Effects of social isolation,re‐socialization and age on cognitive and aggressive behaviors of Kunming mice and BALB/c mice

Both Kunming (KM) mice and BALB/c mice have been widely used as rodent models to investigate stress‐associated mental diseases. However, little is known about the different behaviors of KM mice and BALB/c mice after social isolation, particularly cognitive and aggressive behaviors. In this study, the behaviors of KM and BALB/c mice isolated for 2, 4 and 8 weeks and age‐matched controls were evaluated using object recognition, object location and resident‐intruder tests. The recovery of behavioral deficits by re‐socialization was also examined for the isolated mice in adolescence. Our study showed that isolation for 2, 4 and 8 weeks led to cognitive deficits and increased aggressiveness for both KM and BALB/c mice. An important finding is that re‐socialization could completely recover spatial/non‐spatial cognitive deficits resulted from social isolation for both KM and BALB/c mice. In addition, age only impacted aggressiveness of KM mice. Moreover, isolation duration showed different impacts on cognitive and aggressive behaviors for both KM and BALB/c mice. Furthermore, BALB/c mice showed weak spatial/non‐spatial memory and low aggressiveness when they were at the same age and isolation duration, compared to KM mice. In conclusion, KM mice and BALB/c mice behaved characteristically under physiology and isolation conditions.     

BALB/c小鼠肺组织中氧化及抗氧化系统的动态研究

为探讨BALB/c小鼠正常生理状况下肺组织中的氧化及抗氧化系统的动态变化规律,采用分光光度计法分别测定了肺组织中的黄嘌呤氧化酶（xanthine oxidase,XOD）活性、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性变化。结果表明,在第3、6、7、12天BALB/c小鼠肺组织的XOD活性、MDA含量、SOD活性均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。说明生理状态下,BALB/c小鼠肺组织中自由基的产生与清除的酶系统之间维持动态平衡。     

猪圆环病毒与口蹄疫病毒二联重组鸡痘病毒的鉴定和BALB/c小鼠的免疫试验

以鸡痘病毒(FPV282E4)为活载体,用猪2型圆环病毒内蒙株的衣壳蛋白、与复制相关蛋白基因及O型口蹄疫结构蛋白基因作为目的基因,经同源重组的方法获得2个重组鸡痘毒,分别命名为:vUTALP1-ORF2-ORF1、vUTALP1-ORF2。在复制、转录和翻译水平对这2个重组毒进行鉴定,结果表明这2个重组毒均能表达目的蛋白。将它们免疫6～8周龄BALB/c小鼠,每隔19d免疫1次,共3次;每10d尾跟采血1次,三免后10d杀鼠取脾。用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清抗体效价,流式细胞仪检测脾T淋巴细胞亚类CD4+、CD8+数量。结果发现2个重组毒试验免疫组均是从最后一次采集的小鼠血清能获得最高的抗体效价,与对照组FPV相比都能产生一定的体液免疫反应,且以vUTALP1-ORF2-ORF1重组毒免疫小鼠产生的血清抗体效价最高;脾T淋巴细胞亚类数量测定发现,免疫试验组的CD4+与CD8+的T细胞亚类总数显著高于对照组(P0.05),并以vUTALP1-ORF2-ORF1数值较高。结果表明,这2个重组鸡痘毒既能较好的刺激细胞免疫又能产生一定的体液免疫,将作为候选活载体重组鸡痘毒进行本体动物免疫试验研究。     

用微小隐孢子虫子孢子表面蛋白DNA疫苗免疫小鼠的实验研究

为了探讨微小隐孢子虫子孢子表面蛋白 CP15 / 60重组质粒 pc DNA3 .1- 15 / 60 DNA疫苗诱导机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答的效果。用重组的 DNA疫苗于 BAL B/ c小鼠后腿胫骨前肌肉注射免疫 ,于 0、3、6周共免疫 3次 ,10 0 μg/次。免疫后不同时间检测体液和细胞免疫应答指标。并用 1× 10 6 卵囊进行攻虫试验。结果表明 pc DNA 3 .1- 15 / 60可诱导机体产生相应的特异性抗体 ,对 C.parvum卵囊攻击具有保护作用。微小隐孢子虫子孢子表面蛋白 CP15 / 60重组质粒 pc DNA3 .1- 15 / 60有可能作为侯选的隐孢子虫 DNA疫苗 ,值得进一步深入研究     

