油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为了明确油菜菌核病菌对新型杀菌剂嘧菌环胺的敏感性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的53个油菜菌核病菌菌株对嘧菌环胺的敏感性,并测定对嘧菌环胺不同敏感性的10个菌株对菌核净、异菌脲、腐霉利、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,菌株间对嘧菌环胺的敏感性差异显著, EC50（抑制中浓度）值在0.0342～1.087 6μg/mL之间;通过EC50值相关性分析,油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。 关     

小麦纹枯病菌对氟酰胺的敏感性

为了解新型杀菌剂氟酰胺对小麦纹枯病的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的90个小麦纹枯病菌（R.cerealis）菌株对氟酰胺的敏感性,并测定对氟酰胺敏感性不同的10个菌株对戊唑醇、咯菌腈、氟环唑、烯唑醇、丙环唑、甲基立枯磷、氟酰胺、井冈霉素A、多菌灵、氯啶菌酯和申嗪霉素等不同杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,小麦纹枯病菌菌株间对氟酰胺的敏感性差异较小,EC₅₀值在0.211 3～0.669 0 μg·mL^-1之间,平均为0.406 3±0.100 5 μg·mL^-1;氟酰胺对R. cerealis的抑菌效果优于多菌灵、氯啶菌酯和申嗪霉素,与井冈霉素相近;其抑菌效果明显低于三唑类杀菌剂和咯菌腈、甲基立枯磷。EC₅₀值相关性分析结果表明,小麦纹枯病菌对氟酰胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。     

Resistance of olive cultivars to Botryosphaeria dothidea,causal agent of olive fruit rot in Montenegro

Fruit rot has caused severe damage in olive orchards in Montenegro in recent years. Symptoms of the disease in commercial orchards include necrotic, depressed and clearly delimited spots on fruit. Identity of fungal isolates from infected fruit was confirmed by morphological and molecular evidence as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Seventeen olive cultivars were assessed for susceptibility to the causal agent. Two native cultivars, Crnjaka and Gloginja, were highly resistant, whereas the most widely grown domestic variety, Žutica, was susceptible. Introduced cultivars Pendolino and Cassanesse were highly resistant and Giarraffa and Ascolana tenera were the most susceptible olive cultivars. This report is the first comparison of cultivar resistance to olive fruit rot in the Balkan region, and the first assessment of resistance in olive cultivars indigenous to this region.     

河南省小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性

为明确河南省小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对2016年自该省11个县(市)分离的113株病菌菌丝生长的毒力。结果表明,戊唑醇对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长最低抑制浓度为4μg·mL-1,对供试菌株的EC50值变化范围为0.010～0.237μg·mL-1,平均EC50为0.057±0.041μg·mL-1;敏感性频率分布图显示,病菌群体中虽然出现了对戊唑醇敏感性下降的亚群体,但仍有81.4%的菌株的敏感性频率呈正态分布,可将此部分菌株的平均EC50值(0.041±0.016μg·mL-1)作为小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性基线;方差分析(LSD法)及SPSS聚类结果均显示,同一县(市)内的菌株对戊唑醇的敏感性差异较大,EC50最大值和最小值之比变化范围为1.10～14.23,而除周口沈丘及洛阳孟津菌株外,其余地区菌株对戊唑醇敏感性差异不明显,对戊唑醇的EC50平均值变化范围为0.038～0.101μg·mL-1,相差2.66倍;小麦赤霉病菌对戊唑醇与其对多菌灵、咯菌腈的敏感性之间无明显相关性。戊唑醇依然可以应用到河南省小麦赤霉病的化学防治上,但生产中应持续监测病菌对药剂的敏感性变化。     

油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的敏感性及室内抗药性诱导

为了探明油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的敏感性,对68株油菜核盘菌的戊唑醇室内敏感性进行了试验.同时通过室内诱导获得抗药性突变株,并分析了突变株的菌丝生长速率、产菌核能力及戊唑醇靶标酶基因,为戊唑醇的应用及其抗药性风险评估提供基础数据.结果表明,2016年和2018年从安徽、湖南、湖北、四川采集的68株油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的EC50...     

