactorum

Leather rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, is one of the most important fruit-rotting diseases of strawberry worldwide. Efficacy of mefenoxam and potassium phosphite against leather rot, when applied in a post-infection fungicide program, made in response to rain events was evaluated over 3 years of testing. Post-infection treatments of potassium phosphite and mefenoxam were compared with calendar-based treatments of azoxystrobin or potassium phosphite sprayed weekly, starting at late bloom (fruit set). In order to obtain high-risk conditions for infection (splash dispersal of the pathogen and subsequent infection periods), plots were flooded until standing water was observed between the rows. Post-infection applications were made within 36 h after the initiation of a flooding event. Leather rot incidence in the untreated controls ranged from 15 to 66% over the 3 years. All fungicide treatments had significantly (P < 0.001) less leather rot incidence than in the untreated control. There were no significant differences in leather rot incidence between the different fungicide treatments. Percent control (the percentage reduction in incidence relative to the check) was as high as 100% with all fungicide treatments. Mefenoxam and potassium phosphite post-infection (after flooding) provided control equal to that obtained with a calendar-based spray program, but with from 1 to 3 fewer fungicide applications.     

Sensitivity to iprodione, difenoconazole and fludioxonil of Rhizoctonia cerealis isolates collected from wheat in China

Since the 1980s wheat sharp eyespot (WSE) caused mainly by Rhizoctonia cerealis has become one of serious diseases of wheat in China. In this study, the sensitivity of 89 R. cerealis isolates to different fungicides was evaluated using mycelial growth inhibition assays. The results showed that all R. cerealis isolates tested were sensitive to iprodione, difenoconazole and fludioxonil with mean EC₅₀ (effective concentration that results in 50% of mycelial growth inhibition) values of 0.419, 0.062 and 0.033 μg/ml, respectively. To evaluate the risk of fungicide resistance in R. cerealis, an attempt was made to induce resistant mutants in the laboratory. Although difenoconazole- and fludioxonil-resistant mutants were not obtained, we obtained seven independently iprodione-resistant (IR) mutants from 89 parental isolates. The EC₅₀ values for these IR mutants were greater than 100 μg/ml, whereas those for the original wild-type counterparts were less than 1 μg/ml. After having been subcultured on PDA for 10 generations, the IR mutants did not show any decrease in resistance to iprodione. Additionally, these IR mutants also showed resistance to fludioxonil but remained sensitive to difenoconazole. Osmotic sensitivity tests showed that the IR mutants were hypersensitive to osmotic stress generated by NaCl. Inoculation tests showed that all the IR mutants lost their ability to infect the host plant. Taken together, these results indicate that the current population of R. cerealis is sensitive to these fungicides and a fitness cost is associated with iprodione-resistant mutants of R. cerealis in both osmotic stress and pathogenicity. The information obtained in this study is useful in monitoring and managing fungicide resistance in R. cerealis populations in China.     

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of the Fungal Metabolites Isolated from the Marine Endophytes Epicoccum nigrum M13 and Alternaria alternata 13A

Epicotripeptin (1), a new cyclic tripeptide along with four known cyclic dipeptides (2–5) and one acetamide derivative (6) were isolated from seagrass-associated endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum M13 recovered from the Red Sea. Additionally, two new compounds, cyclodidepsipeptide phragamide A (7) and trioxobutanamide derivative phragamide B (8), together with eight known compounds (9–16), were isolated from plant-derived endophyte Alternaria alternata 13A collected from a saline lake of Wadi El Natrun depression in the Sahara Desert. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, HRESIMS data, and a comparison with the reported literature. The absolute configurations of 1 and 7 were established by advanced Marfey’s and Mosher’s ester analyses. The antimicrobial screening indicated that seven of the tested compounds exhibited considerable (MIC range of 2.5–5 µg/mL) to moderate (10–20 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against the tested Gram-positive strains and moderate to weak (10–30 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against Gram-negative strains. Most of the compounds exhibited weak or no activity against the tested Gram-negative strains. On the other hand, four of the tested compounds showed considerable antibiofilm effects against biofilm forming Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains.     