应用BALB／c小鼠评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗的免疫效力

用不同剂量的口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫3组雌性BALB／c小鼠，同时设空白对照组，每组8只。免疫后每7d采血一次，用液相阻断ELISA（LPB-ELISA）检测血清抗体水平；第28d用800LD50同源强毒攻击，攻毒后36h，每组随机选取3只BALB／c小鼠，采全血，分别用每只BALg／c小鼠全血注射12只乳鼠，每组共注射36只乳鼠，以乳鼠试验判定BALB／c小鼠的病毒血症和攻毒保护情况。结果表明，免疫组BALB／c小鼠均可产生特异性抗体，保护率分别为75．0％、63．9％、36．1％；对照组小鼠血清抗体为阴性。提示，BALB／c小鼠可以用来评价口蹄疫灭活疫苗的免疫效力。     

影响昆明小鼠和BALB/c小鼠胚胎干细胞分离、克隆、传代的若干因素

对昆明小鼠和BALB／c小鼠2种胚胎的研究表明，2种品系小鼠胚胎均可用作胚胎干细胞（ES）分离建系的材料，两者在ES分离、传代上无显著差异（P〉0．05）；大鼠心肌细胞条件培养液与添加LIF的ES常规培养液相比，显著提高了小鼠ES细胞F1、F2出现率（P〈0．05）；采用低浓度消化液使形成ES克隆的比率分别从14％、16％提高到35％、32％，使ES传到第5代的比率分别从1．7％、0提高到5％、7．1％；而采用连续消化法使形成ES克隆的比率从15％、17％提高到40％、50％，使ES传到第5代的比率从0、1％提高到10％、20％；对ES进行伊红染色、核型分析、AKP染色及体外分化能力检测，证实所分离的ES符合小鼠ES的一系列特征。     

Evaluation of the live vaccine efficacy of virulence plasmid-cured,and phoP- or aroA-deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in mice

We evaluated the protective efficacy of 94-kb virulence plasmid-cured, and phoP- or aroA-deficient strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ΔphoP or ΔaroA S. Typhimurium) as oral vaccine candidates in BALB/c mice. Two weeks after the completion of 3 oral immunizations with 1 × 10⁸ colony-forming units (CFU) of virulence plasmid-cured, and ΔphoP or ΔaroA S. Typhimurium at 10-day intervals, S. Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) antibody titers were detected in the cecal homogenate, bile and lung lavage fluid, but not in the intestinal lavage fluid. In addition, the increases in S. Typhimurium LPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody titers in the serum were also observed 2 weeks after completing 3 oral immunizations with virulence plasmid-cured, and ΔphoP or ΔaroA S. Typhimurium. The series of 3 oral immunizations protected the mice against an oral challenge with 5 × 10⁸ CFU of the virulent strain of S. Typhimurium, suggesting that both the virulence plasmid-cured, and ΔphoP and ΔaroA S. Typhimurium strains are promising candidates for safe and effective live S. Typhimurium vaccines.     

猪流感病毒A/swine/Guangdong/2/2012(H1N1)毒株攻毒BALB/c小鼠细胞因子动态变化的研究

为了测定H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus,SIV)对小鼠的致病性,本试验对A/swine/Guangdong/2/2012(H1N1)株SIV HA基因进行克隆及遗传分析,并将SIV尿囊液经鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠,观察感染后小鼠的一般状况、器官系数和组织病理学变化,在病毒感染后第1、3和7天使用荧光定量PCR测定小鼠肺脏、脾脏、脑组织中7种细胞因子mRNA的表达量,研究其对小鼠的致病特性。结果显示,该病毒属于经典SIV,病毒经鼻腔感染后可引起小鼠活动减少、采食量降低,但无咳嗽和死亡;病理组织学变化为肺间隔较正常组织明显增厚,毛细血管明显扩张充血,周围肺泡腔呈代偿性肺气肿;小鼠肺脏、脾脏组织样本中IFN-α、IFN-β、IP-10、IL-1β、TNF-α、IRF-3和IL-10 mRNA含量在感染后第3天均显著升高(P<0.05),而脑组织样本中IL-1β和IL-10在小鼠攻毒后第3和7天均显著上调(P<0.05)。     