大豆对草丁膦敏感性研究

分析了大豆品种东农50对不同浓度草丁膦(Glufosinate)的敏感性表现。结果表明:施用50 mg.L-1草丁膦后3 d东农50开始表现枯黄、萎蔫,随着浓度增大毒害作用增强,扩散整个叶片;子叶、茎、真叶不同位置的草丁膦处理显示新叶、子叶对草丁膦最敏感,茎的敏感性最低;全株喷施75 mg.L-1草丁膦时可直接观察到草丁膦对叶片的毒害作用,二次喷施效果显著,易于观察。     

Sensitivity,resistance stability,and cross-resistance of Plasmopara viticola to four different fungicides

Baseline sensitivity to fungicides was determined in 105 Plasmopara viticola isolates using the floating leaf disk test. The mean EC₅₀ values were 0.372 ± 0.104, 0.604 ± 0.215, 0.306 ± 0.101, and 0.922 ± 0.209 μg mL⁻¹ for fluxapyroxad, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, ametoctradin, and famoxadone, respectively, which we regarded as the baseline sensitivity to the four fungicides. Resistant mutants can be generated using a median effective concentration or a minimum inhibitory concentration to fluxapyroxad, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, ametoctradin, and famoxadone respectively, but the resistance stability of resistant mutants from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was significantly lower than that from the median effective concentration (EC₅₀). In brief, high resistant mutants obtained was at the higher concentration, the resistance stability of the mutants recovered was more quickly. But lower resistant mutants obtained was at the lower concentration, the resistance stability of the mutants recovered was slower. Even if the resistance level of the mutants is low, it is more capable of stably heritable. These data indicate that the highest dosage is not used, resistance will still develop. In a correlation analysis, no cross-resistance to each other of these four fungicides was observed.     

小麦白粉病菌对嘧菌酯和三唑酮的敏感性反应

为了解小麦白粉病菌对嘧菌酯和三唑酮的敏感性差异,采用与田间实际用药条件相似的离体叶段喷雾法比较了2014年河南、河北麦区的小麦白粉病菌对嘧菌酯和三唑酮的敏感性。结果表明,供试菌株对三唑酮的EC₅₀为53.93 mg·L^-1,抗性水平为15.14,抗性频率高达93.57%;对嘧菌酯的EC₅₀为0.235 mg·L^-1,抗性水平为0.539,未发现嘧菌酯抗性菌株。嘧菌酯对三唑酮敏感菌和抗药菌的毒力分别是三唑酮的59倍和1 396倍。嘧菌酯与三唑酮之间无交互抗性,可见嘧菌酯具有防治小麦白粉病的应用前景。     

不同基因型小麦对除草剂Basta敏感性研究

为确定抗除草剂抟基因小麦研究中的筛选压，以4个小麦品种(系)的成熟种子为材料，设置5种除草剂Basta浓度进行抗性鉴定。结果表明，不同基因型小麦对Basta的敏感性差异明显。Basta对小麦发芽成苗无明显影响，对幼苗高度和根长度的影响差异极显著。随着Basta浓度的增加，小麦幼苗生长受到抑制，高度明显降低，黄化率显著增大。Basta浓度为9mg／L的处理适宜，播种后4～5d出现黄化苗，黄化率达60％～70％，且对小麦幼苗的生长影响相对较好。     

大豆疫霉对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传与变异

通过平板法,在含甲霜灵1.0μg·mL-1的CAM平板上测定了分离于不同地区的5个大豆疫霉菌和以Ps411-4为亲本的无性后代、有性后代对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传.结果表明:分离自不同地域的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性存在差异,供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性在无性单孢后代无显著变异,而在50个自交有性后代中,上述浓度对其菌丝生长的抑制率分布范围为70.2%～96.8%,与亲本存极显著差异,其中5株高于亲本,4株低于亲本,41株与亲本相似.表明大豆疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性同样在无性后代稳定遗传而在有性后代发生变异.结果提示,供试大豆疫霉菌株中上述性状可能由细胞核杂合基因控制.     

Multiple-fungicide resistance to carbendazim,diethofencarb, procymidone,and pyrimethanil in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from tomato in Henan Province,China

Botrytis cinerea, the fungal pathogen responsible for causing gray mold in tomatoes, frequently exhibits multiple fungicide resistance. In this study, the sensitivity to carbendazim (Car), diethofencarb (Die), procymidone (Prc), and pyrimethanil (Pyr) was determined for 263 isolates of B. cinerea from diseased fruit and leaves of tomato plants from 87 commercial greenhouses in Henan Province of China during 2013 and 2014. Of the isolates tested, 89%, 93%, 85%, and 86% were resistant to Car, Die, Prc, and Pyr, respectively. Twelve phenotypes were found having different sensitivity patterns, and multi-fungicide resistance was found to one, two, three or four fungicides. The percentage of multiple fungicide resistant isolates (Car^RDie^RPrc^RPyr^R) was 68%. Mycelial growth, spore production, and mycelial dry weight were not significantly different between resistant and sensitive phenotypes of the B. cinerea isolates. However, the virulence of Car^SDie^RPrc^SPyr^S isolates was higher than that of the other fungicide-resistance phenotypes. All of the carbendazim and diethofencarb resistant phenotypes carried a point mutation at codon 198 (E198A or E198K) or 200 (F200Y) in the β-tubulin gene, and all of the procymidone resistant phenotypes carried point mutations at codons 369 (Q369P) and 373 (N373S) in the Bos1 gene. These results provided important reference data for assessment of resistance risk of B. cinerea isolates from commercial tomato transplants in Henan Province, indicating the existence of a high frequency of resistance to carbendazim, diethofencarb, procymidone, and pyrimethanil revealing the necessity of a more integrated control of gray mold.     