Organic compounds increase the efficacy of famoxadone + cymoxanil in the control of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce

Bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, constitutes a major disease on commercial lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production in south Florida. Under greenhouse conditions, resorcinol, two antioxidants, and various sugar alcohols such as mannitol, were evaluated alone, and in combination with Tanos^® 50DF (25% a.i. of each component cymoxanil and famoxadone, E.I du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE) for control of bacterial leaf spot. Among the compounds evaluated, resorcinol (35–50% disease control) and mannitol (9–45%) were the most effective. In field trials, different mixtures containing propionic acid, mannitol, resorcinol, Tanos and or copper hydroxide (Kocide 3000^®, 46.1%, 30% copper equivalent) were evaluated for the control of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce. Field data support a moderate impact of Tanos in disease reduction. Both greenhouse and field data support a synergistic interaction between Tanos and the compounds including copper, in disease reduction. The mixture Tanos + resorcinol, or copper/resorcinol, Tanos + copper provided better or similar disease control than copper alone. No phytotoxicity was observed in our trials. In an integrated management program for bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, Tanos may be useful in tank mixes with these compounds and copper.     

Field study of the relative susceptibility of eleven potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties and the efficacy of two fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani attack

Rhizoctonia black scurf is an economically important disease of potatoes in Tunisia and around the world. It reduces the quality and yield of potatoes and has become an important impediment for export of potatoes, especially to Europe. The information on comparative susceptibility of potato cultivars will help the growers make informed decisions regarding the management of this disease. The eleven potato cultivars used in this study showed a range of susceptibility reactions to Rhizoctonia solani but none of these was completely resistant to the disease. The Spunta variety showed the least percentage of infection of progeny tubers by R. solani sclerotia at harvest, while the varieties Nicola, Santana, Labadia, Liseta and Tango showed a high percentage of infection of progeny tubers. Seed treatment using fungicides, presently registered in Tunisia, are not effective in controlling the disease to growers’ satisfaction. Field experiments conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two newly introduced fungicides pencycuron (Monceren^®) and azoxystrobin (Amistar^®) showed that they were effective for the control of the disease. Seed potatoes treatment and in-furrow application of azoxystrobin consistently provided superior protection in two years of experimentation.     

Effects of combined application of potassium phosphite and fungicide on stem and sheath disease control,yield, and quality of rice

Phosphite has been shown to suppress some diseases in different plant species but disease control in rice has not been investigated. In 2012/13 and 2013/14 potassium phosphite was sprayed at 1775 g ha⁻¹ and 3550 g ha⁻¹ in field plots of rice in Uruguay to determine if phosphite alone or in combination with label rates of a mixed strobilurin and triazole fungicide could be used to effectively control stem rot and aggregate sheath spot in irrigated rice. Six treatments consisting of different combinations of potassium phosphite alone or with a fungicide and an unsprayed control were assayed in one application at late-boot to early-heading. Phosphite alone in single and double rate slightly reduced severity and incidence of stem rot and produced a small yield increase over the unsprayed control. Fungicide at a 50% label rate with phosphite reduced stem rot severity and incidence to a similar level as the fungicide alone applied at the label rate. Disease severity was reduced by approximately 25% and incidence by 17–20% when compared with untreated control. Yield increase was 5% for both treatments over the unsprayed control. Fungicide combined with phosphite at single and double rates reduced stem rot severity by 40–45% and incidence by 34–38% when compared with untreated control, with yield increased by 10% over the unsprayed control and 5% over plots treated with a fungicide. These results indicate that a single application of potassium phosphite combined with fungicide can be used efficiently to manage of rice stem diseases.     