Effects of Different Milk Samples on Sensitization in BALB/c Mice

In order to study the allergenicity of camel milk,cow milk and human milk,sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) group (positive control group),cow milk group,camel milk group,human milk group and blank group (negative control group). Each group of mice received 1 mg/g BW samples and 0.3 μg/g cholera toxin (CT) per week,while mice in control group were received PBS and CT. After six weeks of intragastric administration,some allergic symptoms,the serum specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) levels,plasma histamine levels and vascular permeability were detected. The results showed that the body weight of mice in camel milk,human milk and blank groups were normally increased,while that in β-lg and cow milk groups tended to slow down. The serum-specific IgE,IgG1 levels and histamine level in β-lg and cow milk groups were extremely significantly higher than blank group (P<0.01),the vascular permeability was increased,and the allergy symptoms were obvious. While the specific IgE and IgG1 levels of camel milk group were extremely significantly lower than cow milk group (P<0.01),but there were no significant difference with human milk group (P>0.05),and the allergy symptoms were mild. This study showed that the sensitization of camel milk was lower than cow milk,and similar to human milk.     

灌胃不同奶样对BALB/c小鼠致敏性的影响

本试验研究了驼奶、牛奶和人奶对BALB/c小鼠的致敏性强弱,将60只小鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,分别为β-乳球蛋白（β-lg）组（阳性对照组）、牛奶组、驼奶组、人奶组和空白组（阴性对照组）,每组分别灌胃1 mg/g体重的样品和0.3 μg/g体重的霍乱弧菌毒素（CT）,空白组灌胃PBS和CT,每周1次。灌胃6周后,通过观察过敏症状,检测血清特异性免疫球蛋白E（IgE）和IgG1、血浆组胺水平及血管通透性等指标,比较几种奶源的致敏性强弱。结果显示,驼奶组、人奶组和空白组小鼠体重正常增长,而β-lg组和牛奶组的体重增长有减慢的趋势。与空白组相比,β-lg组和牛奶组的血清特异性IgE和IgG1水平极显著升高（P<0.01）,组胺水平极显著升高（P<0.01）,血管通透性增加,过敏症状明显;而驼奶组小鼠血清IgE和IgG1水平极显著低于牛奶组（P<0.01）,但与人奶组相比无显著差异（P>0.05）,过敏症状轻微,表明驼奶的致敏性明显低于牛奶,且与人奶相似。     

慢性镉暴露对小鼠大脑皮质的毒性损伤作用

为探究慢性镉暴露对小鼠大脑皮质的毒性损伤作用,选取雌性BALB/c小鼠用0(对照组)、5和25 mg/L不同浓度氯化镉自由饮水染毒16个月建立慢性镉中毒模型,试验结束后剖检采集小鼠完整脑组织,测定脑系数;光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察大脑皮质病理组织学和超微结构变化;比色法检测大脑皮质中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-P_X)的活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示:与对照组相比,镉处理组脑系数均显著降低(P<0.05);镉处理组大脑皮质细胞核深染、固缩,呈三角形或不规则形,线粒体嵴断裂、溶解,部分呈空泡变性;镉处理组大脑皮质中T-SOD活力极显著下降(P<0.01),CAT活力显著下降(P<0.05),MDA、GSH含量极显著升高(P<0.01),5 mg/L氯化镉组GSH-PX活力显著升高(P<0.05),25 mg/L氯化镉组GSH-PX活力极显著升高(P<0.01)。提示:慢性镉暴露可影响小鼠脑发育,引起小鼠大脑皮质病理损伤、超微结构损伤和氧化损伤。     

FliC蛋白R91S突变对肠炎沙门菌鞭毛形态和小鼠体内定植的影响

沙门菌血清D群3个血清型FliC蛋白氨基酸序列比对分析表明肠炎沙门菌与鸡伤寒沙门菌完全相同,二者与鸡白痢沙门菌存在第91位氨基酸位点差异。本研究旨在探究肠炎沙门菌FliC蛋白第91位精氨酸突变对鞭毛形态、细菌运动性和小鼠体内定植能力的影响。运用λ-Red同源重组技术删除肠炎沙门菌CICC10467 fliC基因,构建系列反式回补突变株,通过体外生长特性试验和Western blot试验分析各菌株生长和FliC蛋白表达情况,运动性试验分析各菌株在半固体琼脂中的泳动能力,电子显微镜观察各菌株鞭毛形态,细胞感染试验分析各菌株的细胞黏附和入侵能力,动物感染试验分析各菌株的组织侵染能力。结果表明,fliC基因缺失株及点突变回补株与野生株的体外生长能力无显著差异（P ≥ 0.05）。fliC基因缺失后肠炎沙门菌不表达鞭毛蛋白,各点突变回补株与野生株鞭毛蛋白表达量无明显差异。FliC蛋白R91S突变导致肠炎沙门菌鞭毛形态由超螺旋形态转变为钝直、柔韧度减弱,运动性显著降低（P<0.000 1）,对RAW264.7和HCT116细胞的黏附入侵能力显著下降（P<0.001）,对BALB/c小鼠的器官侵染能力显著减弱（P<0.001）。综上表明,FliC蛋白第91位精氨酸对维持细菌运动性至关重要,第91位精氨酸突变能够显著改变肠炎沙门菌鞭毛形态,减弱肠炎沙门菌在小鼠体内定植能力。     

昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠MHC-Ⅱ分子恒定链的序列差异分析及多克隆抗体的制备

分离昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞,经Con-A活化,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR获得小鼠Ii分子（P31、P41）基因,DNAStar软件分析序列。将BALB/c小鼠P31/P41分子插入到pGEX-KG多克隆位点构建原核表达载体,IPTG诱导并经GST标签蛋白纯化柱纯化表达蛋白,将GST-P31/P41蛋白分别与弗氏佐剂混合乳化后免疫家兔,采集血清。测序分析显示,两品系小鼠P31、P41均分别为648、840bp,编码215个、279个氨基酸;序列比对结果表明,昆明小鼠、BALB/c小鼠P31、P41分子与GenBank已登录核苷酸序列与/或氨基酸序列均存在多个位点差异,且所克隆的两品系小鼠P31分子之间核苷酸序列同源性为98.8%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.6%;两种小鼠P41分子之间核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列同源性均为99.3%;通过与人、鸡对应Ii分子进行比较,发现与人同源性较高,核苷酸序列同源性在79.0%以上,氨基酸序列同源性在73.0%以上,而与鸡同源性相对较低,核苷酸序列同源性在55.0%以上,氨基酸序列同源性在41%以上。IPTG诱导并纯化后获得GST-P31/P41蛋白,免疫家兔后所采集的血清经ELISA、Western-blotting证实获得了兔抗P31/P41多克隆抗体。结果表示,昆明小鼠与BALB/c小鼠Ii分子间存在差异位点,并成功制备了兔抗Ii分子多克隆抗体,为开展靶向性表位疫苗研究奠定基础。     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5重组杆状病毒疫苗的研究

参照GenBank上收录的基因组序列自行设计引物,分别扩增猪圆环病毒2型ORF2和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒ORF5。将外源基因分别插入经改造的杆状病毒穿梭载体pFVC,获得3种重组质粒pFVC-ORF2、pFVC-ORF5、pFVC-ORF5-ORF2。将重组质粒pFVC-ORF2、pFVC-ORF5、pFVC-ORF5-ORF2分别转入带有杆状病毒骨架的DH10BacTME.coli感受态细胞中。提取高质量的重组质粒rBacmid-ORF2、rBacmid-ORF5、rBacmid-ORF5-ORF2,将重组质粒转染Sf9细胞,获取重组病毒rAc-ORF2、rAc-ORF5、rAc-ORF5-ORF2。通过间接免疫荧光检测证实了外源基因正确表达。重组杆状病毒rAc-ORF2、rAc-ORF5、rAc-ORF5-ORF2对BALB/c小鼠的免疫试验结果显示,rAc-ORF2、rAc-ORF5、rAc-ORF5-ORF2均能够刺激小鼠机体产生免疫应答,产生抗体,并能持续较长时间。     

N-糖基化猪瘟病毒E2蛋白不同接种剂量对BALB/c小鼠的免疫效果分析

E2蛋白（E2 protein,E2-Pro）为猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus,CSFV）的主要结构蛋白之一,是CSFV最主要的保护性抗原,因此应用体外糖基化技术获得的N-糖基化E2蛋白（glycosylated E2 protein,Gly-E2-Pro）理论上可进一步增强机体的免疫应答。为了验证这一设想以及获得最佳的免疫效果,本研究分别将Gly-E2-Pro按20,50,100μg/只,接种BALB/c小鼠,同时设E2-Pro与CSFV对照,于不同时间采血制备血清,通过血清中IgG、IL-4及INF-γ水平的测定,评价Gly-E2-Pro的免疫效果及确定最佳免疫剂量。结果显示,免疫Ⅰ组（20μg/只）Gly-E2-Pro虽刺激机体产生了IgG免疫应答,但水平较低,与E2-Pro、CSFV组差异不显著;免疫Ⅲ组（100μg/只）Gly-E2-Pro免疫后,前期出现免疫抑制,至28d抗体水平急剧上升,达到极高值;免疫Ⅱ组（50μg/只）Gly-E2-Pro免疫后,血清IgG水平显著高于E2-Pro与CSFV组,同时显著高于免疫Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组。以上结果说明,Gly-E2-Pro可有效增强机体的体液免疫应答,50μg/只为最佳接种剂量。     