Sensitivity and cross-resistance patterns to demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in California populations of Alternaria alternata pathogenic on pistachio

Alternaria late blight (ALB) caused by Alternaria spp. is an annual production concern for pistachio growers in California. In this study, isolates of Alternaria alternata collected from California pistachio orchards between 1998 and 2003 (population A, n = 46) and in 2010 (population B, n = 38) prior to the registration and use of sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides for ALB control, were tested for their sensitivity to difenoconazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole using an in vitro mycelial growth assay. The 50% effective dose (EC₅₀) values for isolates in population A to difenoconazole, propiconazole, and tebuconazole, respectively, ranged from 0.02 to 0.82 μg/mL (mean = 0.17), 0.25–5.73 μg/mL (mean = 1.29), and 0.02–2.76 μg/mL (mean = 0.96), and from 0.02 to 0.93 μg/mL (mean = 0.21), 0.13–5.36 μg/mL (mean = 1.25), and 0.17–5.47 μg/mL (mean = 1.03) for those in population B. Among 65 isolates collected in 2012 from orchards with very limited exposure to difenoconazole, propiconazole or metconazole (population C, n = 65), the EC₅₀ values for tebuconazole ranged from 0.02 to 2.99 μg/mL (mean = 0.51), while EC₅₀ values for difenoconazole of 55 of these isolates varied from 0.01 to 0.44 μg/mL (mean = 0.06). The DMI-exposed population C was found to be on average two to four times less sensitive compared with the populations A and B. Pearson correlation analyses of EC₅₀ values for the three fungicides showed significant positive correlations between the sensitivities of tebuconazole and propiconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.32), tebuconazole and difenoconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.26), and difenoconazole and propiconazole (P < 0.01, r = 0.40). Results indicate a clear difference in fungicide intrinsic activity, with difenoconazole being more active than the two other DMIs. Although wide variations in sensitivities for tebuconazole and propiconazole were observed in the non- and DMI-exposed Alternaria populations, efficacy of DMI products has been excellent against ALB. The data collected here will be crucial for the rational use of DMIs in fungicide spray programs for ALB management and serve as a reference to detect any shifts in A. alternata sensitivity to these fungicides in subsequent years as they become more frequently used in California pistachios.     

Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates from Serbia to carbendazim and flutriafol

Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet, is primarily controlled by fungicides. Benzimidazole and demethylation inhibiting fungicides, including carbendazim and flutriafol, have been widely used in Serbia. Since these fungicide groups have a site-specific mode of action, there is a high risk for developing resistance in target organisms, which is the most important limiting factor in Cercospora leaf spot chemical control. A rapid identification of flutriafol and carbendazim resistance can help researchers in examining the potential of different fungicide resistance management practices, as well as in selection of fungicides for use in the areas where resistance has occurred. One hundred single-conidia isolates were collected from 70 representative locations of the sugar beet production region in Serbia. Evaluation of the isolates' sensitivity was based on the reduction of mycelial growth on medium amended with 1.25 μg mL⁻¹ flutriafol and 5 μg mL⁻¹ carbendazim. Resistance to flutriafol and carbendazim was detected in 16% and 96% of the tested isolates, respectively. All isolates resistant to flutriafol were resistant to carbendazim as well, which is the first report of a double resistance to fungicides in C. beticola. Detection of the isolates resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim using Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers confirmed the results of the in vitro tests. The efficacy of carbendazim, flutriafol, azoxystrobin, and tetraconazole at commercially recommended doses was evaluated in field trials where sugar beet plants in plots were inoculated with a mixture of isolates either sensitive and/or resistant to flutriafol and carbendazim. Carbendazim and flutriafol efficacy was very low in plots inoculated with isolates resistant to these fungicides. Presented results will contribute to development of a pathogen population sensitivity monitoring strategy that could be used for an effective CLS management in the region.     