黄淮海南部地区大豆主要病虫害种类及防控措施

大豆是我国的重要农作物,是国内外蛋白质和食用油的主要来源。文章针对黄淮海南部大豆区域高蛋白夏大豆生产中主要的病虫害进行了调查和分析,并对如何防控大豆主要病虫害的措施进行了综述,以期为黄淮海大豆生产中的病虫害综合防控提供参考。     

木豆花实期钻蛀性害虫的为害及防治

针对贵州省木豆花实期钻蛀性害虫的为害情况,着重调查分析了木豆钻蛀性害虫的种类、为害特征和为害程度。结果表明：木豆花实期的钻蛀性害虫包括豆荚野螟、棉铃虫、钝黑潜蝇和豆黑潜蝇。本调查中,平均株受害率达59％,其中最高88％,最低40％;平均荚受害率达44．5％,其中最高68％,最低35．8％。宿根木豆钻蛀性害虫发生为害较重,新植木豆受害相对较轻;坡地或缓坡木豆受害相对较轻,平地或台地相对较重。本文还分析了木豆钻蛀性害虫严重发生的原因,并提出了防治措施。     

Combination effect of chitosan and methyl jasmonate on controlling Alternaria alternata and enhancing activity of cherry tomato fruit defense mechanisms

The effect of chitosan treatment alone or in combination with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) against Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo, and defense related enzyme activities were investigated. 100–500 μl/l MeJA significantly inhibited mycelial growth of A. alternata. The inhibitory activity of MeJA on mycelial growth, spore production, spore germination and germ tube length of A. alternata in vitro could be enhanced by 0.1% chitosan. The combination of 0.1% chitosan and 500 μl/l methyl jasmonate was more effective to reduce the disease incidence and lesion diameter of postharvest decay of cherry tomato than the application of MeJA or chitosan alone. The combined treatments resulted in higher activities of PPO (polyphenol oxidase), POD (peroxidase) and PAL (phenylalanine ammonialyase) than the control. This work indicated that the combination of chitosan and methyl jasmonate is a promising method to control postharvest decays of fruit and vegetables.     

新疆甜菜田杂草危害与防治

本文阐述了新疆甜菜田杂草种群结构、消长规律及危险性,提出了以“农业措施为基础、化学除草为中心、人工除草为补充”的综合防治措施：一是合理轮作;二是土地深翻将杂草种子埋于土壤深层;三是清除田边、地头、渠边杂草,以免种子传播;四是地膜覆盖栽培甜菜可制约杂草生长;五是科学合理轮换使用化学除草剂。     

基于决策树的桔小实蝇防治方案选择

通过漳州平和县蜜柚生产基地实地调研,结合已有文献数据,对桔小实蝇不同防治措施的成本进行核算,总结各种防治手段的特点。制定平和？溪蜜柚桔小实蝇防治的5种方案,采用Excel软件建立桔小实蝇防治方案决策模型,以期望成本最小化为决策准则,对各防治方案进行了排序,选出最优的桔小实蝇防治方案：用性信息素诱杀,必要时进行二次诱杀,若防治效果不理想,则及时释放不育雄虫。     

五种杀菌剂对花生褐斑病菌室内毒力的影响和田间药效

为了筛选对花生褐斑病田间防治效果好的杀菌剂,结合室内毒力测定(菌丝生长速率法和载玻片萌发法)和田间小区药效试验对四种杀菌剂与常规使用的杀菌剂多菌灵进行了比较。结果表明,室内毒力测定中,多菌灵对菌丝的抑制效果最强,抑菌率为91.4%;其余四种供试杀菌剂中以咪酰胺效果最好,抑菌率达85.6%;王铜效果最差;多菌灵对分生孢子的抑制率为60.9%,其余四种杀菌剂效果差异不显著。田间药效试验结果显示,咪酰胺2 000mg/kg对花生褐斑病的田间防治效果达60.62%,远远高于对照药剂多菌灵(15.53%)以及其它三种供试杀菌剂(王铜、爱可和戊唑醇)。此外咪酰胺比清水对照增产32.28%,也远远高于其它几种药剂。通过室内毒力试验和田间药效试验表明,田间杀菌剂防治花生褐斑病时,咪酰胺比对照药剂多菌灵具有更好的防治效果,适用于花生褐斑病重病地区。     