狂犬病“靶向性”中和表位DNA疫苗的构建与瞬时表达

采用RT-PCR获得BALB/c小鼠P41基因,并在不影响氨基酸序列前提下,对序列中461 nt NcoⅠ酶切位点进行定点突变;然后采用定向克隆方法将狂犬病病毒糖蛋白主要中和抗原表位核苷酸序列替换P41序列中CLIP区域,进行新一轮PCR反应以获得带有Kozak调控序列的P41-N分子,以增加目的基因的表达量,并将该含有Kozak序列的P41-N分子克隆插入到真核表达载体pCI-neo多克隆位点,通过PCR与限制性内切酶酶切方法进行鉴定;最后将各中和表位表达载体转染COS-7细胞,Western blotting检测目的基因的瞬时表达.测序分析结果显示,BALB/c小鼠P41基因CDS区为840 bp,编码279个氨基酸,与GenBank已登录(NM_010545)核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列均存在多个位点差异;定点突变后获得了P41分子突变体,经PCR及限制性内切酶酶切方法证明成功构建了携带P41-N分子的真核表达载体;Western blotting证实各P41-N分子均在COS-7细胞获得瞬时表达,且表达的目的产物能够与兔抗P41多克隆抗体发生抗原抗体结合反应.结果表明,成功构建了狂犬病病毒主要中和抗原表位的“靶向性”核酸疫苗,为开展在小鼠的免疫学试验奠定了基础.     

家兔与BALB/c小鼠对猪瘟病毒E2蛋白靶向化树突状细胞疫苗敏感性的比较

为比较家兔与BALB/c小鼠对猪瘟病毒E2蛋白靶向化树突状细胞疫苗的敏感性,本研究首先根据小鼠与家兔体重比,分别免疫糖基化E2蛋白与E2蛋白（家兔2 mg/只,小鼠20 μg/只）,在不同时间采血制备血清,通过ELISA方法测定血清中IgG水平。结果显示,接种后BALB/c小鼠出现了轻度的免疫应答,而家兔产生了强而持久的免疫保护。本研究对BALB/c小鼠的接种量进行了进一步摸索,结果表明,50与100 μg/只免疫效果明显优于20 μg/只;其中50 μg/只E2蛋白与糖基化E2蛋白免疫后,血清IgG水平较高且稳定;而100 μg/只糖基化E2蛋白免疫后,免疫初期,糖基化E2蛋白组产生了免疫抑制,至21 d抗体水平逐渐升高且达极高水平;但100 μg/只E2蛋白免疫后,整个免疫期内抗体水平均较低,只有轻微波动。以上结果表明,家兔对糖基化E2蛋白与E2蛋白的敏感性均显著高于BALB/c小鼠,且糖基化E2蛋白免疫效果明显好于E2蛋白,BALB/c小鼠的糖基化E2蛋白最佳免疫剂量为50 μg/只。     

Tissue-specific expression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 in BALB/c mice

Activation of the innate immune system requires recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as NOD-like receptors. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and subsequent inflammatory responses. NLRP3 inflammasome plays important roles in the inflammatory and innate immune responses associated with autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome. However, analysis of the tissue distribution and expression profiles in BALB/c mice is still incomplete. In this study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression pattern of NLRP3 in BALB/c mice to further elucidate its function in innate immunity in this commonly used laboratory animal model. NLRP3 mRNA expression levels and tissue distribution of the protein were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. NLRP3 mRNA expression was higher in the kidney and inguinal lymph nodes than in other tissues. Cytoplasmic expression of NLRP3 was detected in the epithelial reticular cells of the spleen and thymus, lymphocytes in the inguinal lymph nodes, cardiac muscle cells, cerebral cortex neurons, alveolar macrophages, renal tubule cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The results of this study will assist investigators in interpreting site-specific functions and roles of NLRP3 in inflammatory responses.