160个玉米自交系光周期敏感性鉴定

以国内160个来源于温带、热带与亚热带玉米自交系为材料,于自然条件短日照(低纬度冬季,三亚)与长日照(中纬度夏季,北京、哈尔滨)环境下,鉴定自交系的雌雄开花期、株高与穗位高等性状。雌、雄开花期、株高和穗位高的遗传力分别为0.952、0.973、0.780与0.745,存在极显著水平的基因互作以及基因型与环境互作,表明这些性状受复杂遗传网络调控,并受光周期等环境因素影响。7884、65232宽、8902、B73、CA335与E28等24个自交系对光周期反应最为钝感,是光周期性状改良的优良供体亲本。鉴定的光周期敏感性的基础数据对基于这些自交系的杂交种组配、生态区适应性评估、种质改良与引进等具有重要意义,并为光周期反应特性相关基因的关联性分析奠定了基础。     

稻瘟病菌对稻瘟灵的敏感性检测和抗药风险分析

利用菌丝生长速率法,测定了黑龙江省不同地区的10个稻瘟病菌生理小种对稻瘟灵的敏感性.在所有测试的菌株中,稻瘟灵的抑制中浓度为1.8071～4.7542μg·ml-1最不敏感菌株和最敏感菌株的EC50值相差2.6倍以上,表明黑龙江省的稻瘟病生理小种对稻瘟灵敏感性已存在一定程度的差异;同时,在实验室条件下比较了供试菌株在药剂选择压力(8μg·ml-1)下连续传代10次的EC50值,发现随着选择代数的增加,EC50值有增高趋势,这表明供试菌株在药剂选择压力下敏感性在逐渐降低.     

蓖麻标志雌性系的光温敏感性研究

通过异地种植鉴定和分期播种试验,研究蓖麻标志雌性系材料的单雌性状对光照、温度的敏感性,结果 表明,Lm型雌性系18 573株群体的标志雌性性状表现稳定,在正常的气候条件下,其标志雌性性状表达不受光照、 温度的影响。     

母体对小麦胚的ABA敏感性和种子休眠性的影响

种子休眠是品种穗发芽抗性的主导因素,休眠特性与母体效应和胚对ABA的敏感性均有密切关系。为了了解母体对小麦胚的ABA敏感性和种子休眠的影响,为抗穗发芽育种提供科学依据,对穗发芽抗性不同的小麦品种及它们正反交F1后代授粉后不同发育阶段的胚进行了ABA敏感性鉴定,并对收获前的籽粒发芽能力进行了测定。结果表明,在种子发育过程中,不同基因型的离体胚萌发能力存在差异,抗穗发芽品种的胚对ABA敏感性明显高于易穗发芽品种,胚对ABA的敏感性与其萌发能力关系密切,随着萌发能力的升高,胚对ABA的敏感性降低。在成熟种子中,F1的休眠性偏向于抗性亲本。尽管成熟种子和胚的休眠表现出一定的母体效应,但母体对发育至成熟过程中胚的ABA敏感性并没有影响。因而,母体对种子休眠的影响可能与胚的ABA敏感性无关。     

小麦穗发芽敏感性的配合力分析

为了探讨冬小麦穗发芽敏感性的遗传特点，并为小麦的抗穗发芽育种提供科学依据，对穗发芽敏感性不同的4个红皮和3个白皮小麦品种进行完全双列杂交，并对杂交材料进行配合力分析。结果表明，小麦收获前穗发芽性受加性效应、非加性效应和细胞质效应的共同影响，说明小麦的穗发芽抗性能够稳定地遗传给后代；小麦穗发芽敏感性的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都比较高，说明小麦的穗发芽性主要受遗传因素决定。所以在穗发芽抗性育种中，早代选择是有效的。     

水稻株高基因对GA3敏感性及与酶的关系

 用3对水稻植株高度近等基因对，研究了株高基因对GA₃ 敏感性和酶的影响。结果表明，株高基因在苗期对GA₃ 敏感性强弱顺序为eui>sd1>Sd1>sds(t)；其中梗稻的Sd1敏感性强于籼稻的。 用胚乳培养法快速鉴别水稻株高基因对GA₃敏感性的结果与幼苗鉴定的一致，说明这种方法是有效的。 在酶活性方面，4 d的幼苗中高秆品系的过氧化物酶活力比矮秆品系的高， 而8 d的幼苗中矮秆的活力反而比高秆的强。经GA₃处理4 d和8 d后，对GA₃敏感的品系过氧化物酶活力较低， 过氧化物酶同工酶带8和酯酶同工酶带7与株高对GA₃的敏感性有关。     

玉米对硝基苯的敏感性研究

通过生物测定的方法,研究了硝基苯对不同类型玉米种子萌发及苗期生长的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的硝基苯对不同类型玉米种子萌发均无影响,但对不同类型玉米种子的生长发育有影响,不同类型玉米种子对硝基苯的敏感性存在一定的差异。硝基苯浓度介于1～320 mg/kg时,不同类型玉米对硝基苯的敏感性由强到弱为东农爆裂>东甜3号>垦粘1号>兴垦3号>阳光1号>东农248>本育12。敏感类型(爆裂型)玉米的根系活力逐渐降低,其它类型的根系活力呈先升高后降低的趋势。