Baseline sensitivity and efficacy of trifloxystrobin against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The ascomycete fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating plant pathogen notorious for its extremely broad host range. Trifloxystrobin has not been registered for control of S. sclerotiorum in China. In this study, baseline sensitivity of trifloxystrobin was established based on frequency distribution of 166 isolates' EC₅₀ values and efficacy of trifloxystrobin was determined on potted oilseed rape plants. Trifloxystrobin EC₅₀ values of the 166 isolates ranged from 0.01 to 0.80 μg/mL, with a mean value of 0.06 μg/mL. The frequency distribution of trifloxystrobin EC₅₀ values was unimodal in shape, but with a long right-hand tail. After logarithmic transformation, the frequency distribution fitted closer to a normal distribution than did the original EC₅₀ values. The preventive efficacies of trifloxystrobin at 5, 15, and 45 μg/mL were 71.4%, 96.5%, and 100.0%, respectively, while the curative efficacies were 40.6%, 48.7%, and 73.4%, respectively. Both preventive and curative efficacies of trifloxystrobin at 45 μg/mL were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.046) than those of the reference fungicide carbendazim. Assays with six arbitrarily selected isolates demonstrated that salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) at 20 μg/mL reduced trifloxystrobin EC₅₀ values by 84.0% on average and greatly potentiated efficacy of trifloxystrobin. The average co-toxicity factor of SHAM and trifloxystrobin for preventive efficacy was 64.3, indicating considerable synergisms in planta. Hence, SHAM should not be included in in vitro assay of S. sclerotiorum sensitivity to trifloxystrobin.     

不同玉米品种对大斑病的抗性与相关防御酶活性的关系研究

以吉林省玉米早熟、中早熟区种植的4个玉米品种及其亲本为材料,对不同玉米品种对大斑病的抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）等3种防御酶活性的关系进行研究。结果表明,3种防御酶PAL、POD和PPO与玉米对大斑病的抗性关系非常密切,玉米植株受大斑病菌侵染后,防御酶活性比对照明显增高。防御酶的作用受品种遗传背景的影响,不同品种中不同防御酶对其大斑病抗性的贡献有差异。受大斑病菌侵染后,抗病性强的品种,PAL和PPO或PAL和POD酶活性发生协同增强,且从抽丝期到灌浆期酶活性协同增强的防御酶不发生酶活性衰减或衰减微弱;感病的品种,从抽丝期到灌浆期存在2种或3种防御酶活性同时衰减现象。     

暹罗芽孢杆菌ZHX-10的分离鉴定及其对花生白绢病的生防效果

为筛选可用于防治花生白绢病的生防菌株,采用稀释涂布平板法,从土传病害发生严重的花生田中分离 获得了1 株拮抗细菌ZHX-10,结合形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA、gyrB 序列分析对其进行了种类鉴定,并 初步测定了ZHX-10的菌悬液、挥发性气体、发酵液对白绢病菌的抑制效果。结果表明：ZHX-10菌株为暹罗芽孢杆 菌Bacillus siamensis,其菌悬液、挥发性气体和发酵液均能有效抑制白绢病菌菌丝的生长;同时离体叶片接菌实验发 现ZHX-10菌悬液产生的挥发性气体能够有效降低白绢病的发病情况。研究结果表明,ZHX-10 在白绢病菌生物 防治中具有较好的应用潜力和较高的研究价值。     

设施栽培茄子病毒病的综合防治初探

针对危害辽宁省义县地区设施栽培茄子病毒病发生的现状和规律,总结出以农业防治为主,辅以化学防治的方法。根据茄子病毒病的发生特点提出选用抗病良种,加强定植后管理,阻断病害发生发展的途径等一系列防治技术,有效减轻了病害对茄子生产的不利影响。